UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                   to                    .

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report:

Commission file number: 001-39258

BTC Digital Ltd.

(Exact name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

61 Robinson Road Level 6 & 7

#738, Singapore 068893

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Siguang Peng

Telephone: +65 6022 2515

E-mail: ir@btct.us

61 Robinson Road Level 6 & 7

#738, Singapore 068893

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

The number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of December 31, 2024 was: 6,434,040 ordinary shares, par value $0.06 per share.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:

Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

WAH FU EDUCATION GROUP LIMITED

FORM 20-F ANNUAL REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL INFORMATION

In this annual report on Form 10-K, or this annual report, except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this annual report only, references to:

CAUTIONARY NOTE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 20-F (this “Report”) contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements for many reasons, including the reasons described in our “Business,” “Risk Factors,” and “Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations” sections, as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Report. In some cases, you can identify these forward-looking statements by terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “depends,” “estimate,” “expects,” “intend,” “may,” “ongoing,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” or the negative of those terms or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain those words.

Our operations and business prospects are always subject to risks and uncertainties including, among others:

The forward-looking statements in this Report represent our views as of the date of this Report. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we have no current intention to do so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Report.

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Report to “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,” “the Company” or similar terminology refer to BTC Digital Ltd., including its consolidated subsidiaries.

MARKET DATA AND FORECASTS

This annual report also contains data related to global cryptocurrency market that include projections based on a number of assumptions. The global cryptocurrency market may not grow at the rates projected by market data, or at all. The failure of the global cryptocurrency market to grow at the projected rates may have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, results of operations and the market price of our ordinary shares. In addition, the relatively new and rapidly changing nature of the global cryptocurrency market subjects any projections or estimates relating to the growth prospects or future condition of these markets to significant uncertainties. If any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data turns out to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Not Applicable

Not Applicable.

In addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report and in other documents we file with or furnish to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), the following risk factors should be considered in evaluating our business. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In such an event, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may materially impair our business operations.

Summary of Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. Among these important risks are the following, which are more fully described below:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks and uncertainties related to our cryptocurrency business and industry include, but are not limited to, the following:

Risks Related to Bitcoin

Risks and uncertainties related to bitcoin include, but are not limited to, the following:

Risks Related to Governmental Regulation and Enforcement

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares and the Trading Market

Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have launched our blockchain and cryptocurrency business in early 2022 and have a limited operating history.

Since early 2022, we have started to transition the business focus to blockchain and cryptocurrency business through the operating entities. Accordingly, we have a limited operating history, which makes an evaluation of our future prospects difficult. Our operating results will likely fluctuate moving forward as we focus on increasing our capacity and as the market price of bitcoin fluctuates. We may need to make business decisions that could adversely affect our operating results, such as modifications to our business structure, or operations. Additionally, as we have limited experience in the blockchain and cryptocurrency business, our efforts in developing such business may not succeed and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to cover our investment and become profitable. In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, we generated revenue in the amount of $11.7 million from our cryptocurrency business, and generated net loss of $2.0 million from our cryptocurrency business. We may not continue to generate substantial revenue or net income from our blockchain and cryptocurrency business, if at all. If we do not effectively manage our growth, we may not be able to execute on our business plan, respond to competitive pressures or take advantage of market opportunities and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially harmed.

As the operating entities develop their blockchain and cryptocurrency business, our total revenue and cash flow will become materially dependent on the market value of digital assets and the volume of digital assets received from our mining efforts. If such market value or volume declines, our business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.

As we develop our blockchain and cryptocurrency business, the operating cash flow will be materially dependent on our ability to sell cryptocurrency for fiat currency as needed. As such, any declines in the number of cryptocurrencies that we successfully mine, the price of such cryptocurrencies or market liquidity for cryptocurrencies and digital assets generally would adversely affect our revenue and ability to fund the operations.

The price of cryptocurrencies and digital assets and associated demand for buying, selling, and trading cryptocurrencies and digital assets have historically been subject to significant volatility. For example, Bitcoin’s aggregate market value was $250 billion in October 2020, surpassed $1 trillion in October 2021, decreased to $0.37 trillion in October 2022, and rose to over $1.4 trillion in March 2024, based on Bitcoin prices quoted on major exchanges. The price and trading volume of any digital asset is subject to significant uncertainty and volatility, depending on a number of factors, including:

There is no assurance that any digital asset, including Bitcoin, will maintain its value or that there will be meaningful levels of trading activities to support markets in any digital asset. A decline in the market value of digital assets or in the demand for trading digital assets could lead to a corresponding decline in the value of our cryptocurrency assets, their returns on investments in mining machines, and could adversely affect their business, operating results and financial condition.

Digital assets may be subject to momentum pricing due to speculation regarding future appreciation or depreciation in value, leading to greater volatility. Momentum pricing typically is associated with growth stocks and other assets whose valuation, as determined by the investing public, accounts for future changes in value. It is possible that momentum pricing of digital assets has resulted, and may continue to result, in speculation regarding future changes in the value of digital assets, making digital assets’ prices more volatile. As a result, digital assets may be more likely to fluctuate in value due to changing investor confidence, which could impact future appreciation or depreciation in digital asset prices. As a result, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The cost of acquiring new mining machines has historically been capital intensive and is likely to continue to be very capital intensive, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The success and profitability of our mining operations conducted depends largely on the costs, including costs of mining machines and electricity, associated with our mining activities. We can be profitable only if such costs are lower than the prices of the cryptocurrencies we mine when we sell them. Our mining machines experience ordinary wear and tear from operation and may also face more significant malfunctions caused by factors which may be beyond our control. Over time, we will replace those mining machines which are no longer functional with new mining machines we manufacture. Additionally, as technology evolves, we are required to continue investing in research and development to invent newer models of mining machines to remain competitive in the market.

All of the mining machines deployed by us will degrade due to ordinary wear and tear from usage. Additionally, all of these machines will eventually become obsolete, and may also be lost or damaged due to factors outside of our control. Once such event happens, these mining machines will need to be repaired or replaced along with other equipment from time to time for us to stay competitive. This upgrading process requires substantial capital investment, and we may face challenges in doing so on a timely and cost-effective basis based on our ability to develop new mining machines with greater processing power and our access to adequate capital resources. If we are unable to obtain adequate numbers of new and replacement mining machines at scale, we may be unable to remain competitive in our highly competitive and evolving industry. If this happens, we may not be able to mine cryptocurrencies through our subsidiaries as efficiently or in similar amounts as our competitors and, as a result, our business and financial results could suffer. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect the trading price of our securities and our investors could lose part or all of their investment.

The price of new mining machines may be linked to the market price of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, and our costs of obtaining new and replacement mining machines may increase along with the market price of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which may have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial condition and results of operations are dependent on our ability to sell the bitcoin the operating entities mine at a price greater than our costs to produce that bitcoin. We incur significant up-front capital costs each time we acquire new mining machines, and, if future prices of bitcoin are not sufficiently high, we may not realize the benefit of these capital expenditures. As the price for new mining machines we buy increases, our cost to mine a single bitcoin also increases, therefore requiring a corresponding increase in the price of bitcoin for us to maintain our results of operations, to the extent we sell the bitcoin shortly after mining it.

We have observed significant fluctuations in market prices for bitcoin, to the extent that we are unable to reasonably predict future prices for the bitcoin the operating entities mine. The market price of bitcoin could decrease during this time to the point at which it no longer becomes profitable for the operating entities to use such equipment to mine bitcoin and, as a result, our business and financial results could suffer. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect the trading price of our securities and our investors could lose part or all of their investment.

Reports have been released that the prices of new mining machines are adjusted according to the price of bitcoin. As a result, the cost of new machines can be unpredictable, and could also be significantly higher than our historical cost for new mining machines. As a result, at times, the operating entities may obtain mining machines and other hardware from third parties at higher prices, to the extent they are available. While we cannot know definitively if these two phenomena are linked, we have seen a measurable increase in the prices for new mining machines offered by third party manufacturers during periods of increased market prices for bitcoin, and such prices may continue to track the volatility in the market price of bitcoin.

The global supply chain for mining machines is presently constrained due to unprecedented demand coupled with a global semiconductor (including microchip) shortage, with a significant portion of available mining machines being acquired by companies with substantial resources. Semiconductors are utilized in various devices and products and are a crucial component of manning machines. Supply chain constraints coupled with increasing demand has led to increased pricing and limited availability for semiconductors. Prices for both new and older models of mining machines have been on the rise and these supply constraints are expected to continue for the foreseeable future. China, a major supplier of miners, has seen a production slowdown as a result of COVID-19. Should similar outbreaks or other disruptions to the China-based global supply chain for mining hardware occur, the operating entities may not be able to obtain adequate replacement parts for their existing mining machines or to obtain additional mining machines on a timely basis, if at all, or the operating entities may only be able to acquire mining machines at premium prices. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to pursue our strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and the value of our securities.

Because the mining machines owned by the operating entities are designed specifically to mine bitcoin, our future success will depend in large part upon the value of bitcoin, and any sustained decline in its value could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our operating results will depend upon the value of bitcoin because it is the only cryptocurrency the operating entities currently mine. Specifically, our revenues from our bitcoin mining operations are based upon two factors: (1) the number of bitcoin rewards the operating entities successfully mine and (2) the value of bitcoin. In addition, our operating results are directly impacted by changes in the value of bitcoin because under the value measurement model, both realized and unrealized changes will be reflected in our statement of operations. This means that our operating results will be subject to changes based upon increases or decreases in the value of bitcoin. The introduction of alternative cryptocurrencies, such as those backed by central banks known as Central Bank Digital Currencies, could significantly reduce the demand for bitcoin. This would reduce both our ability to earn mining rewards and transaction fees and would also impair our ability to monetize the bitcoin we earn.

Our reliance primarily on a limited assortment of miner models from a single manufacturer may subject our operations to increased risk of failure.

The performance and reliability of the operating entities’ mining machines and our technology is critical to our reputation and operations. Because the operating entities currently use a limited assortment of mining machines in their fleet, if there are issues with those machines, such as a design flaw in the ASIC chips they employ, our entire system could be affected. The operating entities currently use a few different models of mining machines, but if there are issues with such machines, we may have to rely on a single model of mining machine. Any system error or failure may significantly delay response times or even cause our system to fail. Any disruption in our ability to continue mining could result in lower yields and harm our reputation and business. Any exploitable weakness, flaw, or error common to the type of mining machines we use affects all such mining machines; therefore, if a defect or other flaw exists and is exploited, all or a substantial portion of our mining operations could go offline simultaneously. Any interruption, delay or system failure could result in financial losses, a decrease in the trading price of shares of our ordinary shares and damage to our reputation.

