Micromem Technologies Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
For the three and six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024
(Expressed in United States Dollars)

Micromem Technologies Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
For the three and six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024
(Expressed in United States Dollars)

Contents

Micromem Technologies Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
Notice of no auditor review of the condensed interim consolidated financial statements

Under National Instrument 51-102, Part 4, subsection 4.3(3)(a), if an auditor has not performed a review of the condensed interim consolidated financial statements, they must be accompanied by a notice indicating that the condensed interim consolidated financial statements have not been reviewed by an auditor.

The accompanying unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements of Micromem Technologies Inc. (the "Company") have been prepared by and are the responsibility of the Company's management and

The Company's independent auditor has not performed a review of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards established by the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada, for a review of condensed interim consolidated financial statements by an entity's auditor.

June 24, 2025

Micromem Technologies Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
As at April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024
(Expressed in United States dollars)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Approved on behalf of the Board of Directors:

Micromem Technologies Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
For the three and six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024
(Expressed in United States dollars)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Micromem Technologies Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Deficiency
For the six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024
(Expressed in United States dollars)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

Micromem Technologies Inc.
Unaudited Condensed Interim Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024
(Expressed in United States dollars)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements.

1. Reporting entity and nature of business

Micromem Technologies Inc. ("Micromem" or the "Company") is incorporated under the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada. Micromem is a publicly traded company with its head office located at 121 Richmond Street West, Suite 602, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Company's common shares are currently listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange under the trading symbol "MRM" and on the Over the Counter Venture Market under the trading symbol "MMTIF".

The Company develops, based upon proprietary technology, customized sensor applications for companies (referred to as "Development Partners") operating internationally in various industry segments. The Company has not generated commercial revenues through April 30, 2025 and is devoting substantially all its efforts to securing commercial revenue opportunities.

2. Going concern

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared with the assumption that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future.

There are material uncertainties related to conditions and events that cast substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern and ultimately on the appropriateness of the use of the accounting principles applicable to a going concern. During the six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company reported a net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) of ($769,940) (2024 - $25,662) and negative cash flow from operations of $415,600 (2024 - $286,406). The Company's working capital deficiency as at April 30, 2025 was $6,199,845 (October 31, 2024 - $6,693,448).

The Company's success depends on the profitable commercialization of its proprietary sensor technology. Based upon its current operating and financial plans, management of the Company believes that it will have sufficient access to financial resources to fund the Company's planned operations through the next twelve months; however, the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to secure additional financing and/or to profitably commercialize its technology. There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in the profitable commercialization of its technology, or will be able to secure the necessary additional financing. These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from the possible inability of the Company to continue as a going concern. If the going concern assumption was not appropriate for these unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements then adjustments could be necessary to the carrying value of assets and liabilities, the reported expenses and the statement of financial position classifications used; in such cases, these adjustments could be material.

3. Basis of presentation

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024 have been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard ("IAS") 34 Interim Financial Reporting. The accounting policies and methods of computation adopted in the preparation of the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements are consistent with those followed in the preparation of the Company's audited annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2024. The Company has not early adopted any standard, interpretation or amendment that has been issued but is not yet effective.

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance and release by the Company's Board of Directors on June 24, 2025.

(a) Basis of consolidation

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Micromem Technologies Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries include:

3. Basis of presentation (continued)

(b) Basis of measurement

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for financial instruments designated at fair value through profit and loss which are measured at their fair value.

(c) Functional and presentation currency

These unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars ("USD"), which is the functional currency of the Company and all of its subsidiaries.

(d) Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are reviewed periodically and adjustments are made as appropriate in the reporting period they become known. Items for which actual results may differ materially from these estimates are described in the following section.

(i) Fair value of options, warrants, and conversion features

The Company makes estimates and utilizes assumptions in determining the fair value for stock options, warrants, and conversion features based on the application of option pricing valuation models, depending on the circumstances. These pricing models require management to make various assumptions and estimates that are susceptible to uncertainty, including the volatility of the share price, expected dividend yield, expected term, risk- free interest rate, and exercise price.

