Financial Risk Management and Fair Values of Financial Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Financial Risk Management and Fair Values of Financial Instruments [Abstract]

Schedule of Financial instruments by Category

Financial instruments by category

		December 31, 2023			December 31, 2024
Financial assets
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets designated as at fair value through profit or loss on initial recognition		$	40,071		$	—
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
Designation of equity instruments			116,703			148,925
Financial assets at amortized cost
Cash and cash equivalents			3,030,298			3,646,756
Financial assets at amortized cost			337,024			591,457
Notes receivable			132,403			—
Accounts receivable			8,848,384			8,241,352
Other receivables			348,514			172,695
Refundable deposits			809,646			995,358
		$	13,663,043		$	13,796,543

		December 31, 2023			December 31, 2024
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss		$	60,664		$	9,300,087
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Short-term borrowings			5,250,233			1,075,904
Financial liabilities at amortized cost			2,627,483			1,829,826
Notes payable			—			127,063
Accounts payable (including related parties)			4,937,142			4,898,806
Other payables (including related parties)			7,494,263			9,880,354
Bonds payable			313,189			—
Long-term borrowings (including current portion)			5,492,681			9,031,195
Guarantee deposits			131,607			250,869
		$	26,307,262		$	36,394,104
Lease liabilities (including current portion)		$	5,960,789		$	5,003,553

Schedule of Sensitivity Analysis

The information on assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies whose values would be materially affected by the exchange rate fluctuations is as follows:

		December 31, 2023
		Foreign currency			Exchange rate		Carrying amount (USD)
(Foreign currency: functional currency)
Financial assets
Monetary items
USD:NTD		$	155,260		30.71		$	155,260
JPY:NTD			3,319,600		0.2172			23,478
HKD:NTD			356		3.929			46
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
USD:NTD		$	112,679		30.71		$	112,679
USD:JPY			553,948		141.39			553,948

		December 31, 2024
		Foreign currency			Exchange rate		Carrying amount (USD)
(Foreign currency: functional currency)
Financial assets
Monetary items
USD:NTD		$	233,681		32.79		$	233,681
JPY:NTD			200,039		0.2099			1,281
HKD:NTD			347		4.222			45
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
USD:NTD		$	55,722		32.79		$	55,722
USD:JPY			546,898		156.22			546,898

Schedule of Sensitivity Analysis

		Year ended December 31, 2022
		Sensitivity analysis
		Change in exchange rate			Effect on profit (loss)			Effect on other comprehensive income
Financial assets
Monetary items
USD:NTD		1	%		$	1,378		$	—
JPY:NTD		1	%			260			—
HKD:NTD		1	%			—			—
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
USD:NTD		1	%			25		$	—

		Year ended December 31, 2023
		Sensitivity analysis
		Change in exchange rate			Effect on profit (loss)			Effect on other comprehensive income
Financial assets
Monetary items
USD:NTD		1	%		$	1,553		$	—
JPY:NTD		1	%			235			—
HKD:NTD		1	%			—			—
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
USD:NTD		1	%		$	1,127		$	—
USD:JPY		1	%			5,539			—

		Year ended December 31, 2024
		Sensitivity analysis
		Change in exchange rate			Effect on profit (loss)			Effect on other comprehensive income
Financial assets
Monetary items
USD:NTD		1	%		$	2,337		$	—
JPY:NTD		1	%			13			—
HKD:NTD		1	%			—			—
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
USD:NTD		1	%		$	557		$	—
USD:JPY		1	%			5,469			—

Schedule of Contract Assets and Accounts Receivable

The Group referred to the forecastability of business monitoring indicators published by the National Development Council to adjust the loss rate which is based on historical and current information when assessing the future default possibility of contract assets and accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024 the loss rate methodologies are as follows:

		December 31, 2023
		Contract assets			Accounts receivable
Expected loss rate			—			0.7	%
Total carrying amount		$	3,153,022		$	8,848,384
Loss allowance			—			65,938

		December 31, 2024
		Contract assets			Accounts receivable
Expected loss rate			—			3.0	%
Total carrying amount		$	3,980,380		$	8,241,352
Loss allowance			—			247,536

		2022
		Contract assets			Accounts receivable
January 1		$	—		$	18,195
Acquisition through business combination			—			32,452
Provision for impairment loss			—			72,808
Write off			—			(13,676	)
Exchange difference			—			(2,593	)
December 31		$	—		$	(107,186	)