Because the only type of cryptocurrency we currently mine is bitcoin, our future success will depend in large part upon the value of bitcoin, and any sustained decline in its value could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our operating results will depend in large part upon the value of bitcoin because it is the only cryptocurrency we currently mine. Specifically, our revenues from our bitcoin mining operations are based upon two factors: (1) the number of bitcoin rewards we successfully mine and (2) the value of bitcoin. In addition, our operating results are directly impacted by changes in the value of bitcoin. This means that our operating results will be subject to swings based upon increases or decreases in the value of bitcoin. The introduction of alternative cryptocurrencies, such as those backed by central banks known as Central Bank Digital Currencies, could significantly reduce the demand for bitcoin. This would reduce both our ability to earn mining rewards and transaction fees, and would also impair our ability to monetize the bitcoin we earn in accordance with our financial projections.

To the extent that the profit margins of bitcoin mining operations are not high, operators of bitcoin mining operations are more likely to immediately sell bitcoin rewards earned by mining in the market, thereby constraining growth of the price of bitcoin, which could adversely impact us.

Over the past few years, bitcoin mining operations have evolved from individual users mining with computer processors, graphics processing units and first-generation ASIC servers. New processing power being added by incorporated and unincorporated “professionalized” mining operations is gaining market share. Professionalized mining operations may use proprietary hardware or sophisticated ASIC machines acquired from ASIC manufacturers. Acquiring this specialized hardware at scale requires the investment of significant up-front capital, and mining operations incur significant expenses related to the operation of this hardware at scale, such as leasing operating space (often in data centers or warehousing facilities), incurring electricity costs to run the mining machines and employing technicians to operate mining farms. With the greater scale of professionalized mining operations (compared to individual mining operations) comes pressure to maintain profit margins on the rapid sale of bitcoin, whereas individual mining operations in past years were more likely to hold newly mined bitcoin for more extended periods. To the extent the price of bitcoin declines and such profit margin is constrained, professionalized mining operations are incentivized to sell bitcoin earned from mining operations soon after mining. This rapid selling of newly mined bitcoin greatly increases the volume of bitcoin that would otherwise be available for sale under normal market circumstances, creating downward pressure on the market price of bitcoin rewards.

Profit margin for a bitcoin mining operation is in essence the value of bitcoin mined by a professionalized mining operation minus the allocable capital and operating costs to mine bitcoin. A professionalized mining operation may be more likely to rapidly sell a higher percentage of its newly mined bitcoin if it is operating at a low profit margin and it may partially or completely cease operations if its profit margin is negative. In a low profit margin environment, a higher percentage could be sold more rapidly, thereby potentially depressing bitcoin prices. Lower bitcoin prices could result in further tightening of profit margins for professionalized mining operations, creating a network effect that may further reduce the price of bitcoin until mining operations with higher operating costs become unprofitable. Ultimately this effect could force professionalized mining operations to reduce mining power or temporarily cease mining operations

The operating entities’ mining operations, including the sites in which their mining machines are operated or that are currently under construction, may experience damages, including damages that are not covered by insurance.

The operating entities’ current mining operations and any future mining operations they establish will be subject to a variety of risks relating to their physical condition and operation, including, but not limited to:

For example, the operating entities’ mining farms could be rendered temporarily or permanently inoperable as a result of a fire or other natural disaster or by a terrorist or other attack on the mine. The security and other measures the operating entities take to protect against these risks may not be sufficient. Additionally, the operating entities’ mining farms could be materially adversely affected by a power outage or loss of access to the electrical grid or loss by the grid of cost-effective sources of electrical power generating capacity. The operating entities do not currently maintain any insurance cover for their operations. In the event of a loss at any of the mining farms in their network, the operating entities may not be able to remediate that loss in a timely manner or at all and the operating entities may lose some or all of the future revenues anticipated to be derived from such mining farms.

The operating entities do not maintain any insurance coverage for the cryptocurrency mining machines, and any potential material losses could materially and adversely affect their business and results of operations.

The operating entities maintain insurance coverage for their cryptocurrency mining sites; however, the mining machines are not insured. As a result, any damage or loss of mining machines may require the operating entities to expend additional capital resources for replacement, which could materially and adversely affect their business and results of operations.

Since the mining machines remain uninsured, the operating entities are still exposed to liabilities arising from the operation of their business. Given the high cost of new mining machines, any unexpected losses could impact their financial condition and operational stability.

Furthermore, the bitcoin held by the operating entities is not insured by any government-sponsored investor protection program or otherwise. Therefore, any loss of bitcoin held by the operating entities, either through an information security failure, a mistaken transaction or otherwise, would not be reimbursed. This could adversely affect our operations and, consequently, an investment in our securities.

The operating entities are subject to risks associated with their need for significant electrical power.

The operating entities’ mining operations have historically required significant amounts of electrical power. As the operating entities continue to expand their mining operations, we anticipate the operating entities’ demand for electrical power will continue to grow. If the operating entities are unable to continue to obtain sufficient electrical power to operate their mining machines on a cost-effective basis, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of our significant capital investments in new mining machines.

Additionally, the operating entities’ mining operations could be materially adversely affected by prolonged power outages. Although the operating entities’ mining machines may be powered by backup generators on a temporary basis, it would not be feasible or cost-effective to run mining machines on back-up power generators for extended periods of time. The operating entities would likely need to reduce or cease their operations in the event of an extended power outage or as a result of the unavailability or increased cost of electrical power, which would materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The cryptocurrencies stored by the operating entities may be subject to accidental or unauthorized loss or theft or otherwise may be access restricted.

There is a risk that some or all of the operating entities’ cryptocurrencies could be lost or stolen. Cryptocurrencies are stored in cryptocurrency sites commonly referred to as “wallets” by holders of cryptocurrencies which may be accessed to exchange a holder’s cryptocurrencies. Access to the operating entities’ cryptocurrencies could also be restricted or otherwise compromised by cybercrime (such as a denial of service attack) against a service at which we maintain a hosted hot wallet. A hot wallet refers to any cryptocurrency wallet that is connected to the internet. Generally, hot wallets are easier to set up and access as compared to wallets in cold storage, but they are also more susceptible to hackers and other technical vulnerabilities. Cold storage refers to any cryptocurrency wallet that is not connected to the internet. Cold storage is generally more secure than hot storage, but is not ideal for quick or regular transactions. Currently, we use hot wallet to store crypto assets.

Hackers or malicious actors may launch attacks to steal, compromise or gain access to cryptocurrencies, such as by attacking the cryptocurrency network source code, exchange mining machines, third-party platforms, cold and hot storage locations or software, or by other means. Operating entities may be in control and possession of one of the more substantial holdings of cryptocurrency. As the operating entities increase in size, they may become a more appealing target for hackers, malware, cyber-attacks or other security threats. Any of these events may adversely affect the operating entities’ operations and, consequently, our investments and profitability. The loss or destruction of a private key required to access one or more of the operating entities’ digital wallets may be irreversible and they may be denied access for all time to our cryptocurrency holdings associated with that wallet. While the operating entities would be able to set up a new wallet to hold cryptocurrencies mined in the future, such a loss in holdings could adversely affect their investments and assets.

In addition, as with any computer code generally, flaws in cryptocurrency codes may be exposed by malicious actors. Several errors and defects have been found, including those that disabled some functionality for users and exposed users’ information. Exploitations of flaws in the source code that allow malicious actors to take or create cryptocurrency have previously occurred. Despite the operating entities’ efforts and processes to prevent such defects and breaches, their devices, as well as their mining machines, computer systems and those of third parties that the operating entities use in operations, are vulnerable to cyber security risks, including cyber-attacks such as viruses and worms, phishing attacks, denial-of-service attacks, physical or electronic break-ins, employee theft or misuse and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with the operating entities’ mining machines and computer systems or those of third parties that our subsidiaries use in their operations. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any cryptocurrencies the operating entities mine or otherwise acquire or hold for their own account now or in the future.

Moreover, the operating entities’ cryptocurrencies may be access restricted based on the inaccessibility or compromise of digital wallets. Cryptocurrencies are controllable only by the possessor of both the unique public and private keys relating to the local or online digital wallet in which they are held, which wallet’s public key or address is reflected in the network’s public blockchain. The operating entities will publish the public key relating to digital wallets in use when the operating entities verify the receipt of transfers and disseminate such information into the network, but the operating entities will need to safeguard the private keys relating to such digital wallets. To the extent such private keys are lost, destroyed or otherwise compromised, the operating entities will be unable to access their cryptocurrencies and such private keys may not be capable of being restored by any network. Any loss of private keys relating to digital wallets used to store the operating entities’ cryptocurrencies could have a material adverse effect on the ability of the operating entities to operate their business or to pursue our new strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our existing and prospective business, operations, or the value of any cryptocurrencies the operating entities mine or otherwise acquire or hold. 

We evaluate custody risk and have established processes to manage wallets that are associated with the holdings of the operating entities’ cryptocurrencies. There can be no assurances that any processes the operating entities have adopted or will adopt in the future are or will be secure or effective, and the operating entities would suffer significant and immediate adverse effects if they suffered a loss of cryptocurrencies due to an adverse software or cybersecurity event.

We periodically evaluate third-party custodial wallet alternatives, but there can be no assurance the operating entities will utilize such services or any other new options may develop in the future, and if a custodial wallet is used there can be no assurance that such services will be more secure than those presently employed by the operating entities. Human error and the constantly evolving state of cybercrime and hacking techniques may render present security protocols and procedures ineffective in ways which we cannot predict.

We may not be able to realize the benefits of forks, and forks in the bitcoin network may occur in the future which may affect our operations and financial performance.

The future development and growth of bitcoin is subject to a variety of factors that are difficult to predict and evaluate. Because bitcoin is built on an open source protocol without a centralized governing authority, there is a possibility bitcoin develops in ways which are not foreseeable. An example is modification of the bitcoin protocol by a sufficient number of users (known as a “hard fork”).

