Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Guardant Health, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the first quarter of 2025, the Company started to present revenue and cost of revenue in a single line on the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations. Accordingly, the Company adjusted its presentation of revenue and cost of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 to conform with the current period presentation. See Revenue Recognition section of Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information related to the disaggregation of revenue.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosures at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other market-specific or other relevant assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates are used in several areas including, but not limited to, estimation of variable consideration, estimation of credit losses, standalone selling price allocation included in contracts with multiple performance obligations, goodwill and identifiable intangible assets, stock-based compensation, incremental borrowing rate for operating leases, contingencies, certain inputs into the provision for income taxes, including related reserves, valuation of non-marketable securities, among others. These estimates generally involve complex issues and require judgments, involve the analysis of historical results and prediction of future trends, can require extended periods of time to resolve and are subject to change from period to period. Actual results may differ materially from management’s estimates.

Unaudited Interim Condensed Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring accruals that the Company believes are necessary to fairly state the financial position and the results of the Company’s operations and cash flows for interim periods in accordance with GAAP. Interim-period results are not necessarily indicative of results of operations or cash flows for a full year or any subsequent interim period.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Restricted Cash

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had restricted cash balance of $106.3 million and $104.2 million, of which $105.7 million and $103.6 million, respectively, were related to cash held as collateral under surety bond requirements related to the intellectual property dispute with TwinStrand Biosciences, Inc. and the University of Washington, as described in Note 8 Commitments and Contingencies - Legal Proceedings to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.

Non-Marketable Equity Securities

The Company acquires certain equity investments in private companies to promote business and strategic objectives. The Company's investments in non-marketable equity securities do not give the Company the ability to control or exercise significant influence over the investees. One of the investees is concluded to be a variable interest entity, or VIE, but the Company is deemed not to be the primary beneficiary as the Company does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance. The Company's non-marketable equity security investments totaled $16.1 million and $16.1 million as of June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are included in other assets, net on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Non-marketable equity securities are recorded at cost, subject to periodic impairment reviews and adjustments for observable price changes from orderly transactions. The Company's evaluation of impairment of such non-marketable equity securities is based on adverse changes in market conditions and the regulatory or economic environment; qualitative and quantitative analysis of the operating performance and financial condition of the investee; changes in operating structure or management of the investee; and additional funding requirements of the investee. As a result of the evaluation, the Company recorded an impairment of $5.0 million for one of its non-marketable equity security investments for the six months ended June 30, 2025, included in other income (expense), net on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. In addition, the Company recorded an impairment of $22.1 million for another non-marketable equity security investment in the fiscal year of 2023. No other impairment or downward adjustments to the carrying value of the Company's non-marketable equity securities have been otherwise recorded.

Concentration of Risk

The Company is subject to credit risk from its portfolio of cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments in marketable debt securities. The Company limits its exposure to credit losses by investing in money market funds through a U.S. bank with high credit ratings. The Company’s cash may consist of deposits held with banks that may at times exceed federally insured limits, however, its exposure to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institution is limited to the extent of amounts recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company performs evaluations of the relative credit standing of these financial institutions to limit the amount of credit exposure.

The Company also invests in investment-grade debt instruments and has policy limits for the amount it can invest in any one type of security, except for securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government. The goals of the Company’s investment policy, in order of priority, are as follows: safety and preservation of principal and diversification of risk; liquidity of investments sufficient to meet cash flow requirements; and a competitive after-tax rate of return. Under its investment policy, the Company limits amounts invested in such securities by credit rating, maturity, investment type and issuer, as a result, the Company is not exposed to any significant concentrations of credit risk from these financial instruments.

The Company is subject to credit risk from its accounts receivable. The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable arises from the delivery of the Company's tests, and the performance of the Company's service and partnership agreements with biopharmaceutical companies and international laboratory partners, all of which have high credit ratings. The Company has not experienced any material losses related to receivables from individual customers, or groups of customers. The Company does not require collateral. Accounts receivable are recorded net of allowance for credit losses, if any.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable represent valid claims against commercial and governmental payers, biopharmaceutical companies, research institutes, international laboratory partners and distributors, including unbilled receivables. Unbilled receivables include balances due from biopharmaceutical customers related to service agreements that are recognized upon the achievement of performance-based milestones but prior to the achievement of contractual billing rights. As of June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company had unbilled receivables of $3.8 million and $3.4 million, respectively.