(ii) Useful lives and recoverability of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment. Depreciation is dependent upon estimates of useful lives and impairment is dependent upon estimates of recoverable amounts. These are determined through the exercise of judgment and are dependent upon estimates that take into account factors such as economic and market conditions, frequency of use, anticipated changes in laws, and technological improvements.

(iii) Income taxes

Income taxes and tax exposures recognized in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements reflect management's best estimate of the outcome based on facts known at the reporting date. When the Company anticipates a future income tax payment based on its estimates, it recognizes a liability. The difference between the expected amount and the final tax outcome has an impact on current and deferred taxes when the Company becomes aware of this difference.

When the Company incurs losses for income tax purposes, it assesses the probability of taxable income being available in the future, based on budgeted forecasts. These forecasts are adjusted for certain non-taxable income and expenses and specific rules on the use of unused credits and tax losses. When the forecasts indicate that sufficient future taxable income will be available to deduct the temporary differences, a deferred tax asset is recognized for all deductible temporary differences.

(iv) Going concern assumption

The Company applies judgment in assessing whether material uncertainties exist that would cause doubt as to the whether the Company could continue as a going concern.

4. New and revised standards and interpretations

Certain pronouncements were issued by the IASB or the IFRIC that are mandatory for accounting periods commencing on or after November 1, 2024. The Company has adopted these pronouncements as of their effective date, and many are not applicable or do not have a significant impact on the Company and have been excluded.

The following amendments were issued but not yet effective. The Company will adopt these amendments as of their effective dates. The Company is currently assessing the impacts of adoption.

(a) Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements (IFRS 18)

In April 2024, the IASB issued IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements to improve reporting of financial performance. The new standards replaces IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. IFRS 18 introduces new categories and required subtotals in the statement of profit and loss and also requires disclosure of management-defined performance measures. It also includes new requirements for the location, aggregation and disaggregation of financial information. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2027, including interim financial statements.

Retrospective application is required and early adoption is permitted.

5. Patents

The Company holds several patents in the United States for its Multimodal Fluid Condition Sensor Platform. The patents are fully amortized as at April 30, 2025 and October 31, 2024.

6. Property and equipment

7. Debenture payable

The Company issued a debenture on March 17, 2020, with a principal amount of $51,500 CAD ($37,126 USD) and an original maturity date of June 17, 2020. The debenture's maturity date was extended by six month intervals on June 17, 2020, December 17, 2020, June 17, 2021, December 17, 2021, June 17, 2022,

December 17, 2022, June 17, 2023 and December 17, 2023, June 17, 2024 and December 17, 2024. The most recent extension on December 17, 2024 extended the debenture to June 17, 2025. The extension of the debenture's maturity date resulted in a substantial modification of the existing terms of the debenture and accordingly was accounted for as an extinguishment. The debenture bears interest at an annual rate of 24% compounded monthly and is unsecured. As at April 30, 2025, the debenture had an outstanding balance of $37,670 ($52,031 CAD) (October 31, 2024 - $37,389 ($52,031 CAD)). During the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, total interest expense of $2,175 and $4,350 (2024 - $2,276 and $4,561) was recognized in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

8. Long-term loan

The Company was granted a $60,000 CAD ($41,424 USD) unsecured, interest-free loan from the Government of Canada under the Canada Emergency Business Account ("CEBA") program to cover its operating costs (the "CEBA Loan"). If the Company were to have repaid $40,000 CAD ($27,616 USD) of the aggregate amount advanced on or before January 18, 2024, the repayment of the remaining $20,000 CAD would have been forgiven. The balance was not paid by January 18, 2024, and as a result, on January 19, 2024 the CEBA loan was converted to a 3-year term loan, bearing interest at 5% per annum, paid monthly. The total principal balance plus any accrued and unpaid interest is payable in full on December 31, 2026. The amount of interest expense incurred during the three and six months ended April 30, 2025 is $750 and $375 (2024 - $nil and $nil).