The bitcoin protocol has been subject to “hard forks” that resulted in the creation of new networks, including Bitcoin Cash ABC, Bitcoin Cash SV, Bitcoin Diamond, Bitcoin Gold and others. Some of these hard forks have caused fragmentation among trading platforms as to the correct naming convention for the forked cryptocurrencies. Due to the lack of a central registry or rulemaking body, no single entity has the ability to dictate the nomenclature of forked cryptocurrencies, causing disagreements and a lack of uniformity among platforms on the nomenclature of forked cryptocurrencies, which results in further confusion to individuals as to the nature of assets they hold on digital asset trading platforms. In addition, several of these hard forks were contentious and as a result, participants in certain digital asset user and developer communities may harbor ill will toward other communities. As a result, certain community members may take actions that adversely impact the use, adoption, and price of bitcoin or any of its forked alternatives.

Furthermore, hard forks can lead to new security concerns. For instance, when the Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin Cash SV network split in November 2018, “replay” attacks, in which transactions from one network were rebroadcast on the other network to achieve “double-spending,” plagued platforms that traded bitcoin, resulting in significant losses to some digital asset trading platforms. Another possible result of a hard fork is an inherent decrease in the level of security due to the splitting of some mining power across networks, making it easier for a malicious actor to exceed 50% of the mining power of that network, thereby making digital asset networks that rely on proof-of-work more susceptible to attack in the wake of a fork.

Historically, speculation over a new “hard fork” in the bitcoin protocol has resulted in bitcoin price volatility and future hard forks may occur at any time. A hard fork can lead to a disruption of networks and our information technology systems could be affected by cybersecurity attacks, replay attacks, or security weaknesses, any of which can further lead to temporary or even permanent loss of assets. Such disruption and loss could cause us to be exposed to liability, even in circumstances where we do not intend to support an asset compromised by a hard fork. Additionally, a hard fork may result in a scenario where users running the previous protocol will not recognize blocks created by those running the new protocol, and vice versa. This may render our bitcoin mining hardware incompatible with the new bitcoin protocol. Such changes may have a material effect on our operations, financial position and financial performance.

The reward for adding new blocks to the bitcoin blockchain is subject to halving, and the value of bitcoin may not adjust to compensate us for the reduction in the rewards we receive from our mining efforts.

Halving is a process incorporated into many proof-of-work consensus algorithms that reduces the bitcoin reward paid to those who mine bitcoin over time according to a pre-determined schedule. This reduction in reward spreads out the release of bitcoin over a long period of time resulting in an ever-smaller number of bitcoin being mined, reducing the risk of coin-based inflation. At a predetermined block, the mining reward is cut in half, hence the term “halving.” For bitcoin, the reward was initially set at 50 bitcoin currency rewards per block and this was cut in half to 25 on November 28, 2012 at block 210,000, then again to 12.5 on July 9, 2016 at block 420,000. The next halving occurred on May 11, 2020, at block 630,000, reducing the mining reward from 12.5 to 6.25 Bitcoin per block. The most recent halving took place on April 20, 2024, at block 840,000, reducing the reward further from 6.25 to 3.125 Bitcoin per block. This process will reoccur until the total amount of bitcoin currency rewards issued reaches 21 million bitcoin, which is expected around 2140. While bitcoin price has had a history of price fluctuations around the halving of its rewards, there is no guarantee that the price change will be favorable or would compensate for the reduction in mining reward. If a corresponding and proportionate increase in the trading price of bitcoin or a proportionate decrease in mining difficulty does not follow these anticipated halving events, the revenue we earn from our bitcoin mining operations could see a corresponding decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Increased labor costs and the unavailability of skilled workers could hurt our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The operating entities are dependent upon a pool of available skilled employees to operate and maintain their business. The operating entities compete with other cryptocurrency mining businesses and other similar employers to attract and retain qualified personnel with the technical skills and experience required to provide the highest quality service. The demand for skilled workers is high and the supply is limited, and a shortage in the labor pool of skilled workers or other general inflationary pressures or changes in applicable laws and regulations could make it more difficult for the operating entities to attract and retain personnel and could require the operating entities to enhance their wage and benefits packages, which could increase our operating costs.

Interruptions to our power supply and internet access could disrupt our operations or have an adverse effect on the price of bitcoin, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our bitcoin mining operations require a significant amount of electrical power and access to high-speed internet to be successful. If we are unable to secure sufficient electrical power, or if we lose internet access for a prolonged period, we may be required to reduce our operations or cease them altogether. More broadly, a disruption of the internet may affect the use of bitcoin and subsequently the value of our securities. Generally, bitcoin and our business are dependent upon the internet. A significant disruption in internet connectivity could disrupt the bitcoin network’s operations until the disruption is resolved, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of bitcoin and our ability to mine bitcoin. If any of these events occur, our business and results of operations may suffer, and our investors may be materially and adversely affected.

We may become subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly and may subject us to significant liability and increased costs of doing business.

In recent years, there has been considerable patent, copyright, trademark, domain name, trade secret and other intellectual property development activity in the crypto economy, as well as litigation, based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property, including by large financial institutions. Furthermore, individuals and groups can purchase patents and other intellectual property assets for the purpose of making claims of infringement to extract settlements from companies like ours. We cannot guarantee that our self-developed technologies and content do not or will not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. From time to time, our competitors or other third parties may claim that we are infringing upon or misappropriating their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon such rights. Any claims or litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, prevent us from using certain technologies, force us to implement expensive work-arounds, or impose other unfavorable terms. We expect that the occurrence of infringement claims is likely to grow as the crypto assets market grows and matures. Accordingly, our exposure to damages resulting from infringement claims could increase and this could further exhaust our financial and management resources. Further, during the course of any litigation, we may make announcements regarding the results of hearings and motions, and other interim developments. If securities analysts and investors regard these announcements as negative, the market price of our securities may decline. Even if intellectual property claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and require significant expenditures. Any of the foregoing could prevent us from competing effectively and could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We may be subject to risks in connection with acquisitions.

We may, in the future, pursue asset acquisitions or acquisitions of businesses in the cryptocurrency industry. The process of upgrading acquired assets to our specifications and integrating acquired assets or businesses may involve unforeseen costs and delays or other operational, technical and financial difficulties and may require a significant amount time and resources. Our failure to incorporate acquired assets or businesses into our existing operations successfully or to minimize any unforeseen operational difficulties could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Such events could also mean an acquisition that we expected to be accretive is not accretive and, in extreme cases, the asset is idle.

The continuing efforts of the operating entities’ senior management team and other key personnel are important to the operating entities’ success, and the operating entities’ business may be harmed if they lose these people’s services.

The operating entities have limited operating history in the cryptocurrency industry, and our success and future growth will to a significant degree depend on the skills and services of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Acting Chief Financial Officer. We will need to continue to grow our management to alleviate pressure on our existing team and to set up and develop our business. If our management, including any new hires that we may make, fails to work together effectively and to execute our plans and strategies on a timely basis, our business could be significantly harmed. Furthermore, if we fail to execute an effective contingency or succession plan with the loss of any member of management, the loss of such management personnel may significantly disrupt our business.

Furthermore, the loss of key members of our management could inhibit our growth prospects. Our future success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract, retain and motivate key management and operating personnel. As we continue to develop and expand our operations, we may require personnel with different skills and experiences, who have a sound understanding of our business. As bitcoin mining is a developing field, the market for highly qualified personnel in this industry is particularly competitive and we may be unable to attract such personnel. If we are unable to attract such personnel, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

Any natural catastrophes, severe weather conditions, health epidemics, including COVID-19, and other extraordinary events could severely disrupt the operating entities’ business operations.

The occurrence of natural catastrophes such as earthquakes, floods, typhoons, tsunamis or any acts of terrorism may result in significant property damages as well as loss of revenue due to disruptions in the operating entities’ business operations. As the operating entities store books and course materials at their premises, there is a risk that these products and premises may be damaged or destroyed by fire and other natural calamities. Any disruption of electricity supply or any outbreaks of fire or similar calamities at the operating entities’ premises may result in the breakdown of their facilities and the disruption to their business. Health epidemics such as outbreaks of avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), COVID-19, swine flu (H1N1) or the Influenza A virus, and severe weather conditions such as snowstorm and hazardous air pollution, as well as the government measures adopted in response to these events, could significantly impact the operating entities’ operations.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately or timely report the results of operations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our securities may be materially and adversely affected.

Our independent registered public accounting firm did not conduct an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to establish and maintain adequate internal controls, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could limit our access to capital markets, adversely affect our results of operations and lead to a decline in the trading price of our securities. Additionally, ineffective internal controls could expose us to an increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list or to other regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

As a public company, we will be subject to Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Since we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act with less than US$1.235 billion in revenue for our last fiscal year. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. Moreover, even if management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally speaking, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our securities. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

Risks Related to Bitcoin

The trading price of bitcoin, which may be subject to pricing risks, including volatility related risks, has historically been subject to wide swings. A material decrease in the price of bitcoin could have a materially adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The price of bitcoin is highly speculative and is not based on the performance of an underlying business. Furthermore, the price of bitcoin could be subjected to additional influence from fraudulent or illegitimate actors, real or perceived scarcity, and political, economic, regulatory, tax or other conditions. Changes in the legislative or regulatory environment, or actions by governments or regulators that impact the cryptocurrency industry generally, could also affect the price of bitcoin. These factors may inhibit consumer trust in and market acceptance of bitcoin as a means of exchange, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin the operating entities mine. The speculative nature of the price of bitcoin and past dramatic volatility in pricing may create risks for the volatile trading price of bitcoin.

Since 2024, the trading price of Bitcoin has significantly surged, rising from a low of approximately $16,500 per bitcoin to a high of approximately $108,000 per bitcoin. Because our revenue depends, in part, on the ability of the operating entities to sell the bitcoin mined, volatility in the market price of bitcoin, particularly for an extended period of time, has a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, or operations. Additionally, we have observed how the trading price for ordinary shares of companies in the cryptocurrency market respond to the cryptocurrency market. We cannot give any assurances that similar fluctuations in the trading price of bitcoin will not occur in the future. Accordingly, because the trading price of our securities may be correlated to the trading price of bitcoin, if the trading price of bitcoin again experiences a significant decline, we could experience a similar decline in the trading price for our ordinary shares. If this occurs, you may not be able to sell ordinary shares which you purchased at or above the price you paid for them and you may lose part or all of your investment.