The Company evaluates the collectability of its accounts receivable based on historical collection trends, the financial condition of payment partners, and external market factors and provides for an allowance for potential credit losses based on management’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net identifiable assets and liabilities. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at least annually during the fourth fiscal quarter, or if circumstances indicate its value may no longer be recoverable. The Company continues to operate in one segment, which is considered to be the sole reporting unit and, therefore, goodwill is tested for impairment at the enterprise level. As of June 30, 2025, there has been no impairment of goodwill.

Intangible assets with finite useful lives are carried at cost, net of accumulated amortization. The Company does not have intangible assets with indefinite useful lives other than goodwill. Amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the intangible asset's useful life, which is approximately 6—12 years.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use, or ROU, assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, less lease incentives received or receivable. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the lease liabilities, as the Company's leases generally do not provide an implicit rate. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate when the Company is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company also has lease arrangements with lease and non-lease components. The Company elected the practical expedient not to separate non-lease components from lease components for the Company’s facility leases. The Company also elected to apply the short-term lease measurement and recognition exemption in which ROU assets and lease liabilities are not recognized for leases with terms of 12 months or less.

Convertible Senior Notes

Convertible senior notes are accounted for as a liability and measured at their amortized cost. Any premium or discount on the notes is included in the carrying amount and amortized to interest expense over the term of the notes using an effective interest rate method. Transaction costs related to the issuance of the notes are netted with the liability and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the notes using the same effective interest rate method.

Treasury Stock

Treasury stock is accounted for at cost based on the amount paid to repurchase the Company's common stock, and is recorded as a reduction of the Company's stockholders’ equity. Direct costs incurred to repurchase the Company's common stock are included in the cost of the treasury stock.

Revenue Recognition

The Company derives revenue from four major sources, including oncology, biopharma and data, screening, and licensing and other. The Company currently receives payments from third-party commercial and governmental payers, certain hospitals and oncology centers, and individual patients, as well as biopharmaceutical companies, research institutes, international laboratory partners and distributors.

The following table presents the Company’s revenue disaggregated by revenue source:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(unaudited)
	(in thousands)
Oncology	$	158,685	$	130,269	$	309,244	$	256,017
Biopharma and data	56,020		43,933		101,396		81,520
Screening	14,814		—		20,491		—
Licensing and other	2,569		3,033		4,428		8,189
Total revenue	$	232,088	$	177,235	$	435,559	$	345,726

Revenues are recognized when control of services is transferred to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, provides for a five-step model that includes identifying the contract with a customer, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price, allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations, and recognizing revenue when, or as, an entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Oncology

Oncology revenue was previously presented as precision oncology revenue from tests for clinical customers. Oncology revenue includes amounts derived from the delivery of the Company's oncology tests for clinical customers, including hospitals, cancer centers, research institutions and patients, and oncology tests delivered by labs operated by the Company's strategic partners.

Oncology revenue is recognized at the time results of the test are reported to physicians. Most oncology tests requested by clinical customers are sold without a written agreement; however, the Company determines an implied contract exists with its clinical customers. The Company identifies each sale of its test to a clinical customer as a single performance obligation. With the exception of certain limited contracted arrangements with insurance carriers and other institutions where the transaction price is fixed, a stated contract price does not exist and the transaction price for each implied contract with clinical customers represents variable consideration. The Company estimates the variable consideration under the portfolio approach and considers the historical reimbursement data from third-party commercial and governmental payers and patients, as well as known or anticipated reimbursement trends not reflected in the historical data. The Company monitors the estimated amount to be collected in the portfolio at each reporting period based on actual cash collections in order to assess whether a revision to the estimate is required. Both the estimate and any subsequent revision contain uncertainty and require the use of significant judgment in the estimation of the variable consideration and application of the constraint for such variable consideration. The Company analyzes its actual cash collections over the expected reimbursement period and compares it with the estimated variable consideration for each portfolio and any difference is recognized as an adjustment to estimated revenue, subject to assessment of the risk of cumulative future revenue reversal.

Biopharma and data

Biopharma and data revenue includes amounts derived from the delivery of the Company's tests for biopharmaceutical customers, previously presented as precision oncology revenue from tests for biopharmaceutical customers. Biopharma and data revenue also includes amounts derived from the performance of the Company's service agreements with biopharmaceutical customers, previously presented as a component of development services and other revenue, primarily comprised of companion diagnostic development and regulatory approval, monitoring and maintenance, GuardantINFORM data services and GuardantConnect referral services.