The continuity of the long-term loan is summarized as follows:

9. Leases

(a) As a lessee

The lease obligation relates to the use of office space in Toronto, Ontario. The lease agreement has a term of August 1, 2022 to July 31, 2025. The present value of the lease obligation was calculated using a discount rate of 9%.

The lease liability is summarized as follows:

The following represents a maturity analysis of the Company's undiscounted contractual lease obligations as at April 30, 2025:

(b) As a lessor

The Company sub-leases a portion of its office space under a lease agreement for a term of three years, expiring July 31, 2025. The sub-lease is classified as an operating lease because it does not transfer substantially all of the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the asset.

For the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company recognized a total of $3,573 and $7,134 (2024 - $4,605 and $9,139) as rental income which has been recorded as a reduction to general and administrative expenses on the condensed interim consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

The following represents a maturity analysis of the Company's lease payments to be received after April 30, 2025:

10. Convertible debentures

The Company issues three types of convertible debentures: USD denominated convertible debentures with an equity component, Canadian dollar ("CAD") denominated convertible debentures with an embedded derivative due to variable consideration payable upon conversion caused by foreign exchange, and USD denominated convertible debentures with an embedded derivative caused by variable conversion prices.

During the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company incurred $24,973 and $24,973 of financing costs (2024 - $nil and $63,263) which primarily consisted of early repayment and administrative fees. All loan principal amounts and conversion prices are expressed in original currency and all remaining dollar amounts are expressed in USD.

(a) Current period information presented in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements

Convertible debentures outstanding as at April 30, 2025:

(i) Conversion price defined as 75% multiplied by the average of the lowest 3 closing stock prices for the 10 trading days prior to conversion date.

(ii) Conversion price defined as 75% multiplied by the lowest stock price for the 20 trading days prior to conversion date.

10. Convertible debentures (continued)

(a) Current period information presented in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements

For the three months ended April 30, 2025:

(b) Comparative information presented in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements

Convertible debentures outstanding as at October 31, 2024:

(i) Conversion price defined as 75% multiplied by the average of the lowest 3 closing stock prices for the 10 trading days prior to conversion date.

(ii) Conversion price defined as 75% multiplied by the lowest stock price for the 20 trading days prior to conversion date.

For the six months ended April 30, 2024:

10. Convertible debentures (continued)

(b) Comparative information presented in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements

For the three months ended April 30, 2024:

(c)  Fair value of derivative liabilities outstanding

The fair value of the derivative liabilities is determined with option pricing models. The underlying assumptions are as follows:

The key unobservable input in these models relates to volatility. Volatility was estimated using the historical volatility of the Company's stock prices for common shares. Changes in these assumptions may affect the fair value estimates of the derivative liabilities.

11. Warrant liability

During the six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company issued warrants in connection with private placements and in arrangements with convertible debt. See note 12.

The Company determined that these warrants were exchangeable into a variable number of shares, and as such, the warrants were classified as financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss ("FVTPL"). The Company uses the Black-Scholes pricing model to estimate fair value. Expected volatility has been based on an evaluation of the historical volatility of the Company's share price. The risk-free interest rate for the life of the warrants was based on the yield available on government benchmark bonds with a term approximating the remaining term of the warrants. The life of the warrant is based on the contractual term. The values as at the grant date are as follows:

As at April 30, 2025, the Company re-valued the warrant liability with the following range of inputs, assumptions and results, respectively:

The following summarizes the warrant activity for the six months ended April 30, 2025:

During the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company allocated share issuance costs totalling $nil and $2,086 to the warrants issued, which were included in other finance expenses in the statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). See note 12.

12. Share capital

(a) Authorized and outstanding shares

The Company has two classes of shares as follows:

(i) Special redeemable voting preference shares - 2,000,000 authorized, nil issued and outstanding.

