3 months ended June 30,

6 months ended June 30,

2025

2024

2025

2024

£ 000

Research and development staff costs (excluding share-based payment expenses)

8,336

6,844

15,324

12,680

Research and development consultancy

1,202

4,256

3,134

7,395

Research and development components, parts and tooling

2,036

6,867

4,333

11,876

Total research and development expenses

11,574

17,967

22,791

31,951

Administrative staff costs (excluding share-based payment expenses)

3,195

2,331

6,050

4,687

Share based payment expenses (note 5)

2,063

2,856

3,207

4,785

Consultancy costs

1,025

544

1,641

1,173

Legal and financial advisory costs

1,063

717

1,781

1,771

HR advisory and recruitment costs

627

229

822

349

IT hardware and software costs

1,906

1,819

3,767

3,407

Insurance expenses

592

33

1,178

152

Marketing costs

433

696

585

774

Premises expenses

414

566

902

1,144

Depreciation expense

252

289

466

558

Amortization expense

51

263

107

536

Depreciation on right of use property assets

202

157

360

326

Other administrative expenses

789

743

1,235

1,048

Total administrative costs

12,612

11,243

22,101

20,710

Related party administrative expenses

57

21

151

42

Total administrative and research and development expenses

24,243

29,231

45,043

52,703