The markets for bitcoin may be underregulated. As a result, the market price of bitcoin may be extremely volatile. Rapid decreases in the price of bitcoin could have a materially adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin, that are represented and trade on a ledger-based platform may not necessarily benefit from viable trading markets. Stock exchanges have rules and regulations regarding marketplace conduct, and monitor investors transacting on such platform for fraud and other improprieties.

These conditions may not necessarily be replicated on a bitcoin trading platform, depending on the platform’s controls and other policies, and there are no controls regarding transactions that take place outside of organized exchanges. Although some cryptocurrency trading platforms are subject to regulation and monitor for illegal activity, because the bitcoin market itself is unregulated there are few means to prevent manipulation of prices for the overall market. These factors may decrease liquidity or volume or may otherwise increase volatility of bitcoin, which will have a material adverse effect on our ability to monetize the bitcoin mined.

Banks and financial institutions may not provide banking services, or may cut off services, to businesses that engage in cryptocurrency-related activities.

A number of companies that engage in Bitcoin and/or other cryptocurrency-related activities have been unable to find banks or financial institutions that are willing to provide them with bank accounts and other services. Similarly, a number of companies and individuals or businesses associated with cryptocurrencies may have had and may continue to have their existing bank accounts closed or services discontinued with financial institutions in response to government action, particularly in China, where regulatory response to cryptocurrencies has been to initially exclude their use for ordinary consumer transactions within China and later to deem all cryptocurrency-related transactions illegal in September 2021.

The public perception of cryptocurrencies could be damaged if banks or financial institutions were to close the accounts of businesses engaging in Bitcoin and/or other cryptocurrency-related activities. This could occur as a result of compliance risk, cost, government regulation or public pressure. The risk applies to securities firms, clearance and settlement firms, national stock and derivatives on commodities exchanges, the over-the-counter market, and the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), which, if any of such entities adopts or implements similar policies, rules or regulations, could negatively affect our relationships with financial institutions and impede our ability to convert cryptocurrencies to fiat currencies. Such factors could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to monetize our mining efforts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and harm investors.

We have an evolving business model subject to various uncertainties.

As cryptocurrency assets and blockchain technologies become more widely available, we expect the services and products associated with them to evolve. To stay current with the industry, our business model may need to evolve as well. From time to time, we may modify aspects of our business model relating to our strategy. We cannot offer any assurance that these or any other modifications will be successful or will not result in harm to our business. We may not be able to manage growth effectively, which could damage our reputation and negatively affect our operating results. Further, we cannot provide any assurance that we will successfully identify all emerging trends and growth opportunities in this business sector. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations.

The impact of geopolitical and economic events on the supply and demand for bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is uncertain.

Geopolitical crises may motivate large-scale purchases of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which could rapidly increase the price of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. This may increase the likelihood of a subsequent price decrease as crisis-driven purchasing behavior dissipates, adversely affecting the value of our inventory, if any, following such downward adjustment. Such risks are similar to the risks of purchasing other commodities in uncertain times, such as the risk of purchasing, holding or selling gold. Alternatively, as an emerging asset class with limited acceptance as a payment system or commodity, global crises and general economic downturn may discourage investment in bitcoin as investors focus their investment on less volatile asset classes as a means of hedging their investment risk.

Cryptocurrencies, which are relatively new, are subject to supply and demand forces. How such supply and demand will be impacted by geopolitical events is largely uncertain but could be harmful to us and investors in our ordinary shares. Political or economic crises may motivate large-scale acquisitions or sales of cryptocurrencies either globally or locally. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin mined.

Acceptance and/or widespread use of cryptocurrency is uncertain.

There are increasing public reports of businesses, insurance companies and local governments, among other organizations, either holding or planning to utilize cryptocurrencies, specifically bitcoin, as a store of value or as a medium of exchange and payment method. Other companies, typically through partnerships with digital currency processors, have also begun to increase the adoption of cryptocurrencies in the retail and commercial marketplace. Despite these public reports, there is still a relatively limited use of any cryptocurrency in the retail and commercial marketplace, thus contributing to price volatility that could adversely affect an investment in our securities. Banks and other established financial institutions may refuse to process funds for cryptocurrency transactions, process wire transfers to or from cryptocurrency exchanges, cryptocurrency-related companies or service providers, or maintain accounts for persons or entities transacting in cryptocurrency. Conversely, a significant portion of cryptocurrency demand is generated by investors seeking a long-term store of value or speculators seeking to profit from the short- or long-term holding of the asset. Price volatility, slow processing speeds, and high transaction costs undermine bitcoin’s role as a medium of exchange, as retailers are less likely to accept it as a direct form of payment. Market capitalization for bitcoin as a medium of exchange and payment method may always be low.

The relative lack of acceptance of cryptocurrencies in the retail and commercial marketplace, or a reduction of such use, limits the ability of end users to use them to pay for goods and services. Such lack of acceptance or decline in acceptance could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our new strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of bitcoin mined.

Transaction fees may decrease demand for bitcoin and prevent expansion.

A miner that successfully adds a block to the bitcoin blockchain is remunerated with newly mined bitcoins (known as the “block reward”) and may potentially also receive transaction fees. Bitcoin miners will be able to continue earning block rewards through this process until 21 million bitcoins have been mined, which reflects the total fixed supply limit of bitcoin. The bitcoin network’s design regulates supply by only allowing a fixed number of bitcoin to be mined each year and halving the number of block rewards paid to miners after approximately four years. As a result of the bitcoin network’s limitations on mining, it is estimated that the final bitcoin will be minted in 2140, at which time miners will be incentivized to maintain the network solely based on transaction fees. It is currently estimated that approximately 20 million bitcoins will have been mined by the year 2030.

Transaction fees are not pre-determined by the bitcoin protocol and vary based on market factors, such as user demand and the capacity of the network. Decreased transaction fees would have an adverse effect on our financial performance. However, if transaction fees paid for bitcoin transactions become too high, users may be motivated to move away from the bitcoin network entirely. Either the requirement from miners of higher transaction fees in exchange for recording transactions in a blockchain or a software upgrade that automatically charges fees for all transactions may decrease demand for bitcoin and prevent the expansion of the bitcoin network to retail merchants and commercial businesses, either of which could result in a reduction in the price of bitcoin that could adversely impact an investment in our securities. Decreased use and demand for bitcoin may adversely affect its value and result in a reduction in the price of bitcoin and the value of our securities.

It may be illegal now, or in the future, to acquire, own, hold, sell or use bitcoin, or other cryptocurrencies, participate in blockchains or utilize similar cryptocurrency assets in one or more countries, the ruling of which would adversely affect us.

Several countries have taken and may continue taking regulatory actions that could severely restrict the right to acquire, own, hold, sell or use cryptocurrency assets or to exchange them for fiat currency. For example, in China and Russia, it is illegal to accept payment in bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies for consumer transactions and banking institutions are barred from accepting deposits of cryptocurrencies. Additional countries, including the United States, could take similar measures to ban or limit the holding of certain cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, and thus harm investors. We do not intend to mine other cryptocurrencies as part of our business model at this time.

Our operations, investment strategies and profitability may be adversely affected by competition from other methods of investing in cryptocurrencies.

We compete with other users and/or companies that are mining cryptocurrencies and other potential financial vehicles, including securities backed by or linked to cryptocurrencies through entities similar to us. Market and financial conditions, and other conditions beyond our control, may make it more attractive to invest in other financial vehicles, or to invest in bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies directly, which could limit the market for our shares and reduce their liquidity. The emergence of other financial vehicles and exchange-traded funds have been scrutinized by regulators and such scrutiny and the negative impressions or conclusions resulting from such scrutiny could be applicable to us and impact our ability to successfully pursue our strategy or operate at all, or to establish or maintain a public market for our securities. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin we mine, and thus harm investors.

The development and acceptance of competing blockchain platforms or technologies may cause demand for bitcoin to decrease.

The development and acceptance of competing blockchain platforms or technologies, including competing cryptocurrencies which our mining machines may not be able to mine, such as cryptocurrencies being developed by popular social media platforms, online retailers, or government sponsored cryptocurrencies, may cause consumers to use or hold alternative cryptocurrencies. Our business utilizes presently existent digital ledgers and blockchains and we could face difficulty adapting to emergent digital ledgers, blockchains, or alternatives thereto. This may adversely affect us and our exposure to blockchain technologies and prevent us from realizing the anticipated profits from our investments. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account, which could materially and adversely affect investors’ investments in our securities. 

Despite the current first-to-market advantage of the bitcoin network over other cryptocurrency networks, the cryptocurrency market continues to grow rapidly as the value of existing cryptocurrency rises, and as new cryptocurrencies enter the market as demand for cryptocurrency increases. Therefore, it is possible that another cryptocurrency could become comparatively more popular than bitcoin in the future. If an alternative cryptocurrency obtains significant market share, this could reduce bitcoin’s market share and value. All of our mining revenue is derived from mining bitcoin and, while we could potentially consider mining other cryptocurrencies in the future, we have no plans to do so currently and may incur significant costs if we choose to do so particularly because our machines are principally utilized for mining bitcoin and cannot mine other cryptocurrencies. As a result, the emergence of a cryptocurrency that erodes bitcoin’s market share and value could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The open-source structure of the bitcoin network protocol means that the contributors to the protocol are generally not directly compensated for their contributions in maintaining and developing the protocol. A failure to properly monitor and upgrade the protocol could damage that network and an investment in us.

The bitcoin network operates based on an open-source protocol maintained by contributors, largely on the Bitcoin Core project on GitHub. As an open source project, bitcoin is not represented by an official organization or authority. Because the bitcoin network protocol is not sold and its use does not generate revenues for contributors, contributors are generally not compensated for maintaining and updating the bitcoin network protocol. The lack of guaranteed financial incentive for contributors to maintain or develop the bitcoin network and the lack of guaranteed resources to adequately address emerging issues with the bitcoin network may reduce incentives to address the issues adequately or in a timely manner, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Issues with the bitcoin network could result in decreased demand or reduced prices for bitcoin, thus impacting our ability to monetize the bitcoin we mine and also reducing the total number of transactions for which mining rewards and transaction fees can be earned, thus impacting the value of an investment in our securities.

