In 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company performed a quantitative assessment of all reporting units as of October 1. We utilized a combination of the discounted cash flow analysis or “income approach” (50%) and the “market approach” (50%).

Our 2024 and 2023 goodwill impairment analyses concluded that the fair values of all reporting units were in excess of their carrying amounts. Subsequent to completing our goodwill impairment tests, no further indicators of impairment were identified. Based on these analyses, we recorded no goodwill impairment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Our 2022 goodwill impairment analysis concluded that the fair values of the Institutional Pharmacy, Specialty Solutions, Home Infusion, Home Health and Therapies, and Behavioral Health reporting units were in excess of their carrying amounts, and that the fair values of the Hospice Pharmacy and Workforce Solutions reporting units were less than their carrying amounts. We recognized non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $25.5 million related to the Hospice Pharmacy reporting unit and $15.4 million related to the Workforce Solutions reporting unit during 2022, which represent the excess of the reporting units’ carrying values over their respective estimated fair values at October 1, 2022. Subsequent to completing our goodwill impairment tests, no further indicators of impairment were identified. Neither reporting unit includes indefinite-lived intangible assets. The Workforce Solutions reporting unit was subsequently sold effective November 1, 2022.

The determination of whether the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value involves a high degree of estimation and can be affected by a number of industry and company-specific risk factors that are subject to change over time. If actual performance does not achieve the projections, or if the assumptions used change in the future, we may be required to recognize additional impairment charges in future periods.

A summary of changes to goodwill is as follows (in thousands):


	Goodwill
	Pharmacy Solutions		Provider Services			Total
Goodwill at January 1, 2023*	$	821,406	$	1,447,035		$	2,268,441
Goodwill added through acquisitions		12,583		19,111			31,694
Measurement period adjustments		—		540			540
Foreign currency adjustments		—		97			97
Goodwill at December 31, 2023*	$	833,989	$	1,466,783		$	2,300,772
Goodwill added through acquisitions		7,063		56,144			63,207
Measurement period adjustments		—		237			237
Foreign currency adjustments		—		(332	)		(332	)
Goodwill at December 31, 2024*	$	841,052	$	1,522,832		$	2,363,884

* For the periods presented, the carrying amount of goodwill is presented net of accumulated impairment losses of $40.9 million.

Intangible assets are as follows (in thousands):


	December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value		Gross		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value		Life (Years)
Customer relationships	$	542,137	$	335,647	$	206,490	$	539,173	$	293,648	$	245,525	5-20
Trade names		332,977		140,020		192,957		328,089		116,644		211,445	2-20
Licenses		68,425		17,528		50,897		64,340		13,964		50,376	10-20
Doctor/payor network		12,730		10,965		1,765		12,730		8,800		3,930	5-8
Covenants not to compete		8,790		5,886		2,904		13,084		8,504		4,580	2-7
Other intangible assets		10,940		6,362		4,578		10,949		4,808		6,141	5-7
Total definite-lived assets	$	975,999	$	516,408	$	459,591	$	968,365	$	446,368	$	521,997
Licenses		135,633		—		135,633		118,258		—		118,258	Indefinite
Total intangible assets	$	1,111,632	$	516,408	$	595,224	$	1,086,623	$	446,368	$	640,255

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $95.3 million, $103.3 million, and $105.2 million, respectively.