Revenue from the delivery of the Company's tests for biopharmaceutical customers are based on a negotiated price per test or on the basis of an agreement to provide certain testing volume over a defined period. The Company identifies its promise to transfer a series of distinct tests to biopharmaceutical customers as a single performance obligation. Tests for biopharmaceutical customers are generally billed at a fixed price for each test performed. For agreements involving testing volume to be satisfied over a defined period, revenue is recognized over time based on the number of tests performed as the performance obligation is satisfied over time. Results of the Company’s tests are delivered electronically, and as such there are no shipping or handling fees incurred by the Company or billed to customers.

In addition, the Company collaborates with biopharmaceutical companies in the development of new drugs. As part of these collaborations, the Company provides services related to regulatory filings to support companion diagnostic device submissions for the Company’s testing panels. Under these collaborations, the Company generates revenue from achievement of milestones. The transaction price of these contracts typically represents variable consideration. Application of the constraint for variable consideration to milestone payments is an area that requires significant judgment. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be managed to achieve the respective milestone and the level of effort and investment required to achieve the respective milestone. The constraint for variable consideration is applied to the contract price such that it is probable a significant cumulative reversal of revenue will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the contingency is resolved. The Company also provides other services to its biopharmaceutical customers, such as monitoring and maintenance, GuardantINFORM data services and GuardantConnect referral services. These revenues are generally recognized over time based on an input method to measure progress in the service period, utilizing costs incurred to-date relative to total expected costs as its measure of progress.

Screening

Screening revenue, previously included in other revenue, includes amounts derived from the delivery of the Company's Shield screening tests. As is the case with its Oncology revenue, the Company recognizes its Screening revenue at the time the results of the tests are reported. Due to consistencies with its Oncology revenue, the Company applies the concepts of variable consideration under the portfolio approach to its Screening revenue in a manner consistent with that of its Oncology revenue, described above.

Licensing and other

The Company also derives revenue from licensing its technologies, previously included in other revenue. The Company recognizes its licensing and other revenue based on the nature and terms of the technology licensing arrangements.

Revenue related to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded $8.9 million and $18.6 million, respectively, as revenue related to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recorded $15.2 million and $24.9 million, respectively, as revenue related to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods.

Contracts with multiple performance obligations

The Company's contracts with biopharmaceutical customers and international laboratory partners may include multiple distinct performance obligations, such as delivery of its tests, performance of the above-mentioned services, and licensing its technologies, among others. The Company evaluates the terms and conditions included within its contracts with biopharmaceutical customers and international laboratory partners to ensure appropriate revenue recognition. The Company first identifies material promises, in contrast to immaterial promises or administrative tasks, under the contract, and then evaluates whether these promises are both capable of being distinct and distinct within the context of the contract. In assessing whether a promised service is capable of being distinct, the Company considers whether the customer could benefit from the service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer, including factors such as the research, development, and commercialization capabilities of a third party as well as the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. In assessing whether a promised service is distinct within the context of the contract, the Company considers whether it provides a significant integration of the services, whether the services significantly modify or customize one another, or whether the services are highly interdependent or interrelated.

For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company determines standalone selling price by considering the historical selling price of these performance obligations in similar transactions as well as other factors, including, but not limited to, the price that customers in the market would be willing to pay, competitive pricing of other vendors, industry publications and current pricing practices, and expected costs of satisfying each performance obligation plus appropriate margin; or by using the residual approach if standalone selling price is not observable, by reference to the total transaction price less the sum of the observable standalone selling prices of other performance obligations promised in the contract.

Deferred revenue

Deferred revenue, which is a contract liability, consists primarily of billings in advance of revenue recognition from contracts with customers. For example, service contracts with biopharmaceutical customers often contain upfront payments which results in the recording of deferred revenue to the extent of billings prior to the Company's performance of the related services. Contract liabilities are relieved as the Company performs its obligations under the contract and revenue is consequently recognized. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's deferred revenue balance was $60.7 million and $41.6 million, respectively, of which $6.4 million and $6.1 million was considered long-term and recorded within other long-term liabilities on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. Revenue recognized in the six months ended June 30, 2025 that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2024 was $19.9 million, and revenue recognized in the six months ended June 30, 2024 that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2023 was $9.3 million, respectively.

Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations

Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes deferred revenue and non-cancelable amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenues in future periods. The Company expects to recognize substantially all of the remaining transaction price in the next 1-2 years.

