The following table presents significant expenses that are not separately presented on the statements of operations that are reviewed by the CODM.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2025		2024
Programming costs	$	504,756	$	595,702
Other direct costs (a)	165,775		148,185
Programming and other direct costs	$	670,531	$	743,887

Sales and marketing	$	171,804	$	161,659
Network services	134,150		142,721
Other (b)	392,232		369,870
Other operating expenses (c)	$	698,186	$	674,250

(a)Other direct costs include interconnection, call completion, circuit and transport fees paid to other telecommunication companies for the transport and termination of voice and data services. These costs also include franchise fees which are payable to the state governments and local municipalities where we operate. Additionally, these costs include the cost of media for advertising spots sold, the cost of mobile devices sold to our customers and direct costs of providing mobile services.

(b)Other operating expenses include costs related to our call center operations that handle customer inquiries and billing and collection activities, costs related to our information technology systems, costs related to our news and advertising business, as well as our Lightpath business, and various other operating costs such as share-based compensation, corporate overhead and facilities.

(c)Other operating expenses for CSC Holdings for the three months ended March 31, 2025 amounted to $699,705 and include additional costs of $1,519 that were eliminated at Altice USA.