Investment Securities |
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| Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment Securities | Investment Securities White Mountains’s portfolio of investment securities held for general investment purposes consists of fixed maturity investments, short-term investments, common equity securities, its investment in MediaAlpha and other long-term investments. White Mountains’s portfolio of fixed maturity investments, including those within short-term investments, is classified as trading securities. Trading securities are reported at fair value as of the balance sheet date. Short-term investments also include interest-bearing money market funds and certificates of deposit that are carried at fair value. White Mountains’s portfolio of common equity securities, its investment in MediaAlpha and other long-term investments are measured at fair value. Other long-term investments consist primarily of unconsolidated entities, Kudu’s Participation Contracts, private equity funds and hedge funds, a bank loan fund, Lloyd’s trust deposits, insurance-linked securities (“ILS”) funds and private debt instruments. White Mountains has taken the fair value option for its equity method eligible investments. See Note 16 — “Equity Method Eligible Investments.” Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) are reported in pre-tax revenues. Effective July 1, 2024, White Mountains no longer consolidates BAM. Through June 30, 2024, White Mountains’s consolidated financial statements included BAM’s investment results. See Note 2 — “Significant Transactions.” Net Investment Income White Mountains’s net investment income is comprised primarily of interest income associated with White Mountains’s fixed maturity investments and short-term investments, dividend income from common equity securities and distributions from other long-term investments. The following table presents pre-tax net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:
Net Realized and Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) The following table presents net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:
(1) For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, includes $7.2 and $(11.5) of net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) related to foreign currency exchange. The following table presents total net unrealized gains (losses) attributable to Level 3 investments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 for investments still held at the end of the period:
Investment Holdings The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized investment gains (losses), net foreign currency gains (losses) and carrying value of White Mountains’s fixed maturity investments as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
The following table presents the cost or amortized cost and carrying value of White Mountains’s fixed maturity investments by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Actual maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations with or without penalties.
The following tables present the cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized investment gains (losses), net foreign currency gains (losses) and carrying value of common equity securities, White Mountains’s investment in MediaAlpha and other long-term investments as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
Fair Value Measurements Fair value measurements are categorized into a hierarchy that distinguishes between inputs based on market data from independent sources (observable inputs) and a reporting entity’s internal assumptions based upon the best information available when external market data is limited or unavailable (unobservable inputs). Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities have the highest priority (Level 1), followed by observable inputs other than quoted prices, including prices for similar but not identical assets or liabilities (Level 2) and unobservable inputs, including the reporting entity’s estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use, having the lowest priority (Level 3). See Note 17 — “Fair Value of Financial Instruments.” Fair Value Measurements By Level The following tables present White Mountains’s fair value measurements for investments as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by level. The major security types were based on the legal form of the securities. White Mountains has disaggregated its fixed maturity investments based on the issuing entity type, which impacts credit quality, with debt securities issued by U.S. government entities carrying minimal credit risk, while the credit and other risks associated with other issuers, such as corporations, foreign governments and agencies, municipalities, entities issuing mortgage and asset-backed securities or entities issuing collateralized loan obligations vary depending on the nature of the issuing entity type. White Mountains further disaggregates debt securities issued by corporations by industry sector because investors often reference commonly used benchmarks and their subsectors to monitor risk and performance. Accordingly, White Mountains has further disaggregated this asset class into subclasses based on the similar sectors and industry classifications it uses to evaluate investment risk and performance against commonly used benchmarks, such as the Bloomberg U.S. Intermediate Aggregate Index.
(1) Consists of investments in listed funds that predominantly invest in international equities. (2) Consists of private equity funds and hedge funds, a bank loan fund, Lloyd’s trust deposits and ILS funds for which fair value is measured using net asset value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient. Investments for which fair value is measured at NAV are not classified within the fair value hierarchy.