(ii) Common shares without par value - an unlimited number authorized. The holders of the common shares are entitled to receive dividends which may be declared from time to time, and are entitled to one vote per share at shareholder meetings of the Company. All common shares are ranked equally with regards to the Company's residual assets.

(b) Private placements

On January 2, 2025, the Company completed a non-brokered private placement and issued 5,100,000 units at $0.04 ($0.05 CAD) per unit for gross proceeds of

$177,248. Each unit consists of one common share of the Company and one common share purchase warrant. Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase one common share of the Company at a price of $0.04 (CAD $0.05) for a period of 3 years following the issue date of the units. The Company has estimated the fair value of these warrants at $76,713 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. See note 10. All securities issued are subject to a 4 month hold period expiring May 2, 2025. There were no finder's fee paid in connection with the financing. The Company incurred cash share issuance costs totalling $4,766 and allocated $2,680 to the common shares and $2,086 to the warrants issued.

As at April 30, 2025, the Company had received subscription proceeds totaling $173,087 (CAD $239,070) related to a private placement that was finalized subsequent to year-end. This amount is classified under trade payables and other liabilities.

(c) Arrangements with convertible debt

On January 2, 2025, the Company converted convertible debentures in the amount of $91,903 ($110,261 CAD) and issued 2,205,211 units. Each unit consists of one common share of the Company and one common share purchase warrant. Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase one common share of the Company at a price of $0.04 (CAD $0.05) for a period of 3 years following the issue date of the units. The Company has estimated the fair value of these warrants at $33,170 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and $58,733 was recorded to share capital. See note 11. All securities issued are subject to a 4 month hold period expiring May 2, 2025. There were no finder's fee paid in connection with the financing.

On January 7, 2025, the Company converted convertible debentures in the amount of $27,712 ($39,739 CAD) and issued 794,789 units. Each unit consists of one common share of the Company and one common share purchase warrant. Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase one common share of the Company at a price of $0.04 (CAD $0.05) for a period of 3 years following the issue date of the units. The Company has estimated the fair value of these warrants at

$12,141 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and $15,571 was recorded to share capital. See note 11. All securities issued are subject to a 4 month hold period expiring May 7, 2025. There were no finder's fee paid in connection with the financing.

(d) Exercise of warrants

On January 28, 2025, 1,679,800 warrants were exercised for proceeds of $57,360 ($83,082 CAD). The warrants were valued immediately prior to exercise at $50,965 and transferred to share capital.

On March 10, 2025, 9,803,739 warrants were exercised for proceeds of $339,699 ($490,187 CAD). The warrants were valued immediately prior to exercise at $471,056 and transferred to share capital.

13. Warrants

The following summarizes the broker warrants activity for the six months ended April 30, 2025:

The following table summarizes the warrants outstanding and exercisable as at April 30, 2025:

14. Stock options

(a) Stock option plan

Under the Company's fixed stock option plan (the "Plan"), the Company could grant up to 27,500,000 shares of common stock to directors, officers, employees or consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries. The exercise price of each option is equal to or greater than the market price of the Company's shares on the date of grant unless otherwise permitted by applicable securities regulations. An option's maximum term under the Plan is 10 years. Stock options are fully vested upon issuance by the Company unless the Board of Directors stipulates otherwise by Directors' resolution.

(b) Summary of changes

(c) Stock options outstanding at April 30, 2025

During the three months and six ended April 30, 2025, the Company recorded an expense of $nil and $nil for the vesting of stock options (2024 - $nil and $6,517).

15. Income (loss) per share

Basic and diluted income (loss) per share are calculated using the following numerators and denominators:

Basic income (loss) per share amounts are calculated by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders for the periods by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods.

16. Income taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and amounts used for income tax purposes.

As at April 30, 2025, the Company has non-capital losses of approximately $34.1 million, $29.7 million in Canada and $4.4 million in other foreign jurisdictions, available to reduce future taxable income. Non-capital losses expire commencing in 2026. In addition, the Company has available capital loss carry forwards of approximately $1.2 million to reduce future taxable capital gains. Capital losses carry forward indefinitely.

