v3.25.1
Intangible Assets, Net
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets, Net Intangible Assets, Net
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, consisted of the following:
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Gross CostAccumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Amount		Gross CostAccumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships$292 $(275)$17 $291 $(270)$21 
TiO2 technology
94 (53)41 94 (51)43 
Internal-use software and other247 (62)185 239 (59)180 
Intangible assets, net$633 $(390)$243 $624 $(380)$244 
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, internal-use software included approximately $122 million and $116 million, respectively, of capitalized software costs which are not being amortized as the software is not ready for its intended use.
The table below summarizes amortization expense related to intangible assets for the periods presented, recorded in the specific line items in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20252024
Cost of goods sold$2 $1 
Selling, general and administrative expenses7 7 
Total$9 $8 
Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets is $33 million for the remainder of 2025, $28 million for 2026, $32 million for 2027, $32 million for 2028, $30 million for 2029 and $88 million thereafter.