(1) Consists of investments in listed funds that predominantly invest in international equities. (2) Consists of private equity funds and hedge funds, a bank loan fund, Lloyd’s trust deposits and ILS funds for which fair value is measured using NAV as a practical expedient. Investments for which fair value is measured at NAV are not classified within the fair value hierarchy. Investments Held on Deposit or as Collateral Lloyd’s trust deposits are generally required of Lloyd's syndicates to protect policyholders in non-U.K. markets and are pledged into Lloyd’s trust accounts to provide a portion of the capital needed to support obligations at Lloyd’s. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Ark held Lloyd’s trust deposits with a fair value of $155.9 million and $149.9 million. The underwriting capacity of a member of Lloyd’s must be supported by providing a deposit (“Funds at Lloyd’s”) in the form of cash, securities or letters of credit in an amount determined by Lloyd’s. The amount of such deposit is calculated for each member through an annual capital adequacy determination by Lloyd’s. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of Ark’s Funds at Lloyd’s cash and investment deposits totaled $348.2 million and $361.5 million. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Ark held additional investments on deposit or as collateral for insurance regulators and reinsurance counterparties of $250.3 million and $226.5 million. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, investments of $208.7 million and $203.7 million were held in a collateral trust account required to be maintained in relation to WM Outrigger Re’s reinsurance agreement with GAIL. Ark is required to pledge collateral under its standby letters of credit. See Note 7 — “Debt.” HG Re is required to maintain assets, including investments, in collateral trusts under the FLRT with BAM. See Note 10 — “Municipal Bond Guarantee Reinsurance - Collateral Trusts.” HG Global is required to maintain an interest reserve account in connection with its senior notes issued in 2022. See Note 7 — “Debt.” Kudu is required to maintain an interest reserve account in connection with its credit facility. See Note 7 - “Debt.” As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, investments of $41.3 million and $32.2 million were held as collateral required to be maintained in relation to the Bamboo Captive’s reinsurance agreements. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, investments of $42.7 million and $46.7 million were held as collateral required to be maintained in relation to the Bamboo CRV’s reinsurance agreements. Debt Securities Issued by Corporations The following table presents the fair values for credit ratings of debt securities issued by corporations held in White Mountains’s investment portfolio as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
(1) Credit ratings are based upon issuer credit ratings provided by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“Standard & Poor’s”), or if unrated by Standard & Poor’s, long-term obligation ratings provided by Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. Mortgage and Asset-backed Securities and Collateralized Loan Obligations The following table presents the fair value of White Mountains’s mortgage and asset-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
(1) Represents publicly traded mortgage-backed securities which carry the full faith and credit guaranty of the U.S. Government (i.e., GNMA) or are guaranteed by a government sponsored entity (i.e., FNMA, FHLMC). As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, White Mountains’s investment portfolio included $256.0 million and $236.7 million of collateralized loan obligations that are within the senior tranches of their respective fund securitization structures. All of White Mountains’s collateral loan obligations were rated AAA or AA as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Investment in MediaAlpha White Mountains’s investment in MediaAlpha is accounted for at fair value based on the publicly traded share price of MediaAlpha’s common stock and is presented as a separate line item on the balance sheet. During the second quarter of 2024, MediaAlpha completed a secondary offering of 7.6 million shares at $19.00 per share ($18.24 per share net of underwriting fees). In the secondary offering, White Mountains sold 5.0 million shares for net proceeds of $91.2 million. As of March 31, 2025, White Mountains owned 17.9 million shares of MediaAlpha, representing a 26.5% basic ownership interest (24.3% on a fully-diluted/fully-converted basis). See Note 16 — “Equity Method Eligible Investments.” At White Mountains’s March 31, 2025 level of ownership, each $1.00 per share increase or decrease in the share price of MediaAlpha will result in an approximate $7.00 per share increase or decrease in White Mountains’s book value per share. At the March 31, 2025 share price of $9.24 per share, the fair value of White Mountains’s investment in MediaAlpha was $165.0 million. At the December 31, 2024 share price of $11.29 per share, the fair value of White Mountains’s investment in MediaAlpha was $201.6 million. Other Long-Term Investments The following tables present the carrying values of White Mountains’s other long-term investments by reportable segment as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
(1) Includes White Mountains’s noncontrolling equity interests in certain preferred securities, private common equity securities, limited liability company units and Simple Agreement for Future Equity (“SAFE”) investments.
(1) Includes White Mountains’s noncontrolling equity interests in certain preferred securities, private common equity securities, limited liability company units and SAFE investments. Private Equity Funds and Hedge Funds White Mountains invests in private equity funds and hedge funds, which are included in other long-term investments. The fair value of these investments is generally estimated using the NAV of the funds. As of March 31, 2025, White Mountains held investments in seventeen private equity funds and two hedge funds. The largest investment in a single private equity fund or hedge fund was $80.6 million and $59.2 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The following table presents the fair value of investments and unfunded commitments in private equity funds and hedge funds by investment objective and sector as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
Investments in private equity funds are generally subject to a lock-up period during which investors may not request a redemption. Distributions prior to the expected termination date of the fund may be limited to dividends or proceeds arising from the liquidation of the fund’s underlying investments. In addition, certain private equity funds have the option to extend the lock-up period. The following table presents investments in private equity funds that were subject to lock-up periods as of March 31, 2025:
