TMBThanachart Bank Public Company Limited
ING Group holds an approximately 23% investment in TMBThanachart Bank Public Company Limited (hereafter: TTB), a bank listed on the stock exchange of Thailand. TTB is providing products and services to wholesale, small and medium enterprise (SME), and retail customers. TTB is accounted for as an investment in associate based on the size of ING's shareholding and representation on the Board. TTB is part of the Corporate Line.

Other investments in associates and joint ventures

Included in Other investments in associates and joint ventures are mainly financial services and (non-) financial technology funds or vehicles operating predominantly in Europe, and are individually not significant to ING Group.

Significant influence for associates in which the interest held is below 20%, is based on the combination of ING Group’s financial interest and other arrangements, such as participation in the Board of Directors.

The associates and joint ventures of ING are subject to legal and regulatory restrictions regarding the amount of dividends they can pay to ING. These restrictions are, for example, dependent on the laws in the country of incorporation for declaring dividends or as a result of minimum capital requirements that are imposed by industry regulators in the countries in which the associates and joint ventures operate.

In addition, the associates and joint ventures also consider other factors in determining the appropriate levels of equity needed. These factors and limitations include, but are not limited to, the rating agency and regulatory views, which can change over time.


Changes in Investments in associates and joint ventures
in EUR million	30 June 2025	31 December 2024
Opening balance as at 1 January	1,679	1,509
Additions	1	26
Transfers	-10	-7
Revaluations	-11	0
Share of results	85	205
Dividends received	-114	-91
Disposals	-2	-16
Impairments		-35
Exchange rate differences	-91	87

Closing balance	1,536	1,679

Share of results from associates and joint ventures of EUR 85 million (31 December 2024: EUR 205 million) as included in the table above is mainly attributable to our share in the results of TTB of EUR 65 million (31 December 2024: EUR 123 million).

Impairments and reversal thereof on the investment in TTB

Accumulated impairments on the investment in TTB of EUR 395 million (31 December 2024: EUR 395 million) were recognised in previous years. There is no impairment trigger observed as per 30 June 2025. A Value in Use ('VIU') was estimated following the prolonged increase of the quoted TTB share price over the original cost price of the investment and the sustained improved broker consensus outlook. VIU was estimated to be close to the carrying amount of the investment in TTB and differed only by an insignificant amount. Consequently, no reversal of impairment was recognised.

Methodology
The recoverable amount is determined as the higher of the fair value less costs of disposal and VIU. Fair value less costs of disposal is based on observable share price. The VIU calculation uses discounted cash flow projections based on management’s best estimates. VIU is derived using a Dividend Discount Model (DDM) where distributable equity, i.e. future earnings available to ordinary shareholders, is used as a proxy for future cash flows. The valuation looks at expected cash flows into perpetuity resulting in two main components to the VIU calculation:

•The estimation of future earnings over a 5-year forecast period; and

•the terminal value being the extrapolation of earnings into perpetuity applying a long-term growth rate. The earnings that are used for extrapolation represent the stable long-term financial results and position of TTB, i.e. a steady state. The terminal value comprises the majority of the total VIU.

Key assumptions used in the VIU calculation as at 30 June 2025

The VIU is determined using a valuation model which is subject to multiple management assumptions. The key assumptions, i.e. those to which the overall result is most sensitive to, are the following:

•Expected future earnings of TTB: Short- to medium-term expectations are based on forecasts derived from broker consensus. Longer-term and steady-state expectations into perpetuity are derived using reasonable and supportable assumptions capturing a combination of TTB specific and market data points; A capital maintenance charge is applied, which is management’s forecast of the earnings that need to be withheld in order for TTB to meet target regulatory requirements over the forecast period;

•Discount rate (cost of equity): 10.75%, based on the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) calculated for TTB using current market data and expert judgement; and

•Terminal growth rate: 2.19% consistent with current long term government bond yield in Thailand as a proxy for a risk-free rate.

The model was evaluated for reasonably possible changes to key assumptions in the model. This reflects the sensitivity of the VIU to each key assumption on its own and it is possible that more than one favourable and/or unfavourable change may occur at the same time. The selected rates of reasonably possible changes