		2023
		Contract assets			Accounts receivable
January 1		$	—		$	107,186
Acquisition through business combination			—			4,212
Reversal for impairment loss			—			(44,725	)
Exchange difference			—			(735	)
December 31		$	—		$	65,938

		2024
		Contract assets			Accounts receivable
January 1		$	—		$	65,938
Provision for impairment loss			—			192,134
Write off						(2,579	)
Exchange difference			—			(7,957	)
December 31		$	—		$	247,536

Schedule of Non-Derivative Financial Liabilities

		December 31, 2023
		Within 1 year			1 to 3 years			3 to 5 years			Over 5 years			Total
Non-derivative financial liabilities
Short-term borrowings		$	5,250,233		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	5,250,233
Bonds payable			313,189			—			—			—			313,189
Long-term borrowings			2,492,776			2,675,634			492,608			51,404			5,712,422
Lease liabilities			1,011,259			1,311,439			1,311,439			2,568,638			6,202,775
Guarantee deposits			131,607			—			—			—			131,607
Financial liabilities at amortized cost			134,392			826,907			803,478			295,255			2,060,032
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Contingent consideration			60,664			—			—			—			60,664
		$	9,394,120		$	4,813,980		$	2,607,525		$	2,915,297		$	19,730,922

		December 31, 2024
		Within 1 year			1 to 3 years			3 to 5 years			Over 5 years			Total
Non-derivative financial liabilities
Short-term borrowings		$	1,075,904		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	1,075,904
Long-term borrowings			4,400,252			3,238,512			440,561			1,607,055			9,686,380
Lease liabilities			955,124			1,250,681			1,242,693			1,812,926			5,261,424
Guarantee deposits			250,869			—			—			—			250,869
Financial liabilities at amortized cost			27,438			1,017,978			866,718			—			1,912,134
		$	6,709,587		$	5,507,171		$	2,549,972		$	3,419,981		$	18,186,711

Schedule of Related Information of Natures of Assets and Liabilities

		December 31, 2023
		Level 1			Level 2			Level 3				Total
Assets:
Recurring fair value measurements
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
– Stock acquisition right		$			$	—		$	40,071			$	40,071
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
– Unlisted common stocks			—			7,073			71,051				78,124
– Unlisted preferred stocks			—			—			38,579				38,579
		$	—		$	7,073		$	149,701			$	156,774
Liabilities:
Recurring fair value measurements
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
– Contingent considerations		$	—		$	—		$	(60,664	)		$	(60,664	)
		$	—		$	—		$	(60,664	)		$	(60,664	)

		December 31, 2024
		Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Total
Assets:
Recurring fair value measurements
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
– Unlisted common stocks		$	—			$	6,401			$	108,774			$	115,175
– Unlisted preferred stocks			—				—				33,750				33,750
		$	—			$	6,401			$	142,524			$	148,925
Liabilities:
Recurring fair value measurements
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
– Warrants		$	(824,797	)		$	—			$	—			$	(824,797	)
– Contingent considerations			—				(1,374,290	)			—				(1,374,290	)
– Convertible promissory note			—				—				(7,101,000	)			(7,101,000	)
		$	(824,797	)		$	(1,374,290	)		$	(7,101,000	)		$	(9,300,087	)

Schedule of Table Shows Movements of Level 3 for years

The following table shows the movements of Level 3 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024:

		2023
		Debt instruments				Compound instruments				Equity instruments				Derivative instrument				Total
January 1		$	(505,471	)		$	(32,347,853	)		$	—			$	—			$	(32,853,324	)
Gains or losses recognized in profit or loss
Recorded as non-operating expenses			44,131				5,436,783				—				—				5,480,914
Acquired from business combinations			—				—				111,224				40,654				151,878
Settled in the period			400,000				26,911,070				—				—				27,311,070
Effect of exchange rate changes			676				—				(1,594	)			(583	)			(1,501	)
December 31		$	(60,664	)		$	—			$	109,630			$	40,071			$	89,037