Investors in private equity funds are generally subject to indemnification obligations outside of the capital commitment period and prior to the winding up of the fund. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, White Mountains is not aware of any indemnification claims relating to its investments in private equity funds. Redemption of investments in most hedge funds is subject to restrictions, including lock-up periods where no redemptions or withdrawals are allowed, restrictions on redemption frequency and advance notice periods for redemptions. Amounts requested for redemptions remain subject to market fluctuations until the redemption effective date, which generally falls at the end of the defined redemption period. White Mountains’s hedge fund investments are subject to monthly and quarterly restrictions on redemptions and advance written redemption notice period requirements that range between 45 and 90 calendar days. Bank Loan Fund White Mountains’s other long-term investments include a bank loan fund with a fair value of $264.9 million and $264.7 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The fair value of this investment is estimated using the NAV of the fund. The bank loan fund’s investment objective is to provide, on an unleveraged basis, high current income consistent with preservation of capital and low duration. The bank loan fund primarily invests in a broad portfolio of U.S. dollar-denominated, non-investment grade, floating-rate senior secured loans and may invest in other financial instruments, such as secured and unsecured corporate debt, credit default swaps, reverse repurchase agreements, synthetic indices and cash and cash equivalents. The investment in the bank loan fund is subject to restrictions on redemption frequency and advance notice periods for redemptions. Amounts requested for redemptions remain subject to market fluctuations until the redemption effective date, which generally falls at the end of the defined redemption period. White Mountains may redeem all or a portion of its bank loan fund investment as of any calendar month-end upon 15 calendar days advanced written notice. Lloyd’s Trust Deposits White Mountains’s other long-term investments include Lloyd’s trust deposits, which consist of non-U.K. deposits and Canadian comingled pooled funds. The Lloyd’s trust deposits invest primarily in short-term government securities, agency securities and corporate bonds held in trusts that are managed by Lloyd's of London. These investments are generally required of Lloyd's syndicates to protect policyholders in non-U.K. markets and are pledged into Lloyd’s trust accounts to provide a portion of the capital needed to support obligations at Lloyd’s. The fair value of the Lloyd’s trust deposits is generally estimated using the NAV of the funds. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, White Mountains held Lloyd’s trust deposits with a fair value of $155.9 million and $149.9 million. ILS Funds White Mountains’s other long-term investments include ILS fund investments. The fair value of these investments is generally estimated using the NAV of the funds. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, White Mountains held investments in ILS funds with a fair value of $71.3 million and $74.0 million. Investments in ILS funds are generally subject to restrictions, including lock-up periods where no redemptions or withdrawals are allowed, non-renewal clauses, restrictions on redemption frequency and advance notice periods for redemptions. From time to time, natural catastrophe, liquidity, market or other events will occur that make the determination of fair value for underlying investments in ILS funds less certain due to the potential for loss development. In such circumstances, the impacted investments may be subject to additional lock-up provisions. ILS funds are typically subject to monthly and annual restrictions on redemptions and advance redemption notice period requirements that range between 30 and 90 calendar days. Amounts requested for redemption remain subject to market fluctuations until the redemption effective date, which is generally at the end of the defined redemption period or when the underlying investment has fully matured or been commuted. Rollforward of Level 3 Investments Level 3 measurements as of March 31, 2025 and 2024 consist of securities for which the estimated fair value has not been determined based upon quoted market price inputs for identical or similar securities. The following table presents the changes in White Mountains’s fair value measurements for Level 3 investments for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:
Significant Unobservable Inputs The following tables present significant unobservable inputs used in estimating the fair value of White Mountains’s other long-term investments, classified within Level 3 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The tables below exclude $23.6 million and $23.4 million of Level 3 other long-term investments generally valued based on recent or expected transaction prices. The fair value of investments in private equity funds and hedge funds, bank loan funds, Lloyd’s trust deposits and ILS funds are generally estimated using the NAV of the funds.
(1) Key inputs to the discounted cash flow analysis generally include projections of future revenue and earnings, discount rates and terminal exit multiples or growth rates. (2) Includes the net unrealized investment gains (losses) associated with foreign currency; foreign currency effects based on observable inputs. (3) Since Kudu’s Participation Contracts are not subject to corporate taxes within Kudu Investment Management, LLC, pre-tax discount rates are applied to pre-tax cash flows in determining fair values. The weighted average discount rate and weighted average terminal cash flow exit multiple applied to Kudu’s Participation Contracts was 19% and 14x. (4) In the first three months of 2025, Kudu deployed a total of $68.0 into new and existing Participation Contracts. (5) Increases (decreases) to the discount rates in isolation would result in lower (higher) fair value measurements, while increases (decreases) to the terminal cash flow exit multiples or terminal revenue growth rates in isolation would result in higher (lower) fair value measurements.
(1) Key inputs to the discounted cash flow analysis generally include projections of future revenue and earnings, discount rates and terminal exit multiples or growth rates. (2) Includes the net unrealized investment gains (losses) associated with foreign currency; foreign currency effects based on observable inputs. (3) Since Kudu’s Participation Contracts are not subject to corporate taxes within Kudu Investment Management, LLC, pre-tax discount rates are applied to pre-tax cash flows in determining fair values. The weighted average discount rate and weighted average terminal cash flow exit multiple applied to Kudu’s Participation Contracts was 19% and 14x. (4) In 2024, Kudu contributed total cash of $103.5 into new and existing Participation Contracts. (5) Increases (decreases) to the discount rates in isolation would result in lower (higher) fair value measurements, while increases (decreases) to the terminal cash flow exit multiples or terminal revenue growth rates in isolation would result in higher (lower) fair value measurements.
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