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Note 16 — Derivative Financial Instruments

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The Company uses certain derivative instruments to meet the needs of customers as well as to manage the interest rate risk associated with certain transactions. The following table summarizes the derivative financial instruments used by the Company as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

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The following table summarizes the derivative assets and derivative liabilities related to the counterparties on our interest rate swaps subject to master netting agreements where the Company has elected to net the fair values. The Company has elected to not offset cash collateral against the netted derivative assets and liabilities subject to master netting agreements.

Balance Sheet Fair Value Hedge

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As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company maintained loan swaps, with an aggregate notional amount of $2.8 million and $3.9 million, respectively, accounted for as fair value hedges. The amortized cost basis of the loans being hedged were $2.8 million and $3.8 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. This derivative protects us from interest rate risk caused by changes in the SOFR curve in relation to a certain designated fixed rate loan. The derivative converts the fixed rate loan to a floating rate. Settlement occurs in any given period where there is a difference in the stated fixed rate and variable rate and the difference is recorded in net interest income. The fair value of this hedge is recorded in either other assets or in other liabilities depending on the position of the hedge with the offset recorded in loans.

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Non-designated Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

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Customer Swap

The Company maintains interest rate swap contracts with loan customers of respondent bank customers of the Correspondent Banking Division, in addition to loan customers of the Bank, that are classified as non-designated hedges and are not speculative in nature. These agreements are designed to convert customers’ variable rate loans with the Company and respondent bank customers to fixed rate. These interest rate swaps are executed with loan customers to facilitate a respective risk management strategy and allow the customer to pay a fixed rate of interest to the Company. These interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by executing offsetting interest rate swaps with unrelated market counterparties to minimize the net risk exposure to the Company resulting from the transactions and allow the Company to receive a variable rate of interest. The interest rate swaps pay and receive interest based on a one-month SOFR floating rate plus a credit spread, with payments being calculated on the notional amount. The interest rate swaps are settled monthly with varying maturities.

The variation margin settlement payment and the related derivative instruments fair value are considered a single unit of account for accounting and financial reporting purposes. Depending on the net position of the swaps with LCH and CME, the fair value, net of the variation margin, is reported in Derivative Assets or Derivative Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, the expense or income attributable to the variation margin for the centrally cleared swaps with LCH and CME is reported in Noninterest Income, specifically within Correspondent and Capital Markets Income. The daily settlement of the derivative exposure does not change or reset the contractual terms of the instrument.

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As the interest rate swaps associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting swaps are recognized directly in earnings. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the interest rate swaps had an aggregate notional amount of approximately $26.8 billion and $25.2 billion, respectively. At June 30, 2025, the fair value of the interest rate swap derivatives is recorded in Other Assets at $211.0 million and in Other Liabilities at $611.3 million. The fair value of derivative assets at June 30, 2025, was reduced by $401.5 million in variation margin payments applicable to swaps centrally cleared through LCH and CME. At December 31, 2024, the fair value of the interest rate swap derivatives was recorded in Other Assets at $160.3 million and Other Liabilities at $878.0 million. The fair value of derivative assets at December 31, 2024, was reduced by $719.4 million in variation margin payments applicable to swaps centrally cleared through LCH and CME. All changes in fair value are recorded through earnings within Correspondent and Capital Markets Income, a component of Noninterest Income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. There was a net loss of $59,000 and $231,000 recorded on these derivatives for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. There was a net gain of $273,000 and $386,000 recorded on these derivatives for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, we provided $242.8 million of cash collateral on the customer swaps, which is included in Cash and Cash Equivalents on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Deposits in Other Financial Institutions (Restricted Cash). We also provided $78.6 million in investment securities at market value as collateral on the customer swaps which is included in Investment Securities – available for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Counterparties provided $33.9 million of cash collateral to the Company to secure swap asset positions that were not centrally cleared, which is included in Interest-bearing Deposits within Total Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Balance Sheet Economic Hedge

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During the third quarter of 2023, management began executing a series of short-term interest rate hedges to address monthly accrual mismatches related to the Company’s Assumable Rate Conversion (“ARC”) program and its transition from LIBOR to SOFR after June 30, 2023. The Company is required to execute the correspondent side of its back-to-back swaps with customers with the central clearinghouses (CME or LCH). Term SOFR was not available to execute through CME and LCH, and therefore, management elected to convert to the CME-eligible daily SOFR. Because many of the respondent bank customers converted to Term SOFR, this created interest rate basis risk. To address this risk, monthly interest rate hedges were executed to minimize the impact of accrual mismatches between the monthly Term SOFR used by the customer and the daily SOFR rates used by the central clearinghouses.

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As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company maintained an aggregate notional amount of $3.7 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively, in short-term interest rate hedges that were accounted for as economic hedges. As noted above, the derivatives protect the Company from interest rate risk caused by changes in the term and daily SOFR accrual mismatches. The fair value of these hedges is recorded in either Other Assets or in Other Liabilities depending on the position of the hedge with the offset recorded in Correspondent Banking and Capital Market Income, a component of Noninterest Income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. There was a net loss of $13,000 and $27,000 for these derivatives for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. There was a net loss of $1,000 for these derivatives for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

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Foreign Exchange

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The Company may enter into foreign exchange contracts with customers to accommodate their need to convert certain foreign currencies into U.S. Dollars. To offset the foreign exchange risk, the Company may enter into substantially identical agreements with an unrelated market counterparty to hedge these foreign exchange contracts. If there were foreign currency contracts outstanding at June 30, 2025, the fair value of these contracts would be included in Other Assets and Other Liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. All changes in fair value are recorded as other noninterest income. There was no gain or loss recorded related to the foreign exchange derivative for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024.

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Mortgage Banking

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The Company also has derivatives contracts that are not classified as accounting hedges to mitigate risks related to the Company’s mortgage banking activities. These instruments may include financial forwards, futures contracts, and options written and purchased, which are used to hedge MSRs; while forward sales commitments are typically used to hedge the mortgage pipeline. Such instruments derive their cash flows, and therefore their values, by reference to an underlying instrument, index or referenced interest rate. The Company does not elect hedge accounting treatment for any of these derivative instruments and as a result, changes in fair value of the instruments (both gains and losses) are recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income in Mortgage Banking Income.

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Mortgage Servicing Rights (“MSRs”)

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Derivatives contracts related to MSRs are used to help offset changes in fair value and are written in amounts referred to as notional amounts. Notional amounts provide a basis for calculating payments between counterparties but do not represent amounts to be exchanged between the parties and are not a measure of financial risk. On June 30, 2025, we had derivative financial instruments outstanding with notional amounts totaling $156.0 million related to MSRs, compared to $129.0 million on December 31, 2024. The estimated net fair value of the open contracts related to the MSRs was recorded as a gain of $2.3 million at June 30, 2025, compared to a loss of $1.8 million at December 31, 2024.

Mortgage Pipeline

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The following table presents our notional value of forward sale commitments and the fair value of those obligations along with the fair value of the mortgage pipeline related to the held for sale portfolio:

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