The decentralized nature of the governance of bitcoin may lead to ineffective decision making that slows development or prevents the bitcoin network from overcoming emergent obstacles. Governance of the bitcoin network is by voluntary consensus and open competition with no clear leadership structure or authority. To the extent lack of clarity in corporate governance of the bitcoin network leads to ineffective decision making that slows development and growth of bitcoin, the value of our securities may be adversely affected.

We may not adequately respond to rapidly changing technology, which may negatively affect our business.

Competitive conditions within the bitcoin mining and cryptocurrency industry require that we use sophisticated technology in the operation of our business. The industry for blockchain technology is characterized by rapid technological changes, new product introductions, enhancements and evolving industry standards. New technologies, techniques or products could emerge that might offer better performance than the software and other technologies we currently use, and we may have to manage transitions to these new technologies to remain competitive. We may not be successful, generally or relative to our competitors, in timely implementing new technology into our systems, or doing so in a cost-effective manner. During the course of implementing any such new technology into our operations, we may experience system interruptions and failures. Furthermore, there can be no assurances that we will recognize, in a timely manner or at all, the benefits that we may expect as a result of our implementing new technology into our operations. As a result, our business and operations may suffer, and there may be adverse effects on the price of our ordinary shares.

Incorrect or fraudulent bitcoin transactions may be irreversible.

Bitcoin transactions are irrevocable, and stolen or incorrectly transferred bitcoin may be irretrievable. As a result, any incorrectly executed or fraudulent bitcoin transactions could adversely affect our investments and assets. Bitcoin transactions are not, from an administrative perspective, reversible without the consent and active participation of the recipient of the bitcoin from the transaction. In theory, bitcoin transactions may be reversible with the control or consent of a majority of processing power on the network; however, we do not now, nor is it feasible that we could in the future, possess sufficient processing power to effect this reversal. Once a transaction has been verified and recorded in a block that is added to a blockchain, an incorrect transfer of bitcoin or a theft thereof generally will not be reversible and if an incorrect transfer or theft occurs, we may not have sufficient recourse to recover our losses from any such transfer or theft. It is possible that, through computer or human error, or through theft or criminal action, our cryptocurrency rewards could be transferred in incorrect amounts or to unauthorized third parties, or to uncontrolled accounts. As a result, if there is human error, theft, or criminal action, we will need to rely on existing private investigative entities to investigate any potential loss of our bitcoin assets. The third-party service providers rely on data analysis and compliance of internet service providers with traditional court orders to reveal information such as the IP addresses of any attackers who may target us. Our inability to recover any losses from such action, error or theft, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our new strategy at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations of and potentially the value of any bitcoin we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account now or in the future.

If a malicious actor or botnet obtains control of more than 50% of the processing power of the bitcoin network, such actor or botnet could manipulate the bitcoin network to adversely affect us, which could have a material, adverse effect on our business.

If a malicious actor or botnet (a volunteer or hacked collection of computers controlled by networked software coordinating the actions of the computers) obtains a majority of the processing power dedicated to mining bitcoin, it may be able to alter blockchains on which bitcoin transactions reside and rely on by constructing fraudulent blocks or preventing certain transactions from completing in a timely manner, or at all. The malicious actor or botnet could control, exclude or modify the ordering of transactions, though it could not generate new units or transactions using such control. The malicious actor could “double-spend” its own bitcoin (i.e., spend the same bitcoin in more than one transaction) and prevent the confirmation of other users’ transactions for as long as it maintained control. To the extent that such malicious actor or botnet does not yield its control of the processing power on the network or the bitcoin community does not reject the fraudulent blocks as malicious, reversing any changes made to blockchains may not be possible. The foregoing description is not the only means by which the entirety of blockchains or bitcoin may be compromised but is only an example.

Although there are no known reports of malicious activity or control of blockchains achieved through controlling over 50% of the processing power on the network, it is believed that certain mining pools may have exceeded the 50% threshold in bitcoin. The possible crossing of the 50% threshold indicates a greater risk that a single mining pool could exert authority over the validation of bitcoin transactions. To the extent that the bitcoin ecosystem, and the administrators of mining pools, do not act to ensure greater decentralization of bitcoin mining processing power, the feasibility of a botnet or malicious actor obtaining control of the blockchain’s processing power will increase, because such botnet or malicious actor could more readily infiltrate and seize control over the blockchain by compromising a single mining pool, if the mining pool compromises more than 50% of the mining power on the blockchain, than it could if the mining pool had a smaller share of the blockchain’s total hashing power. Conversely, if the blockchain remains decentralized it is inherently more difficult for the botnet or malicious actor to aggregate enough processing power to gain control of the blockchain. However, if this were to occur, the public may lose confidence in the bitcoin blockchain, and blockchain technology more generally. This would likely have a material and adverse effect on the price of bitcoin, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial results and operations.

If the award of bitcoin rewards for solving blocks is not sufficiently high, miners may not have adequate incentive to continue mining and may cease mining operations, which may make the blockchains they support with their mining activity less stable.

As the number of bitcoin rewards awarded for solving a block in the bitcoin blockchain decreases, the relative cost of mining bitcoin will also increase, unless there is a corresponding increase in demand for that bitcoin. Even relatively stable demand may not be sufficient to support the costs of mining because as new miners begin working to solve blocks, the relative amount of energy expended to obtain a cryptocurrency award will tend to increase. This increased energy directly relates to an increased cost of mining, which means an increased cost of obtaining a bitcoin award. This increased cost, if not met with a corresponding increase in the market price for the bitcoin resulting from increased scarcity and/or demand, may lead miners to conclude they do not have an adequate incentive to continue mining and, therefore, may cease their mining operations. This reduction in active miners supporting a blockchain may result in a reduction in the aggregate hash rate devoted to the blockchain as its bitcoin award is reduced. We believe this would tend to adversely affect the confirmation process for transactions (i.e., temporarily decreasing the speed at which blocks are added to a blockchain until the next scheduled adjustment in difficulty for block solutions) and make bitcoin networks more vulnerable to a malicious actor or botnet. This could permit such malicious actor or botnet to manipulate a blockchain in a manner that adversely affects our activities. A reduction in confidence in the confirmation process or processing power of the network could result and may be irreversible. Such events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue to pursue our strategy, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any bitcoin we mine or otherwise acquire or hold for our own account now or in the future.

Demand for bitcoins is driven, in part, by its status as a prominent digital asset. It is possible that a digital asset other than bitcoin could have features that make it more desirable to a material portion of the digital asset user base, resulting in a reduction in demand for bitcoin, which could have a negative impact on the price of bitcoin and adversely affect an investment in our securities.

Bitcoin was the first digital asset to gain global adoption and critical mass, and as a result, it has a “first to market” advantage over other cryptocurrencies. In addition, many consortiums and financial institutions are also researching and investing resources into private or permissioned blockchain platforms rather than open platforms like the bitcoin network. Competition from the emergence or growth of alternative cryptocurrencies could have a negative impact on the demand for, and price of, bitcoin and thereby adversely affect an investment in our securities.

Investors may invest in bitcoin directly or through other potential financial vehicles, possibly including securities backed by or linked to bitcoin and digital asset financial vehicles. Market and financial conditions, and other conditions beyond our control, may make it more attractive to invest in other financial vehicles or to invest in bitcoin directly, which could limit the market for, and reduce the liquidity of, our securities.

Bitcoin held by us are not subject to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) protections.

Bitcoin is not typically held with a banking institution or a member of the FDIC or the SIPC and, therefore, any bitcoin we may hold would not be subject to the protections enjoyed by depositors with FDIC or SIPC member institutions.

Bitcoin may have concentrated ownership and large sales or distributions by holders or bitcoin could have an adverse effect on its market price.

It is possible that certain persons or entities control multiple wallets that collectively hold a significant number of bitcoin, even if they individually only hold a small amount, and it is possible that some of these wallets are controlled by the same person or entity. As a result of this concentration of ownership, large sales or distributions by such holders could lead to volatility and have an adverse effect on the market price of bitcoin.

Risks Related to Governmental Regulation and Enforcement

If bitcoins are determined to be investment securities, and we hold a significant portion of our assets in bitcoins, investment securities or non-controlling equity interests of other entities, we may inadvertently violate the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”). We could incur large losses to modify our operations to avoid the need to register as an investment company or could incur significant expenses to register as an investment company or could terminate operations altogether.

The SEC and its staff have taken the position that certain cryptocurrencies fall within the definition of a “security” under the U.S. federal securities laws and have issued reports, orders, and statements that provide guidance on when a cryptocurrency may be a security for purposes of the U.S. federal securities laws. The SEC generally does not provide advance guidance or confirmation on the status of any particular cryptocurrency as a security. Public statements made by senior officials at the SEC indicate that the SEC does not intend to take the position that bitcoin is a security (as currently offered and sold). However, such statements are not official policy statements by the SEC and reflect only the speakers’ views, which are not binding on the SEC or any other agency or court and cannot be generalized to any other digital asset. As of the date of this annual report, with the exception of certain centrally issued digital assets that have received “no-action” letters from the SEC staff, bitcoin and Ethereum are the only cryptocurrencies that senior officials at the SEC have publicly stated are unlikely to be considered securities. If laws and regulations evolve or the SEC changes its position with respect to whether bitcoin is regarded as a type of securities, we may be subject to Investment Company Act and other regulations surrounding securities, notwithstanding the conclusions we may draw based on our risk-based assessment regarding the likelihood that a particular digital asset could be deemed a “security” under applicable laws. 

Under the Investment Company Act, a company may fall within the definition of an investment company under section 3(c)(1)(A) thereof if it is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, or under section 3(a)(1)(C) thereof if it is engaged or proposes to engage in business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” (as defined) having a value exceeding 40% of its total assets (exclusive of government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. There is no authoritative law, rule or binding guidance published by the SEC regarding the status of cryptocurrencies as “securities” or “investment securities” under the Investment Company Act. Although we believe that we are not engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in investment securities, and we do not hold ourselves out as being primarily engaged, or proposing to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, to the extent the cryptocurrencies that our subsidiaries mine, own, or otherwise acquire may be deemed “securities” or “ investment securities” by the SEC or a court of competent jurisdiction, we may meet the definition of an investment company. If we fall within the definition of an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we would be required to register with the SEC. If an investment company fails to register, it likely would have to stop doing almost all business, and its contracts would become voidable. Generally non-U.S. issuers may not register as an investment company without an SEC order.

