Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the consideration transferred measured at acquisition date fair value and the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree. For each business combination, the Group elects whether to measure the non-controlling interests in the acquiree at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred and included in other expenses.

The Group determines that it has acquired a business when the acquired set of activities and assets include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. The acquired process is considered substantive if it is critical to the ability to continue producing outputs, and the inputs acquired include an organised workforce with the necessary skills, knowledge, or experience to perform that process or it significantly contributes to the ability to continue producing outputs and is considered unique or scarce or cannot be replaced without significant cost, effort, or delay in the ability to continue producing outputs.

The Group has an option to apply a ‘concentration test’ that permits a simplified assessment of whether an acquired set of activities and assets is not a business. The optional concentration test is met if substantially all the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If the optional concentration test is not met, or the Group elects not to apply the test, the Group performs detailed assessment to determine whether an acquired set of activities and assets is a business.

At the acquisition date, the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are recognised at their acquisition date fair values. For this purpose, the liabilities assumed include contingent liabilities representing present obligation and they are measured at their acquisition fair values irrespective of the fact that outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is not probable. However, the following assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination are measured at the basis indicated below:

- Deferred tax assets or liabilities and the assets or liabilities related to employee benefit arrangements are recognised and measured in accordance with IAS 12 - Income Taxes and IAS 19 - Employee Benefits respectively.

- Liabilities or equity instruments related to share based payment arrangements of the acquiree or share – based payments arrangements of the Group entered into to replace share-based payment arrangements of the acquiree are measured in accordance with IFRS 2 Share-based Payment at the acquisition date.

- Assets (or disposal groups) that are classified as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5 - Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations are measured in accordance with that standard.

- Reacquired rights are measured at a value determined on the basis of the remaining contractual term of the related contract. Such valuation does not consider potential renewal of the reacquired right.

- Potential tax effects of temporary differences and carry forwards of an acquiree that exist at the acquisition date or arise as a result of the acquisition are accounted in accordance with IAS 12.

When the Group acquires a business, it assesses the financial assets and liabilities assumed for appropriate classification and designation in accordance with the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions as at the acquisition date. This includes the separation of embedded derivatives in host contracts by the acquiree.

If the business combination is achieved in stages, any previously held equity interest is re-measured at its acquisition date fair value and any resulting gain or loss is recognised in the statement of profit or loss or OCI, as appropriate.

Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer is recognised at fair value at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration classified as an asset or liability that is a financial instrument and within the scope of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, is measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in the statement of profit or loss in accordance with IFRS 9. Other contingent consideration that is not within the scope of IFRS 9 is measured at fair value at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognised in statement of profit or loss. Contingent consideration classified as equity is not remeasured and its subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity.

Goodwill is initially measured at cost, being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount recognised for non-controlling interests, and any previous interest held, over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If the fair value of the net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate consideration transferred, the Group re-assesses whether it has correctly identified all of the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed and reviews the procedures used to measure the amounts to be recognised at the acquisition date. If the reassessment still results in an excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the aggregate consideration transferred, then the gain is recognised in statement of profit or loss.

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated to each of the Group’s cash-generating units or group of CGUs that are expected to benefit from the combination, irrespective of whether other assets or liabilities of the acquiree are assigned to those units.

A cash generating unit (CGU) or group of CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually on March 31, or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro rata based on the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Any impairment loss for goodwill is recognised in the statement of profit or loss. An impairment loss recognised for goodwill is not reversed in subsequent periods.

Where goodwill has been allocated to a cash-generating unit and part of the operation within that unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the disposed operation is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal. Goodwill disposed in these circumstances is measured based on the relative values of the disposed operation and the portion of the cash-generating unit retained.

When the Group acquires controlling interest in an entity or a group of assets or net assets that is not a business, the Group allocates the cost of the group between the individual identifiable assets acquired (including intangible assets) and liabilities assumed based on their relative fair values at the date of purchase and these acquisitions do not give rise to the goodwill. The cost of the group of assets is the sum of all consideration given, any NCI recognised, and transaction costs incurred if any.

The Group segregates assets and liabilities into current and non-current categories for presentation in the statement of financial position after considering its normal operating cycle and other criteria set out in IAS 1, “Presentation of financial statements”. For this purpose, current assets and liabilities include current portion of non-current assets and liabilities respectively. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are always classified as non-current.

The operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation / settlement in cash and cash equivalents. The Group has identified period upto twelve months as its operating cycle for classification of their current assets and liabilities.

Revenue is recognised when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Group has generally concluded that it is the principal in its revenue arrangements, because it typically controls the goods or services before transferring them to the customer.

Sale of power

Revenue from supply of power is recognised over time because the customer simultaneously receives and consumes benefits on the supply of units generated from plant to the grid as per the terms of the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) entered into with the customers.

The Group considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated. In determining the transaction price for the sale of power, the Group considers the effects of variable consideration. There is only one performance obligation in the arrangement and therefore, allocation of transaction price is not required.

Sale of goods

Revenue is adjusted for variable consideration such as discounts, rebates, refunds, credits, price concessions, incentives, liquidated damages or other similar deductions in a contract except when it is highly probable it will not be provided. The amount of revenue excludes any amount collected on behalf of third parties.

The Group recognises revenue at the point in time when the products are delivered to the customer, which is when the control over product is transferred to the customer.

There is no significant financing component in revenue recognition.

Variable consideration

If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the Group estimates the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods or service to the customer. The variable consideration is estimated at contract inception and constrained until it is highly probable that a significant revenue reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the associated uncertainty with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. To estimate the variable consideration, the Group applies the method that it expects best predicts the amount of consideration to which the entity will be entitled based on the terms of the contract.

- Rebates

In some PPAs, the Group provide rebates in invoice if payment is made before the due date. These are adjusted against revenue and are offset against amounts payable by the customers.

Revenue on account of service concession arrangements

IFRIC 12, 'Service Concession Arrangements' deals with the treatment to be applied by the operator for public-to-private service concession arrangements. Service concession arrangement fall within the scope of IFRIC 12 when the following two conditions are met:

i) the grantor controls or regulates what services the operator must provide with the infrastructure, to whom it must provide them, and at what price; and ii) the grantor controls - through ownership, beneficial entitlement or otherwise - any significant residual interest in the infrastructure at the end of the term of the arrangement.

The financial asset model according to paragraph 16 of IFRIC 12 applies if the operator has an unconditional contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset from or at the direction of the grantor for the construction services; the grantor has little, if any, discretion to avoid payment, usually because the agreement is enforceable by law. The operator has an unconditional right to receive cash if the grantor contractually guarantees to pay the operator (a) specified or determinable amounts or (b) the shortfall, if any, between amounts received from users of the public service and specified or determinable amounts, even if payment is contingent on the operator ensuring that the infrastructure meets specified quality or efficiency requirements.

Revenue related to construction services under a service concession arrangement is recognised over time because the grantor controls as the asset as it is constructed by the Group. Operation or service revenue is recognised over time in the period in which the services are provided by the Group because the grantor simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided the Group. The total expected consideration is allocated to the performance obligations based on the relative stand-alone selling prices of the construction services and operation services, taking into account the significant financing component.

The Group recognises a contract asset for its right to receive consideration for the construction services and accounts for the significant financing component in the arrangement in accordance IFRS 15. Once it is established that Group has an unconditional right (other than that of the passing of time) to receive consideration for the construction services, the amounts due from the grantor are accounted for in accordance with IFRS 9, 'Financial Instruments' as receivables.

Contract assets

A contract asset is the right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to the customer. If the Group performs by transferring goods or services to a customer when that right is conditioned on something other than the passage of time. Contract assets are subject to impairment assessment.

Contract liabilities

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Group transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Group performs under the contract (i.e., transfers control of the related goods or services to the customer).

Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Group’s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section (s) Financial instruments – initial recognition and subsequent measurement.

Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted, at the reporting date. Current income tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside the statement of profit or loss (either in OCI or equity). Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The Group

reflects the effect of uncertainty for each uncertain tax treatment by using either most likely method or expected value method, depending on which method predicts better resolution of the treatment. Current income tax assets and liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off these and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the asset-liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for all taxable temporary differences, except:

- When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, (i) affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss and (ii) and does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences.

- In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and interests in joint ventures, if the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilised except:

- When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, (i) affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss and (ii) and does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences.

