The following table summarizes the pre-tax charges by activity and program during the periods indicated: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, | | 2025 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | 2024 | | Severance and related benefit costs: | | | | | | | | Value Creation Plan | $ | 8.8 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 32.8 | | | $ | — | | Segment Optimization | — | | | 2.6 | | | 0.4 | | | 12.1 | | | | | | | | | | ProQuest Acquisition Integration | — | | | — | | | — | | | (0.1) | | | Total Severance and related benefit costs | 8.8 | | | 2.6 | | | 33.2 | | | 12.0 | | | Exit and disposal costs: | | | | | | | | Value Creation Plan | 0.5 | | | — | | | 0.8 | | | — | | | | | | | | | | Segment Optimization | — | | | 0.1 | | | — | | | 0.2 | | | | | | | | | | | Total Exit and disposal costs | 0.5 | | | 0.1 | | | 0.8 | | | 0.2 | | | Lease abandonment costs: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Segment Optimization | — | | | (2.0) | | | — | | | (2.0) | | | | | | | | | | | Total Lease abandonment costs | — | | | (2.0) | | | — | | | (2.0) | | | Restructuring and other impairments | $ | 9.3 | | | $ | 0.7 | | | $ | 34.0 | | | $ | 10.2 | |
The following table summarizes the pre-tax charges by program and segment during the periods indicated: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, | | 2025 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | 2024 | | Academia & Government: | | | | | | | | Value Creation Plan | $ | 4.3 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 16.6 | | | $ | — | | Segment Optimization | — | | | (0.2) | | | — | | | 3.8 | | | | | | | | | | ProQuest Acquisition Integration | — | | | — | | | — | | | (0.1) | | | Total A&G | 4.3 | | | (0.2) | | | 16.6 | | | 3.7 | | | Intellectual Property: | | | | | | | | Value Creation Plan | 1.8 | | | — | | | 8.0 | | | — | | | | | | | | | | Segment Optimization | — | | | 0.4 | | | 0.3 | | | 3.0 | | | | | | | | | | | Total IP | 1.8 | | | 0.4 | | | 8.3 | | | 3.0 | | | Life Sciences & Healthcare: | | | | | | | | Value Creation Plan | 3.2 | | | — | | | 9.0 | | | — | | | | | | | | | | Segment Optimization | — | | | 0.5 | | | 0.1 | | | 3.5 | | | | | | | | | | | Total LS&H | 3.2 | | | 0.5 | | | 9.1 | | | 3.5 | | | Restructuring and other impairments | $ | 9.3 | | | $ | 0.7 | | | $ | 34.0 | | | $ | 10.2 | |
The table below summarizes the changes in our restructuring reserves by activity during the periods indicated: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Severance and related benefit costs | | Exit, disposal, and abandonment costs | | Total | | | Reserve balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | 2.3 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 2.3 | | | | Expenses recorded | 33.2 | | | 0.8 | | | 34.0 | | | | Payments made | (27.3) | | | (0.8) | | | (28.1) | | | | Noncash items | (2.1) | | | 0.1 | | | (2.0) | | | | Reserve balance as of June 30, 2025 | $ | 6.1 | | | $ | 0.1 | | | $ | 6.2 | | | | | | | | | | | Reserve balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | 5.9 | | | $ | 1.4 | | | $ | 7.3 | | | | Expenses recorded | 12.0 | | | (1.8) | | | 10.2 | | | | Payments made | (15.5) | | | (2.8) | | | (18.3) | | | | Noncash items | (0.7) | | | 3.3 | | | 2.6 | | | | Reserve balance as of June 30, 2024 | $ | 1.7 | | | $ | 0.1 | | | $ | 1.8 | | |
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