As at April 30, 2025, and October 31, 2024, the Company assessed that it is not probable that sufficient taxable income will be available to use deferred income tax assets based on operating losses in prior years; therefore, there are no balances recognized in the unaudited condensed interim consolidated statements of financial position for such assets.

17. Operating expenses

(a) General and administration

The components of general and administration expenses are as follows:

(b)  Professional, other fees and salaries

The components of professional, other fees and salaries expenses are as follows:

18. Supplemental cash flow information

The following provides a reconciliation of the cash flows from convertible debentures and derivative liabilities :

19. Key management compensation and related party transactions

The Company reports the following related party transactions:

(a) Key management compensation

Key management personnel are persons responsible for planning, directing and controlling activities of the Company, including officers and directors. Compensation paid or payable to these individuals (or companies controlled by such individuals) are summarized as follows:

During the six months ended April 30, 2025 and 2024, key management were not awarded any options.

(b) Trade payables and other liabilities

Included in accounts payable at April 30, 2025 is $23,878 payable to a corporation controlled by an officer of the Company (October 31, 2024 - $28,161). In addition, at April 30, 2025, accounts payable includes $Nil payable to a director (October 31, 2024 - $2,436).

20. Contingencies

(a) The Company has agreed to indemnify its directors and officers and certain of its employees in accordance with the Company's by-laws. The Company maintains insurance policies that may provide coverage against certain claims.

(b) The Company has previously reported on the lawsuit filed by Mr. Steven Van Fleet against Micromem, the Company's response to the lawsuit and its counterclaims against Mr. Van Fleet.

On April 29, 2021 the matter was resolved in Micromem's favor when the Court dismissed Mr. Van Fleet's claims and ruled that he was liable to the Company and to MAST on their counterclaims. On June 16, 2021, the Court ruled that Micromem and MAST had established damages totaling $765,579 representing the full amount that had been requested; furthermore, the Court awarded costs and statutory prejudgment interest from May 9, 2017. On June 29, 2021 the Court entered a judgement in favor of Micromem and MAST for a total amount of $1,051,739.

With respect to the Company's efforts to collect on that Judgement, a settlement ("Settlement") was reached during October 2021. Pursuant to the Settlement, the Company received an initial one-time payment and is entitled to additional monthly payments over a period of up to six years. The Company will record those payments as and when they are received. The total amount to be received by the Company if Mr. Van Fleet makes all the required payments under the terms of the Settlement will be less than the amount of the Judgement obtained by the Company, but if Mr. Van Fleet does not comply with the terms of the Settlement, it also provides the Company a means of enforcing a larger judgement against Mr. Van Fleet that is substantially in line with the Judgement. Mr. Van Fleet has made the prescribed monthly payments each month since October 2021.

The Company reports the recovery of this contingent asset as funds are received. During the three and six months ended April 30, 2025, the Company has recorded a recovery of $2,525 and $3,527 received in the period as a reduction of legal expenses (2024 - $2,400 and $4,800).

(c) On November 1, 2023, a former employee filed a statement of claim against the Company relating to employment termination without reasonable notice. The Company filed a statement of defence and counterclaim on November 29, 2023 denying all liability to the former employee. In August 2024, management attended legal discoveries and presented the Company's position. The matter proceeded to non-binding arbitration in October 2024 which ended without reaching to an agreement. The Company considers the claim of the former employee to be largely and likely without merit and therefore, no provision has been recorded in these interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

(d) On March 23, 2023, the Company signed a letter of intent (the "LOI") with companies incorporated in Romania (the "Parties") whereby the Parties intend to collaborate for the development of certain hardware equipment (the "Project"). Under the LOI, the Parties will provide full payment for the hardware equipments and the Company will provide all engineering support and expertise as required. As at April 30, 2025, a formal agreement relating to the Project has not been executed.