- in respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilised. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

In situations where Group is entitled to a tax holiday under the Income-tax Act, 1961, enacted in India, no deferred tax (asset or liability) is recognised in respect of temporary differences which reverse during the tax holiday period. Deferred taxes in respect of temporary differences which reverse after the tax holiday period are recognised in the period in which the temporary differences originate. However, the Group restricts the recognition of deferred tax assets to the extent that it has become probable that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax assets can be realised.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognised outside profit or loss is recognised outside statement of profit or loss (either in OCI or equity). Deferred tax items are recognised in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

Minimum Alternate Tax

Minimum alternate tax (MAT) paid in a year is charged to the statement of profit or loss as current tax for the year. The deferred tax asset is recognised for MAT credit available only to the extent that it is probable that the concerned company will pay normal income tax during the specified period, i.e., the period for which MAT credit is allowed to be carried forward. In the year in which the Company recognises MAT credit as an asset, it is created by way of credit to the statement of profit or loss and shown as part of deferred tax asset. The company reviews the “MAT credit entitlement” asset at each reporting date and writes down the asset to the extent that it is no longer probable that it will pay normal tax during the specified period.

Capital work in progress is stated at cost, net of accumulated impairment loss, if any. Property, plant and equipment (PPE) except freehold land is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Group depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognised in the statement of profit or loss as incurred. Land is stated at cost net of accumulated impairment losses and is not depreciated.

The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met.

Subsequent costs

The cost of replacing a part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in the carrying amount of the item of property, plant and equipment, if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied within the part will flow to the Group and its cost can be measured reliably with the carrying amount of the replaced part getting derecognised. The cost for day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognised in statement of profit or loss as and when incurred.

Derecognition

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognised is derecognised upon disposal (i.e., at the date the recipient obtains control) or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit or loss when the asset is derecognised. Gains or losses arising from de-recognition of property, plant and equipment are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognised in the statement of profit or loss when the asset is derecognised.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation and amortisation of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are reviewed at each financial period end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

Borrowing costs consist of interest, discount on issue, premium payable on redemption and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds (this cost also includes exchange differences to the extent regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs). The borrowing costs are amortised basis the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method over the term of the loan.

Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalised during the period. The amount amortised for the period from disbursement of borrowed funds upto the date of capitalisation of the qualifying asset is added to the cost of qualifying assets. All other borrowing costs are recognized in statement of profit or loss under the head finance cost in the period in which they are incurred.

To the extent, the Group borrows funds for general purpose and uses them for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset, the group determines the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation by applying a capitalisation rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalisation rate used is weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the group that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset. In case any specific borrowing remains outstanding after the related asset is ready for its intended use or sale, that borrowing becomes part of the funds that an entity borrows generally when calculating the capitalisation rate on general borrowings.

The Group assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for a cash-generating unit (CGU) asset is required in case of CGU which includes Goodwill, the Group estimates its recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or CGU fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or group of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre -tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. The higher of value-in-use or fair value less costs of disposal is regarded as the recoverable amount.

The Group bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Group’s CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. These budgets and forecast calculations generally cover the remaining life of the project.

Impairment losses of continuing operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

Retirement benefit in the form of provident fund is a defined contribution scheme. The Group has no obligation, other than the contribution payable to the provident fund. The Group recognises contribution payable to provident fund scheme as an expense, when an employee renders the related service.

Remeasurements comprising of actuarial gain and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding amount recognised in the net interest on the defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognised in the statement of financial position with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI in the period in which they occur. Remeasurements are not reclassified to the statement of profit or loss in subsequent periods.

The Group operates a defined benefit plan in India, viz., gratuity. The cost of providing benefit under this plan is determined on the basis of actuarial valuation at each period-end carried out using the projected unit cost method.

Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit liability or asset. The Group recognises the following changes in the net defined benefit obligation as an expense in the statement of profit or loss:

- Service costs comprising current service costs, gains and losses on curtailments and non-routine settlements; and

- Net interest expense or income

Accumulated leave, which is expected to be utilised within the next twelve months, is treated as short term employee benefit. The Group measures the expected cost of such absences as an additional amount that it expects to pay as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at reporting date.

