Summary of Source Differences Between Income Taxes at the Federal Statutory Rate and the Provision for Income Taxes |
A summary of the sources of differences between income taxes at the federal statutory rate and the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2023 |
|
Tax benefit at the statutory rate |
|
$ |
(7,249,161 |
) |
|
$ |
(4,346,294 |
) |
Increase (decrease) in taxes resulting from: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
State taxes |
|
|
(1,583,965 |
) |
|
|
(400,290 |
) |
Stock-based compensation |
|
|
34,599 |
|
|
|
82,430 |
|
Research and development tax credits |
|
|
(100,311 |
) |
|
|
(418,321 |
) |
Loss on debt extinguishment |
|
|
4,305,904 |
|
|
|
— |
|
Deferred tax true-ups and other |
|
|
(1,037,064 |
) |
|
|
(167,497 |
) |
Change in valuation allowance |
|
|
5,629,998 |
|
|
|
5,249,972 |
|
Total income tax expense (benefit) |
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
Schedule of Components of Company's Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities |
Significant components of the Company's deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31, |
|
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2023 |
|
Deferred tax assets: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net operating loss carryforwards |
|
$ |
16,979,615 |
|
|
$ |
13,095,540 |
|
Research and development credits |
|
|
1,310,860 |
|
|
|
1,647,502 |
|
Capitalized pre-business expenses |
|
|
3,860,144 |
|
|
|
2,229,904 |
|
Accrued expenses |
|
|
219,423 |
|
|
|
124,458 |
|
Stock-based compensation |
|
|
1,019,432 |
|
|
|
899,453 |
|
Inventory reserve |
|
|
282,905 |
|
|
|
243,070 |
|
Operating lease liability |
|
|
57,817 |
|
|
|
127,116 |
|
Capitalized §174 research and development costs |
|
|
1,966,559 |
|
|
|
1,905,522 |
|
Unrealized derivative gain/loss |
|
|
34,368 |
|
|
|
— |
|
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowance |
|
|
25,731,123 |
|
|
|
20,272,565 |
|
Less valuation allowance |
|
|
(25,386,669 |
) |
|
|
(19,756,671 |
) |
Total deferred tax assets |
|
|
344,454 |
|
|
|
515,894 |
|
Deferred tax liabilities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fixed assets |
|
|
(295,152 |
) |
|
|
(390,191 |
) |
Right-of-use assets |
|
|
(49,302 |
) |
|
|
(125,703 |
) |
Total deferred tax liabilities |
|
|
(344,454 |
) |
|
|
(515,894 |
) |
Net deferred tax asset (liability) |
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
|
Schedule of Reconciliation of the Federal Income Tax Rate to the Company's Effective Tax Rate |
A reconciliation of the federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2023 |
|
Statutory federal income tax rate |
|
|
21.0 |
% |
|
|
21.0 |
% |
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit |
|
|
4.6 |
% |
|
|
1.9 |
% |
Stock-based compensation |
|
|
-0.1 |
% |
|
|
-0.4 |
% |
General business credits |
|
|
0.3 |
% |
|
|
2.0 |
% |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |
|
|
-12.5 |
% |
|
|
0.0 |
% |
Deferred tax true-ups and other |
|
|
3.0 |
% |
|
|
0.8 |
% |
Change in valuation allowance |
|
|
-16.3 |
% |
|
|
-25.3 |
% |
Income tax provision |
|
|
0.0 |
% |
|
|
0.0 |
% |
|
Schedule of Reconciliation of Beginning and Ending Amount of Unrecognized Tax Benefits |
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
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|
|
|
|
Balance at January 1, 2024 |
|
$ |
— |
|
Additions based on tax positions related to 2024 |
|
|
25,078 |
|
Additions for tax positions of prior years |
|
|
411,876 |
|
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |
|
$ |
436,954 |
|
|