As at April 30, 2025, the Company received total advances of $63,000 from the Parties and has paid $126,000 to a third party for the construction of the hardware equipment. The Company has recorded the total advances as a deposit liability and the third party payments as a prepaid expense on the interim condensed consolidated statement of financial position.

21. Capital risk management

The Company's objectives when managing capital are to (i) maintain its ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders, (ii) ensure it has sufficient cash resources to further develop and market its technologies and (iii) maintain its ongoing operations. The Company defines its capital as its net assets, i.e. total assets less total liabilities. In order to secure the additional capital necessary to pursue these objectives, the Company may attempt to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debentures or by securing strategic partners. The Company is not subject to externally imposed capital requirements and there has been no change with respect to the overall capital risk management strategy during six month period ended April 30, 2025.

22. Financial risk management

(a) Currency risk

Currency risk is the risk that the fair value of, or future cash flows from, the Company's financial instruments will significantly fluctuate due to changes in foreign exchange rates. The Company is exposed to currency risk to the extent that it incurs expenses and issues convertible debentures denominated in Canadian dollars (CAD). The Company manages currency risk by monitoring the Canadian dollar position of these monetary financial instruments on a periodic basis throughout the course of the reporting period.

As at April 30, 2025, and October 31, 2024, balances that are denominated in CAD are as follows:

A 10% strengthening of the US dollar against the CAD would decrease net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) by $415,000 as at April 30, 2025 (October 31, 2024 - decrease net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) by $487,000). A 10% weakening of the USD against the CAD would have the opposite effect of the same magnitude.

(b) Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of, or future cash flows from, the Company's financial instruments will significantly fluctuate due to changes in market interest rates. The Company is exposed to interest rate risk on its interest-bearing convertible debentures. This exposure is limited due to the short-term nature of the convertible debentures.

(c) Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Company if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations, and arises principally from the Company's cash. The maximum exposure to credit risk is the carrying value of these financial assets, which amounted to

$332,004 as at April 30, 2025 (October 31, 2024 - $125,705). The Company reduces its credit risk by assessing the credit quality of counterparties, taking into account their financial position, past experience and other factors.

The risk for cash is mitigated by holding these balances with with central banks and financial institution counterparties that are highly rated. The Company therefore does not expect any credit losses on its cash.

The risk of credit loss on receivable is substantially mitigated by assessing the credit quality of counterparties, taking into account their financial position, past experience and other factors. Management actively monitors the Company's exposure to credit risk under its financial instruments, including with respect to other receivables.

22. Financial risk management (continued)

(d) Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they become due. The Company's policy is to review liquidity resources and ensure that sufficient funds are available to meet financial obligations as they become due. Further, the Company's management is responsible for ensuring funds exist and are readily accessible to support business opportunities as they arise. With the exception of the long-term loan, all financial liabilities are due within 1 year as at April 30, 2025.

(i) Trade payables

The following represents an analysis of the maturity of trade payables:

(ii) Convertible debentures and derivative liabilities

The following represents an analysis of the maturity of the convertible debentures and derivative liabilities:

(iii) Warrant liabilities

The following represents an analysis of the maturity of warrant liabilities:

(iv) Long-term debt

The following represents an analysis of the maturity of long-term debt:

23. Subsequent events

Subsequent to April 30, 2025:

(a) The Company secured a private placement with investors consisting of common shares with warrants pursuant to prospectus and registrations set forth in applicable securities law. It realized net proceeds of $387,900 ($535,775 CAD) and will issue a total of 8,929,583 common shares.

(b) The Company secured $140,000 in convertible debentures with a 12-month term and conversion features which become effective six months after initiation date.

(c) The Company issued 666,666 common shares upon an exercise of warrants realizing net proceeds of $23,900 ($33,000 CAD).

(d) The Company extended convertible debentures that were within 3 months of maturity date from April 30, 2025 for an additional six (6) months.

(e) The Company made a partial repayment of $5,000 towards the balance of a convertible debenture and made a payment of $79,114 USD to repay a debenture in full.