The Group treats the accumulated leave expected to be carried forward beyond twelve months, as long term employee benefit for measurement purposes. Such long term compensated absences are determined on the basis of actuarial valuation at each period-end carried out using the projected unit cost method. Remeasurements comprising of actuarial gain and losses are recognised in the statement of financial position with a corresponding debit or credit to statement of profit or loss in the period in which they occur. The Group presents the leave as current liability in the Consolidated statement of financial position, to the extent it does not have an unconditional right to defer its settlement for 12 months after the reporting date. Where Group has unconditional legal and contractual right to defer the settlement for a period beyond 12 months, the same is presented as non-current liability.

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets are classified, at initial recognition, as subsequently measured at amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI), and fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL).

The classification of financial assets at initial recognition depends on the financial asset’s contractual cash flow characteristics and the Group’s business model for managing them. With the exception of trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component or for which the Group has applied the practical expedient, the Group initially measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at FVTPL, transaction costs. Trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component or for which the Group has applied the practical expedient are measured at the transaction price as disclosed in section 4.1(e).

Subsequent measurement

For purposes of subsequent measurement, financial assets are classified in four categories:

Debt instruments at amortised cost

A ‘debt instrument’ is measured at the amortised cost if both the following conditions are met:

After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included in other income in the statement of profit or loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

Debt instruments at FVTPL

FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments. Any debt instrument, which does not meet the criteria for categorisation as at amortised cost or as FVTOCI, is classified as at FVTPL.

In addition, the Group may elect to designate a debt instrument, which otherwise meets amortised cost or FVTOCI criteria, as at FVTPL. However, such election is allowed only if doing so reduces or eliminates a measurement or recognition inconsistency (referred to as ‘accounting mismatch’). The Group has not designated any debt instrument as at FVTPL.

Debt instruments included within FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

Equity investments

All other equity investments in scope of IFRS 9 are measured at fair value. Equity instruments which are held for trading and contingent consideration recognised by an acquirer in a business combination to which IFRS 3 applies are classified at FVTPL. For all other equity instruments, the Group may make an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value. The Group makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. The classification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.

If the Group decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVTOCI, then all fair value changes on the instrument, excluding dividends, are recognised in the OCI. There is no recycling of the amounts from OCI to statement of profit or loss, even on sale of investment. However, the Group may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.

Equity instruments included within FVTPL category are measured at fair value with all changes recognised in the statement of profit or loss. The Group has not designated any instrument at FVTOCI.

Embedded derivatives

A derivative embedded in a hybrid contract, with a financial liability or non-financial host, is separated from the host and accounted for as a separate derivative if: the economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to the host; a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative; and the hybrid contract is not measured at FVTPL. Embedded derivatives are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in statement of profit or loss. Reassessment only occurs if there is either a change in the terms of the contract that significantly modifies the cash flows that would otherwise be required or a reclassification of a financial asset out of the FVTPL category.

Derecognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is primarily derecognised when:

- The rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired.

Impairment of financial assets

In accordance with IFRS 9, the Group applies expected credit loss (ECL) model for measurement and recognition of impairment loss for all debt instruments not held at FVTPL. ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at an approximation of the original effective interest rate.

The Group follows 'simplified approach' for recognition of impairment loss allowance on trade receivables or contract revenue receivables. The Group has established a provision matrix that is based on its historical credit loss experience, adjusted for forward-looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment.

The application of simplified approach does not require the Group to track changes in credit risk. Rather it recognises impairment loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date, right from initial recognition.

For recognition of impairment loss on other financial assets and risk exposure, the group determines that whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. If credit risk has not increased significantly, 12-month ECL is used to provide

for impairment loss. However, if credit risk has increased significantly, lifetime ECL is used. If, in a subsequent period, credit quality of the instrument improves such that there is no longer a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, then the entity reverts to recognising impairment loss allowance based on 12-month ECL. The Group considers that there has been a significant increase in credit risk when contractual payments are more than 30 days past due.

Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. The 12-month ECL is a portion of the lifetime ECL which results from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.

The Group considers a financial asset in default when contractual payments are 90 days past due. However, in certain cases, the Group may also consider a financial asset to be in default when internal or external information indicates that the Group is unlikely to receive the outstanding contractual amounts in full before taking into account any credit enhancements held by the Group. A financial asset is written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovering the contractual cash flows.

For financial guarantee contracts, the date that the Group becomes a party to the irrevocable commitment is considered to be the date of initial recognition for the purposes of assessing the financial instrument for impairment. In assessing whether there has been a significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition of a financial guarantee contracts, the Group considers the changes in the risk that the specified debtor will default on the contract.