If we were unable to qualify for an exemption from registration as an investment company, or fail to take adequate steps within the one-year grace period for inadvertent investment companies, we would need to register with the SEC as an investment company under the Investment Company Act or cease almost all business, and our contracts would become voidable. Investment company registration is time-consuming and would require a restructuring of our business. Moreover, the operation of an investment company is very costly and restrictive, as investment companies are subject to substantial regulation concerning management, operations, transactions with affiliated persons and portfolio composition, and Investment Company Act filing requirements. The cost of such compliance would result in us incurring substantial additional expenses, and the failure to register if required would have a materially adverse impact on our operations.

There can be no assurances that we will properly characterize any given cryptocurrency as a security or non-security for purposes of determining which cryptocurrencies to mine, hold and trade, or that the SEC or a court, if the question was presented to it, would agree with our assessment. We could be subject to judicial or administrative sanctions for failing to offer or sell cryptocurrencies in compliance with the registration requirements, or for acting as a broker or dealer without appropriate registration. Such an action could result in injunctions, cease and desist orders, as well as civil monetary penalties, fines, and disgorgement, criminal liability, and reputational harm. Further, if any cryptocurrency that our subsidiaries mine, hold and trade is deemed to be a security under the laws of any U.S. federal, state, or foreign jurisdiction, or in a proceeding in a court of law or otherwise, it may have adverse consequences for such cryptocurrency. For instance, all transactions in such supported cryptocurrency would have to be registered with the SEC or other foreign authority, or conducted in accordance with an exemption from registration, which could severely limit its liquidity, usability and transactability. Further, it could draw negative publicity and a decline in the general acceptance of digital assets. Also, it may make it difficult for such cryptocurrency to be traded, cleared, and custodied as compared to other cryptocurrencies that are not considered to be securities.

We may be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. In such event, we may be deemed as operating as an unregistered investment company in violation of the Investment Company Act and required to register as an investment company or to adjust our strategies. 

We intend to conduct our operations in such a way that we will not be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. However, under the Investment Company Act, a company may fall within the definition of an investment company under section 3(a)(1)(C) thereof if it is engaged or proposes to engage in business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, and owns or proposes to acquire “investment securities” (as defined therein) having a value exceeding 40% of its total assets (exclusive of government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. If the cryptocurrencies we mine or hold, or plan to mind or hold, are determined to be securities, we may be required to register as an investment company or to adjust our business strategies. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our exclusion from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. In addition, as a consequence of our seeking to avoid the need to register under the Investment Company Act on an ongoing basis, we may be limited in the ability to engage in cryptocurrency mining operations or otherwise make certain investments, and these limitations could result in our holding those cryptocurrencies we may wish to sell or selling the cryptocurrencies we may wish to hold, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We cannot be certain as to how future regulatory developments will impact our business and any such additional regulatory requirements, or changes in how existing requirements are interpreted and applied, may cause us to cease all or certain of our operations or change our business model.

We cannot be certain as to how future regulatory developments will impact the treatment of cryptocurrencies, and other digital assets under the law. For example, if regulatory changes or interpretations require the regulation digital assets under certain laws and regulatory regimes in the United States such as those administered by the SEC, the CFTC, the IRS, Department of Treasury or other agencies or authorities or similar laws and regulations of other jurisdictions, including if our digital asset activities cause us to be deemed a “money transmitter,” “money services business” or equivalent designation under U.S. federal law, the law of any U.S. state, or foreign jurisdiction in which we operate, we may be required to register, seek licensure and comply with such regulations, including at a federal, state or local level, and implement an anti-money laundering program, reporting and recordkeeping regimes, consumer protective safeguards, and other operational requirements. To the extent that we decide to continue operations, the required registrations and regulatory compliance steps may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses or burdens to us, as well as on-going recurring compliance costs, possibly affecting an investment in the ordinary shares or our net income in a material and adverse manner. We may also decide to cease some or all operations. Any termination or disruption of our operations in response to the changed regulatory circumstances may be at a time that is disadvantageous to investors. Furthermore, we and our service providers may not be capable of complying with certain federal or state regulatory obligations applicable to money services businesses or state money transmitters. If we are deemed to be subject to and determined not to comply with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may act to dissolve and liquidate our company. Any such action may adversely affect an investment in us.

If we fail to comply with such additional regulatory, licensure and registration compliance requirements, we may seek to cease all or certain of our operations or be subjected to fines, penalties and other governmental action. Such circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern or to pursue our business model at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects or operations and potentially the value of any cryptocurrencies or digital assets we plan to hold or expect to acquire for our own account.

Regulatory developments related to cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency markets may impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Legislators have devoted increasing attention to cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency markets. Legislatures across states in the U.S. may pass several crypto-related bills that vary in their subject matter and scope and create new regulatory framework or clarify existing regulations. In the event that any proposed crypto-legislature that limits or regulates our business activities is enacted, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be negatively impacted.

Additionally, regulatory developments related to cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency markets as well as the regulatory environment in which our subsidiaries operate can impact our operating costs and interfere with our business strategy with respect to where the operating entities operate. Additionally, to the extent that bitcoins, the only type of cryptocurrencies we mine, are affected by regulatory developments, including being categorized and regulated as securities, our business strategy with respect to our future business operations could be interfered as well. Should crypto-legislature that limits or regulates our business activities as such is enacted and/or regulatory environment has changed, our operating costs could significantly increase, and our business strategy with respect to our future business operations.

If U.S. and/or foreign regulators and other government entities assert jurisdictions over cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency markets, we may be subject to additional regulations imposed by these regulators and government entities and may be required to alter our business operations to gain compliance with these regulations, as a result of which we may experience increased compliance costs and our business operations, financial position and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

There are risks that U.S. and/or foreign regulators and other government entities may assert jurisdictions over cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency markets. In such event, we may be subject to additional regulations imposed by these regulators and government entities. For instance, in the complaint of a federal lawsuit filed by the SEC against Ian Balina, an influencer in the cryptocurrency market, for his failure to register a cryptocurrency as a security before launching a 2018 initial coin offering, the SEC suggests that the U.S. has jurisdiction over all Ethereum transactions. Similar assertions concerning other types of cryptocurrencies could be made by the SEC and/or any other regulator or government entity and, if any part of our business is found subject to jurisdiction of these regulators, we may experience increased compliance costs and we may be required to alter our business operations to gain compliance with these regulations. For example, if the SEC has jurisdictions over the bitcoins the operating entities mine and they are deemed as securities by the SEC, any transactions involving our mined bitcoins and our mining activities may be subject to the regulations of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, and any additional regulations published by the SEC. In such event, to the extent that we incur material increases in compliance costs or our business operations are no longer compliant with then-existing regulations, our business operations, financial position and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

Our transactions in cryptocurrency may expose us to countries, territories, regimes, entities, organizations and individuals that are subject to sanctions and other restrictive laws and regulations.

The Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of Treasury and the U.S. Department of State require us to comply with sanction programs based on foreign policy and national security goals against targeted countries, territories, regimes, entities, organizations and individuals. Because of the pseudonymous nature of blockchain transactions, we may not be able to determine the ultimate identity of the individuals with whom we transact with respect to buying or selling cryptocurrency. To the extent government enforcement authorities enforce laws and regulations that are impacted by blockchain technology, we may be subject to investigation, administrative or court proceedings, and civil or criminal monetary fines and penalties, all of which could harm our reputation and affect the value of our securities.

The cryptoeconomy is novel and has limited access to policymakers or lobbying organizations, which may harm our ability to effectively react to proposed legislation and regulation of cryptocurrency or cryptocurrency platforms adverse to our business.

As cryptocurrencies have grown in both popularity and market size, various U.S. federal, state, and local and foreign governmental organizations, consumer agencies and public advocacy groups have been examining the operations of cryptocurrency networks, users and platforms, with a focus on how cryptocurrencies can be used to launder the proceeds of illegal activities, fund criminal or terrorist enterprises, and the safety and soundness of platforms and other service providers that hold cryptocurrencies for users. Many of these entities have called for heightened regulatory oversight and have issued consumer advisories describing the risks posed by cryptocurrencies to users and investors. The cryptoeconomy is novel and has limited access to policymakers and lobbying organizations in many jurisdictions. Competitors from other, more established industries, including traditional financial services, may have greater access to lobbyists or governmental officials, and regulators that are concerned about the potential use of cryptocurrencies for illicit purposes may effect statutory and regulatory changes with minimal or discounted inputs from the cryptoeconomy. As a result, new laws and regulations may be proposed and adopted, or existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in new ways, that harm the cryptoeconomy or cryptocurrency platforms, which could adversely impact our business.

If regulatory changes or interpretations of our activities require us to register under the regulations promulgated by FinCEN under the authority of the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act, or otherwise under state laws, we may incur significant compliance costs, which may have a material negative effect on our business and the results of its operations.

Cryptocurrencies are treated as “money” by FinCEN, and business engaged in the transfer of money or other payments services are subject to registration and licensure requirements at the U.S. federal level and also under U.S. state laws. While FinCEN has issued guidance that cryptocurrency mining, without engagement in other activities, does not require registration and licensure with FinCEN, this could be subject to change as FinCEN and other regulatory agencies continue their scrutiny of the bitcoin network and cryptocurrencies generally. To the extent that our business activities cause us to be deemed a money services business (“MSB”) under the regulations promulgated by FinCEN under the authority of the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act, we may be required to comply with FinCEN regulations, including those that would mandate us to implement anti-money laundering programs, make certain reports to FinCEN and maintain certain records.

To the extent that our activities would cause us to be deemed a “money transmitter” (“MT”) or equivalent designation under state law in any state in which it may operate, we may be required to seek a license or otherwise register with a state regulator and comply with state regulations that may include the implementation of anti-money laundering programs, including implementing a know-your-counterparty program and transaction monitoring, maintenance of certain records and other operational requirements.

Such additional federal or state regulatory obligations may cause us to incur extraordinary expenses. Furthermore, we may not be capable of complying with certain federal or state regulatory obligations applicable to MSBs and MTs, such as monitoring transactions and blocking transactions, because of the nature of the bitcoin blockchain. If we are deemed to be subject to, and it is determined we are not in compliance with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may act to dissolve and liquidate.