		2024
		Debt instruments				Hybrid instruments				Equity instruments				Derivative instrument				Total
January 1		$	(60,664	)		$	—			$	109,630			$	40,071			$	89,037
Gains or losses recognized in profit or loss
Recorded as non-operating expenses			57,983				(288,898	)			—				—				(230,915	)
Issued convertible promissory notes			—				(6,812,102	)			—				—				(6,812,102	)
Converted into ordinary stock			—				—				40,071				(40,071	)			—
Valuation adjustment			—				—				10,340								10,340
Effect of exchange rate changes			2,681				—				(17,517	)			—				(14,836	)
December 31		$	—			$	(7,101,000	)		$	142,524			$	—			$	(6,958,476	)

Schedule of Sensitivity Analysis

		Fair value as of December 31, 2023		Valuation technique		Significant unobservable input		Range		Relationship of inputs to fair value
Non-derivative debt instrument:
Contingent considerations		60,664		Discounted cash flow method		Discount rate		11.95%		The higher the discount rate, the lower the fair value
Non-derivative equity instrument:
Unlisted common stocks		71,051		Market method, Income method, Cost method		Volatility		62%		The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
						Discount for lack of marketability		44% – 51%		The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
Unlisted Preferred stocks		3,353		Cost method, Income method		Volatility		55%		The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
						Discount for lack of marketability		44% – 45%		The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
		35,226		Market method, Income method		Volatility		51%		The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
						Discount for lack of marketability		27% – 41%		The higher the discount for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
Derivative instrument:
Stock acquisition right		40,071		Income method		Weighted average cost of capital		24.80%		The higher the weighted average cost of capital, the lower the fair value

		Fair value as of December 31, 2024		Valuation technique		Significant unobservable input		Range		Relationship of inputs to fair value
Non-derivative equity instrument:
Unlisted common stocks		108,774		Market method		Volatility		39%		The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
						Discount for lack of marketability		32% – 39%		The higher the discount rate for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
Unlisted Preferred stocks		3,845		Cost method, Income method		Volatility		35%		The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
						Discount for lack of marketability		26%		The higher the discount rate for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
		29,905		Market method, Income method		Volatility		35%		The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value
						Discount for lack of marketability		12% – 24%		The higher the discount rate for lack of marketability, the lower the fair value
Hybrid instrument:
Senior Secured Convertible Note		4,271,000		Convertible bond evaluation model		Discount rate		Conversion and redemption rights: 2.3%~6.3% Ordinary bonds: 9.0%~14.0%		The higher the discount rate, the lower the fair value
Promissory Note		2,830,000		Non-tradable shares valuation model		Volatility		60%		The higher the volatility, the lower the fair value

Schedule of Profit or Loss or of Other Comprehensive Income from Financial Assets and Liabilities

The following is the effect of profit or loss or of other comprehensive income from financial assets and liabilities categorized within Level 3 if the inputs used to valuation models have changed:

						December 31, 2023
		Input		Change		Recognized in profit or loss						Recognized in other comprehensive income
		Input		Change		Favorable change			Unfavorable change			Favorable change			Unfavorable change
Financial assets:
Unlisted common stocks		Volatility		±1%		$	—		$	—		$	68		$	66
		Discount for lack of marketability		±1%			—			—			1,423			1,423
Unlisted Preferred stocks		Volatility		±1%			—			—			196			198
		Discount for lack of marketability		±1%			—			—			551			551
Stock acquisition right		Weighted average cost of capital		±1%			304			300			—			—
						$	304		$	300		$	2,238		$	2,238
Financial liabilities:
Contingent considerations		Discount rate		±1%		$	660		$	673		$	—		$	—
						$	660		$	673		$	—		$	—

						December 31, 2024
		Input		Change		Recognized in profit or loss						Recognized in other comprehensive income
		Input		Change		Favorable change			Unfavorable change			Favorable change			Unfavorable change
Financial assets:
Unlisted common stocks		Volatility		±1%		$	—		$	—		$	31		$	28
		Discount for lack of marketability		±1%			—			—			782			782
Unlisted Preferred stocks		Volatility		±1%			—			—			112			115
		Discount for lack of marketability		±1%			—			—			403			403
Stock acquisition right		Weighted average cost of capital		±1%			—			—			—			—
						$	—		$	—		$	1,328		$	1,328
Financial liabilities:
Convertible promissory note		Discount rate		±1%		$	25		$	13		$	—		$	—
						$	25		$	13		$	—		$	—