For a financial guarantee contract, as the Group is required to make payments only in the event of a default by the debtor in accordance with the terms of the instrument that is guaranteed, the expected loss allowance is the expected payments to reimburse the holder for a credit loss that it incurs less any amounts that the Group expects to receive from the holder, the debtor or any other party.

The Group regularly monitors the effectiveness of the criteria used to identify whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk and revises them as appropriate to ensure that the criteria are capable of identifying significant increase in credit risk before the amount becomes past due.

ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) during the period is recognised as income / expense in the statement of profit or loss.

Modification of contractual cash flows

When the contractual cash flows of a financial asset are renegotiated or otherwise modified and the renegotiation or modification does not result in the derecognition of that financial asset in accordance with IFRS 9, the Group recalculates the gross carrying amount of the financial asset and recognises a modification gain or loss under finance income or finance costs, respectively, in the statement of profit or loss. The gross carrying amount of the financial asset is recalculated as the present value of the renegotiated or modified contractual cash flows that are discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate (or credit-adjusted effective interest rate for purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets) or, when applicable, the revised effective interest rate calculated. Any costs or fees incurred are adjusted with the carrying amount of the modified financial asset and are amortised over the remaining term of the modified financial asset.

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at FVTPL, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs. The financial liabilities of the Group include trade and other payables, derivative financial instruments, loans and borrowings including bank overdraft.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification as discussed below:

Loans and borrowings

After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in the statement of profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.

Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortisation is included as finance costs in the statement of profit or loss. This category generally applies to borrowings.

Compound financial instruments

Compound financial instruments (CFIs) are separated into liability and equity components based on the terms of the contract.

The Group recognises interest, dividends, losses and gains relating to such financial instrument or a component that is a financial liability as income or expense in the statement of profit or loss.

The present value of the liability part of the compulsorily convertible debentures classified under financial liabilities and the equity component is calculated by subtracting the liability from the total proceeds of CFIs.

Transaction costs that relate to the issue of a compound financial instrument are allocated to the liability and equity components of the instrument in proportion to the allocation of proceeds. Transaction costs that relate jointly to more than one transaction (for example, cost of issue of debentures, listing fees) are allocated to those transactions using a basis of allocation that is rational and consistent with similar transactions.

Financial guarantees

Financial guarantee contracts issued by the group are those contracts that require a payment to be made to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because the specified debtor fails to make a payment when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument. Financial guarantee contracts are recognised initially as a liability at fair value, adjusted for transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantee. Subsequently, the liability is measured at the higher of the amount of loss allowance determined as per impairment requirements of IFRS 9 and the amount recognised less, when appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognised in accordance with the principles of IFRS 15.

Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged / cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in the statement of profit or loss.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the statement of financial position if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

Cash and short-term deposits in the statement of financial position comprise cash at banks and cash in hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less, that are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short term deposits, as defined above, net of bank overdrafts as they are considered an integral part of the Group's cash management.

Bank balances other than cash and cash equivalents consists of deposits with an original maturity of more than three months. These balances are classified into current and non-current portions based on the remaining term of the deposit.

Basic earnings per equity share is computed by dividing the net profit attributable to the equity holders of the Parent by the weighted average number of equity shares and instruments mandatorily convertible into equity shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per equity share is computed by dividing the net profit attributable to the equity holders of the Group by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per equity share and also the weighted average number of equity shares that could have been issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.

The dilutive potential equity shares are adjusted for the proceeds receivable had the equity shares been actually issued at fair value (i.e. the average market value of the outstanding equity shares). Dilutive potential equity shares are deemed converted as of the beginning of the period, unless issued at a later date. Dilutive potential equity shares are determined independently for each period presented.

The number of equity shares and potentially dilutive equity shares are adjusted retrospectively for all periods presented for any share splits and bonus shares issues including for changes effected prior to the approval of the consolidated financial statements by the Board of Directors. The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earning per share.

Own equity instruments that are reacquired (treasury shares) are recognised at cost and deducted from retained earnings. No gain or loss is recognised in the statement of profit or loss on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of the Group’s own equity instruments. At the time of re-issue, any difference between the carrying amount and the consideration is recognised as share premium.