Cost of Revenue

Costs associated with performing the Company’s tests generally consists of cost of materials, including inventory write-downs; cost of labor, including employee benefits, bonus, and stock-based compensation; equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with processing test samples, such as sample preparation, library preparation, sequencing, and quality control analyses; freight; curation of test results for physicians; phlebotomy; and license fees due to third parties. Infrastructure expenses include depreciation of laboratory equipment, rent costs, depreciation of leasehold improvements and information technology costs. Costs associated with performing the Company's tests are recorded as the tests are performed regardless of whether revenue was recognized with respect to that test.

Cost of Development Services and Other

Cost of revenue also includes costs incurred for the performance of the Company's service agreements and partnership agreements with its biopharmaceutical customers and strategic partners, which comprise of labor and material costs.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred to develop technology and include salaries and benefits including stock-based compensation, reagents and supplies used in research and development laboratory work, infrastructure expenses, including facility occupancy and information technology costs, contract services, other outside costs and costs to develop the Company's technology capabilities. Research and development expenses also include costs related to activities performed under contracts with biopharmaceutical companies before technological feasibility has been achieved. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are deferred and recognized as expense in the period in which the related goods are received or services are rendered. Costs to develop technology capabilities are recorded as research and development expenses unless they meet the criteria to be capitalized as internal-use software costs.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation related to stock options granted to the Company’s employees, directors and nonemployees is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The fair value is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective awards. Compensation expense for stock options with performance metrics is calculated based upon expected achievement of the metrics specified in the grant.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted under the 2012 Stock Plan (as amended and restated), or the 2012 Plan, the 2018 Incentive Award Plan, or the 2018 Plan, the 2023 Employment Inducement Incentive Award Plan, or the 2023 Plan, and stock purchase rights granted under the 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires assumptions to be made related to the expected term of an award, expected volatility, risk-free rate and expected dividend yield.

The Company measures the grant date fair value of its service-based and performance-based restricted stock units issued to employees and non-employees based on the closing market price of the common stock on the date of grant. For restricted stock units with only service-based vesting conditions, compensation expense is recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Compensation expense for restricted stock units with performance metrics, or PSUs, is calculated based upon expected achievement of the metrics specified in the grant, and is recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations using an accelerated attribution model over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. No stock-based compensation expense is recorded for PSUs, unless it is determined to be probable that the related performance metrics will be met. In addition, a cumulative adjustment will be recorded in the period when the probability of achieving the related performance metrics is adjusted. For awards granted with a market condition, the Company derives the grant date fair value using the Monte Carlo simulation model and the related compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period using an accelerated attribution model commencing on the grant date. Any awards that remain unvested at the end of the performance period will be forfeited. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Net Loss Per Share

The Company calculates basic net loss per share by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock method or the as-if converted method, as appropriate. For purposes of this calculation, stock options, restricted stock units, shares issuable pursuant to the employee stock purchase plan, and contingently issuable shares under the convertible senior notes are considered common stock equivalents but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share as their effect is anti-dilutive.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted and New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires an enhanced disclosure of significant segment expenses on an annual and interim basis. This guidance became effective for the annual reporting periods beginning the year ended December 31, 2024, and for interim reporting periods beginning January 1, 2025, and should be applied retrospectively. The Company adopted this pronouncement retrospectively in the fiscal year of 2024.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which amended existing income tax disclosure guidance, primarily requiring more detailed disclosures on the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This guidance will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning the year ended December 31, 2025, with early adoption permitted and can be applied on either a prospective or retroactive basis. The Company expects to provide required disclosures upon the effective date.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, which requires additional disclosures of specified information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to financial statements. This guidance will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning the year ended December 31, 2027, and for interim reporting periods beginning January 1, 2028, with early adoption permitted and can be applied on either a prospective or retroactive basis. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this accounting pronouncement on its financial statements.

Fair Value Measurements

Financial instruments consist of cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, net, prepaid expenses and other current assets, net, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Cash equivalents and marketable securities are stated at fair value. Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities are stated at their carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short time to the expected receipt or payment date.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received from sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The identification of market participant assumptions provides a basis for determining what inputs are to be used for pricing each asset or liability. A financial instrument’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

A fair value hierarchy has been established which gives precedence to fair value measurements calculated using observable inputs over those using unobservable inputs. This hierarchy prioritized the inputs into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.