The application of the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended (the “CEA”), to our bitcoin mining business is unclear and may be subject to change and therefore difficult to predict. To the extent we become subject to regulation by the CFTC in connection with our business activities, we may incur additional compliance costs, which may be significant.

The CEA does not currently impose any direct obligations on us related to the mining or exchange of bitcoin. However, the CFTC, the federal agency that administers the CEA, generally regards bitcoin as a commodity. This position has been supported by decisions of federal courts.

Changes in the CEA or the regulations promulgated by the CFTC thereunder, as well as interpretations thereof and official statements by the CFTC may impact the classification of bitcoin and subject it to additional regulatory oversight by the CFTC. Although the CFTC to date has not enacted regulations governing non-derivative or nonfinanced, margined or leveraged transactions in bitcoin, it has authority to commence enforcement actions against persons who engage in manipulation or deceptive practices related to transactions in any contract of sale of any commodity, including bitcoin, in interstate commerce.

While no provision of the CEA, or CFTC rules, orders or rulings (except as noted herein) appears to be currently applicable to our business, this is subject to change. We cannot be certain as to how future regulatory developments will impact the treatment of bitcoin under the law. Any requirements imposed by the CFTC related to our bitcoin mining activities or our transactions in bitcoin would cause us to incur additional extraordinary, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in our securities.

Moreover, if our bitcoin mining activities or transactions in bitcoin were deemed by the CFTC to constitute a collective investment in derivatives for our stockholders, we may be required to register as a commodity pool operator with the CFTC through the National Futures Association. Such additional registrations may result in extraordinary, non-recurring expenses, thereby materially and adversely impacting an investment in our securities. If we determine it is not practicable to comply with such additional regulatory and registration requirements, we may seek to cease certain of our operations. Any such action may adversely affect an investment in our business.

We are subject to risks associated with our need for significant electrical power. Government regulators may potentially restrict the ability of electricity suppliers to provide electricity to bitcoin mining operations, such as ours.

The operation of a bitcoin mining can require massive amounts of electrical power and we anticipate our demand for electrical power will grow as we expand our mining fleet. If we are unable to continue to obtain sufficient electrical power to operate our miners on a cost-effective basis, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of our significant capital investments in new miners. Further, our mining operations can only be successful and ultimately profitable if the costs, including electrical power costs, associated with mining a bitcoin are lower than the price of a bitcoin. As a result, any mine we establish can only be successful if we can obtain sufficient electrical power for that mine on a cost-effective basis, and our establishment of new mines requires us to find locations where that is the case. There may be significant competition for suitable mine locations, and government regulators may potentially restrict the ability of electricity suppliers to provide electricity to mining operations in times of electricity shortage, or may otherwise potentially restrict or prohibit the provision or electricity to mining operations. Additionally, our mines could be materially adversely affected by a power outage. If we are unable to receive adequate power supply and are forced to cease or reduce our operations due to the availability or cost of electrical power, including increased taxes associated with the use of electrical power, our business would experience materially negative impacts.

Climate change, and the regulatory and legislative developments related to climate change, may materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The potential physical impacts of climate change on our operations are highly uncertain and would be particular to the geographic circumstances in areas in which we operate or in which our third-party providers operate. These may include changes in rainfall and storm patterns and intensities, water shortages, changing sea levels and changing temperatures. The impacts of climate change may materially and adversely impact the cost, production and financial performance of our operations. Further, any impacts to our business and financial condition as a result of climate change are likely to occur over a sustained period of time and are therefore difficult to quantify with any degree of specificity. For example, extreme weather events may result in adverse physical effects on portions of our infrastructure, which could disrupt our supply chain and ultimately our business operations. In addition, disruption of transportation and distribution systems could result in reduced operational efficiency and customer service interruption. Climate related events have the potential to disrupt our business, including the business of our suppliers, and may cause us to experience higher attrition, losses and additional costs to resume operations.

In addition, a number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced or are contemplating legislative and regulatory changes in response to various climate change interest groups and the potential impact of climate change. Given the very significant amount of electrical power required to operate cryptocurrency miners, as well the environmental impact of mining for the rare earth metals used in the production of mining servers, the cryptocurrency mining industry may become a target for future environmental and energy regulation. Legislation and increased regulation regarding climate change could impose significant costs on us and our suppliers, including costs related to increased energy requirements, capital equipment, environmental monitoring and reporting, and other costs to comply with such regulations. Any future climate change regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations. Given the political significance and uncertainty around the impact of climate change and how it should be addressed, we cannot predict how legislation and regulation will affect our financial condition, operating performance and ability to compete. Furthermore, even without such regulation, increased awareness and any adverse publicity in the global marketplace about potential impacts on climate change by us or other companies in our industry could harm our reputation. Any of the foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that may expose us to significant liabilities for penalties, damages or costs of remediation or compliance.

Our operations and properties are subject to laws and regulations governing occupational health and safety, the discharge of pollutants into the environment or otherwise relating to health, safety and environmental protection requirements in the countries and localities in which we operate. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations that are applicable to our operations, including acquisition of a permit or other approval before conducting construction or regulated activities; limitation or prohibition of construction and operating activities in environmentally sensitive areas, such as wetlands; imposing specific health and safety standards addressing worker protection; and imposition of significant liabilities for pollution resulting from our operations, including investigation, remedial and clean-up costs. Failure to comply with these requirements may expose us to fines, penalties and/or interruptions in our operations that could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Certain environmental laws may impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed or otherwise released into the environment, even under circumstances where the hazardous substances were released by prior owners or operators or the activities conducted and from which a release emanated complied with applicable law.

The trend in environmental regulation has been to place more restrictions and limitations on activities that may be perceived to impact the environment, and thus there can be no assurance as to the amount or timing of future expenditures for environmental regulation compliance or remediation. New or revised regulations that result in increased compliance costs or additional operating restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. 

Our mining business is subject to local government regulation.

We are subject to extensive and varied local government regulation, including regulations relating to public health, safety and zoning codes. We operate each of our locations in accordance with standards and procedures designed to comply with applicable codes and regulations. However, our failure to obtain or retain any required licenses could adversely affect our operations. Although we have not experienced, and do not anticipate experiencing any significant difficulties, delays or failures in obtaining required licenses, permits or approvals, any such problem could delay or prevent us from operating our current sites or further expanding our operations.

Future developments regarding the treatment of bitcoin for U.S. federal income and foreign tax purposes could adversely affect our business.

Due to the new and evolving nature of bitcoin and the absence of comprehensive legal guidance with respect to bitcoin, and bitcoin transactions, many significant aspects of the U.S. federal income and foreign tax treatment of bitcoin are uncertain, and it is unclear what guidance may be issued in the future on the treatment of bitcoin or bitcoin transactions, including bitcoin mining, for U.S. federal income and foreign tax purposes. Current Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) guidance indicates that bitcoin, should be treated and taxed as property (rather than as a currency), and that transactions involving the payment of bitcoin for goods and services should be treated as barter transactions. While this treatment creates a tax reporting requirement for certain exchanges of bitcoin, it preserves the right to apply capital gains (as opposed to ordinary income) treatment to those transactions where bitcoin is held as a capital asset.

There can be no assurance that the IRS or other foreign tax authority will not alter its existing position with respect to bitcoin in the future or that a court would uphold the treatment of bitcoin as property, rather than currency. Any such alteration of existing IRS and foreign tax authority positions or additional guidance regarding bitcoin products and transactions could result in adverse tax consequences for holders of bitcoin and could have an adverse effect on the value of bitcoin and the broader bitcoin markets. The uncertainty regarding the tax treatment of bitcoin transactions, and the potential promulgation of new, or changes to existing, U.S. federal income, state or foreign tax laws, treaties, regulations, administrative practices or guidance relating to bitcoin transactions could adversely impact the price of bitcoin, our business and the trading price of our securities. Further, in the event our business expands, our after-tax profitability and financial results could be adversely affected by expanding, internationally or domestically, to jurisdictions with less favorable or more complex tax laws or greater scrutiny by taxing authorities.

Changes to applicable U.S. tax laws and regulations could affect our business and future profitability.

New U.S. laws and policy relating to taxes may have an adverse effect on us and our business and future profitability. Further, existing U.S. tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. The U.S. House of Representatives has advanced draft legislation (the “House Bill”) that would, if enacted, make significant changes to U.S. federal income tax laws. It is unclear whether Congress will enact any changes and, if enacted, how soon any such changes could take effect. The passage of the House Bill or any similar legislation could have an adverse effect on our business and future profitability. Additionally, we are evaluating the extent to which recently enacted laws expanding cryptocurrency information and transaction reporting requirements could impact our business and future profitability.

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares and the Trading Market

We may issue additional ordinary shares or other equity securities without your approval, which would dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of our ordinary shares.

We may issue additional ordinary shares or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future for any reason or in connection with, among other things, future acquisitions or repayment of outstanding indebtedness, without shareholder approval.

Our issuance of additional ordinary shares or other equity securities of equal or senior rank would have the following effects:

We are not expected to pay dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future.

We are not expected to pay dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. Instead, for the foreseeable future, it is expected that we will continue to retain any earnings to finance the development and expansion of its business, and not to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares. Consequently, you should not rely on an investment in the Company as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to applicable laws. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ordinary shares will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ordinary shares. We cannot guarantee that our ordinary shares will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ordinary shares. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ordinary shares and you may even lose your entire investment in our ordinary shares. 

We may become a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to United States investors.

Based on the projected composition of our income and valuation of our assets, including goodwill, we are not expected to be a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for its current taxable year, and we do not expect to become one in the future, although there can be no assurance in this regard. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Holders—Passive Foreign Investment Company.” If we are or were to become a PFIC, such characterization could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to you if you are a U.S. investor. For example, if we are a PFIC, its U.S. investors will become subject to increased tax liabilities under U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations and will become subject to burdensome reporting requirements. We cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contains anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association include provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of us or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of us in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, subject to any resolution of the shareholders to the contrary, to issue preference shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares. Preference shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of the Company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preference shares, the price of our ordinary shares may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares may be materially and adversely affected.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we were formed under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedents in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies have no general rights under the Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have the discretion under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the U.S. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice, shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would have under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

The Cayman Islands courts are also unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws, or (ii) to impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that are penal in nature.

