Reconciliations of the changes in the carrying value of goodwill for the first six months of 2025 and for the year ended December 31, 2024 follow (in millions).


	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
Balance at the beginning of the year*	$	83,880	$	84,626
Business acquisitions		61		87
Other, including foreign currency translation		310		(833	)
Balance at the end of the period*	$	84,251	$	83,880

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* Net of accumulated goodwill impairments of $11.5 billion as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and $11.1 billion as of December 31, 2023.

Other intangible assets are summarized below (in millions).


	June 30, 2025						December 31, 2024
	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying value		Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying value
Insurance and other:
Customer relationships	$	30,939	$	9,224	$	21,715	$	30,941	$	8,840	$	22,101
Trademarks and trade names		9,031		1,111		7,920		9,007		1,041		7,966
Patents and technology		5,572		4,579		993		5,375		4,359		1,016
Other		5,607		2,156		3,451		5,551		1,996		3,555
	$	51,149	$	17,070	$	34,079	$	50,874	$	16,236	$	34,638
Railroad, utilities and energy:
Customer relationships and contracts	$	1,540	$	762	$	778	$	1,553	$	728	$	825
Other		443		130		313		437		126		311
	$	1,983	$	892	$	1,091	$	1,990	$	854	$	1,136

Intangible asset amortization expense in the first six months was $863 million in 2025 and $892 million in 2024. Intangible assets with indefinite lives were $18.9 billion as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and primarily related to certain customer relationships and trademarks and trade names. Railroad, utilities and energy intangible assets are included in other assets.