There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits.

As a result of all of the above, our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or shareholders than they would as shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands company and all of our officers and directors, including our chief executive officer and director, Siguang Peng, our acting chief financial officer, Yupeng Guo, our directors, Xu Peng, Zhiyi Xie, Ye Ren and Yuejun Jiang are nationals or residents of the PRC and a substantial portion of their assets are located in the PRC. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of the PRC may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and the PRC.

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.

As a Cayman Islands company listed on the Nasdaq, we are subject to Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, the Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. A Cayman Islands company is not required to have annual general meetings. Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice with respect to corporate governance matters such as the exemption from holding an annual general meeting pursuant to Nasdaq Rule 5620(a), our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. For details as to the corporate governance matters for which we have elected to follow our home country practices, rather than Nasdaq listing standards, please see “Item 16.G—Corporate Governance.”

We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.

We are a public company and we incur significant accounting, legal and other expenses. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq, have detailed requirements concerning corporate governance practices of public companies, including Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 relating to internal controls over financial reporting. These rules and regulations applicable to public companies have increased our accounting, legal and financial compliance costs and made certain corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. Our management is required to devote substantial time and attention to our public company reporting obligations and other compliance matters. Our reporting and other compliance obligations as a public company may place a strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future.

In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

We were formed to serve as a holding company after consummation of the Mergers (defined below) contemplated by the Merger Agreement (defined below). We were formed as a Cayman Islands exempted company on September 27, 2019. Prior to the Mergers, we owned no material assets and did not operate any business. Our principal executive office is located at 61 Robinson Road Level 6 & 7, #738, Singapore 068893, and our phone number is +65 6022 2515.

On December 12, 2019, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among the Company, EdtechX Holdings Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation (“EdtechX”), Meten Education Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“EdtechX Merger Sub”), Meten Education Group Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Meten Merger Sub”, and together with EdtechX Merger Sub, the “Merger Subs”), and Meten International Education Group, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“Meten”) which, among other things, provided for (i) Meten Merger Sub to merge with and into the Company, with the Company being the surviving entity of such merger (the “Meten Merger”) and becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Surviving Cayman Islands Company”) and (ii) EdtechX Merger Sub to merge with and into EdtechX, with EdtechX being the surviving entity of the merger (the “EdtechX Merger” and together with the Meten Merger, the “Mergers”) and becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

On March 30, 2020, the parties to the Merger Agreement consummated the Mergers. Immediately prior to the Mergers, Azimut Enterprises Holdings S.r.l. (the “Azimut Investor”) invested US$20 million in EdtechX to purchase 2,000,000 units of EdtechX (with each unit consisting of one ordinary share and one warrant to purchase one ordinary share of EdtechX at a price of US$11.50 per share), which units converted into the same number of our units upon closing of the Mergers. Concurrently with the closing of the Mergers, our PIPE financing with two unaffiliated third-party investors, one of which is ITG Education, in an aggregate investment of US$12 million was completed on March 30, 2020.

On March 30, 2020, our ordinary shares were listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “METX.” Our warrants have been trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “METXW” since May 27, 2020.

On August 11, 2021, we changed our name from “Meten EdtechX Education Group Ltd.” to “Meten Holding Group Ltd.” 

On October 20, 2022, pursuant to the terms of the VIE contractual arrangements, Zhuhai Meizhilian Education Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhuhai Meten”) and Zhuhai Likeshuo Education Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhuhai Likeshuo”) unilaterally terminated their respective contractual arrangements with 30-day advanced notices to their respective former VIEs. The termination of the VIE contractual arrangements were effective on November 19, 2022. As the VIE structure has been unwound, the financial results of the VIEs and their subsidiaries are no longer consolidated into the Company’s financial statements after the effective date. As of the date of this annual report, the operating entities only operate cryptocurrency mining business in the U.S., and we no longer provide ELT services, which services were provided by the former VIEs.

On August 10, 2023, we held a general meeting of shareholders, during which our shareholders approved the Share Consolidation. As a result, our 500,000,000 issued and unissued ordinary shares of par value of US$0.003 each in the capital of us were consolidated into 25,000,000 ordinary shares of nominal or par value of US$0.06 each (“Share Consolidation”). The Share Consolidation became effective on August 23, 2023, and the ordinary shares began trading on a post-Share Consolidation basis on the Nasdaq Capital Market when the market opened on August 24, 2023 under the symbol “BTCT” but under a new CUSIP number of G6055 H155. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Share Consolidation. All fractional shares were rounded up to the whole number of shares. Immediately following the Share Consolidation, authorized share capital of us shall be US$1,500,000, divided into 25,000,000 ordinary shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.06 each.

The shareholders also approved to change our name from “Meten Holding Group Ltd.” to “BTC Digital Ltd.,” which became effective on August 18, 2023.

The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC using its EDGAR system.

See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — B. Liquidity and Capital Resources — Capital Expenditures” for a discussion of our capital expenditures.

Registration Statement

On November 20, 2024, we filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-283367), utilizing a shelf registration process, which registration statement was declared effective by the SEC on December 5, 2024. Under this shelf registration process, we may, from time to time, in one or more offerings, offer and sell up to US$150,000,000 of any combination, together or separately, of our ordinary shares, par value US$0.06 per share, preferred shares, debt securities, warrants, rights, and units, or any combination thereof as described in the accompanying prospectus.

On December 9, 20024, we filed with the SEC a prospectus supplement to the registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-283367), offering 880,000 ordinary shares at a purchase price of US$8.00 per share. In the same prospectus supplement, we also offered 1,620,000 pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,620,000 ordinary shares, exercisable at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, at a purchase price of $7.99 per pre-funded warrant. As of the date of this annual report, all pre-funded warrants issued in that offering have been exercised.

Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Mining Overview

Blockchain is the ledger technology that underlies bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. The concept was first introduced in 2008 in the form of an anonymous whitepaper that laid out the purpose and the technology behind bitcoin. The first bitcoin was created in 2009.

A blockchain is a decentralized, distributed and encrypted digital public ledger that stores information in a secure, verifiable and permanent way. An advantage of blockchain over other database technologies is that it is completely decentralized, meaning that no entity or computer owns and stores the full database, and blockchain guarantees the security of a record of data and generates trust without the need for a trusted third party. Instead, the blockchain ledger is partially distributed across computers that act as nodes in a peer-to-peer network, which requires every transfer or storage of information in the public ledger to be approved by the majority of nodes in the network.

A cryptocurrency is a type of decentralized, encrypted digital asset that acts as a medium of exchange and/or store of value. Cryptocurrencies are a popular application of blockchain technology, enabling transactions on the network to be settled, confirmed and stored in a distributed public ledger through a process called mining. Cryptocurrencies are not backed by a central bank or governmental entity, have no physical form and are usually not tied to a value index. Additionally, the supply of a cryptocurrency may be fixed. Bitcoin, for example, has a maximum supply of 21 million bitcoin, which is expected to be reached in 2140 and after which no additional bitcoin will be minted.

Cryptocurrencies have recently gained extensive mainstream attention as the cryptocurrency market value and adoption rates, both by retail and institutional investors, have experienced accelerated growth. We believe bitcoin specifically continues to gain more trust from investors and financial institutions as it demonstrates its fundamental role in the crypto economy, leading to many companies adopting bitcoin as an alternative to cash on their balance sheets.

We believe blockchain and cryptocurrencies serve multiple purposes and can make a significant impact across multiple business sectors. We believe cryptocurrencies have numerous advantages over fiat currencies, although there are potential risk factors that are not present with fiat currencies. Cryptocurrencies’ advantages include:

Cryptocurrency mining and miners

Cryptocurrency mining is the process of using specialized and high-powered miners to solve advanced cryptographic math computations, verifying the authenticity of such cryptocurrency transactions for the blockchain transaction public ledger. These solved math problems or authenticated transactions are then combined into blocks, with these blocks having specific requirements in terms of size and proof-of-work, and later published to the blockchain. A miner that verifies and solves a new block is awarded a portion of newly generated digital coins, which can then be sold on the market to generate transaction fees and profits for the mining company or retained by the miner for future use.

The bitcoin network goes through “halving events” during which the number of bitcoin that miners are awarded for processing a block are reduced by 50%. On the bitcoin network, these events occur every 210,000 blocks (roughly every four years). There have been three halving events to date on the bitcoin network. The initial award on the bitcoin network was 50 bitcoins per block. The current award is 3.125 bitcoin per block. The most recent halving event occurred on April 20, 2024 and the next halving event will likely occur in 2028. The halving mechanism results in an ever-decreasing issuance rate of bitcoin.

Mining pools

An individual miner’s daily expected rewards in mining a type of cryptocurrency are proportionate to its contribution to such cryptocurrency’s aggregate hash rate on its network. However, given the nature of how mining process works, the chance of successfully mining blocks is probabilistically determined by the law of large numbers and there is significant variance involved in mining, especially for individual miners. To address this issue, miners have recently explored methods to increase their probability of being awarded coins by pooling their processing resources into a “mining pool.” A mining pool is a platform where miners contribute their computing power to jointly mine cryptocurrencies and share mining rewards in proportion to the amount of hashing power contributed by each participant. By participating in a mining pool, a miner is more likely to receive a smaller, yet steady, stream of mining rewards. The mining pool operator and the pool software arranges the pool in terms of miners’ hashing capacity, work conducted and rewards earned.

Mining machines

Bitcoin is mined on specialized computers that utilize an algorithm to guarantee the integrity of blocks in the blockchain using a specific hash function to solve the algorithm. The hash function can be efficiently computed on a special mining device called ASIC using the SHA-256 cryptography algorithm, which is the block hashing algorithm used by the bitcoin network to hash new blocks on the blockchain. SHA stands for Secret Hash Algorithm, and it converts any input into a 32-byte output, creating output data hashes that always have 256 digits. The main suppliers of bitcoin mining rigs are Bitmain and MicroBT, each of which control a significant amount of the market of mining machines, with other major suppliers including Ebang and Canaan.

Mining machines are rewarded in bitcoin and transaction fees in proportion to their processing contribution to the network. Mining machines are relatively energy intensive and produce a high amount of heat. To operate mining machines efficiently at a low cost, mining companies endeavor to procure low-cost energy sources and implement efficient cooling methods.

Performance metrics

Network hash rate

Mining hardware conducts complex computations to verify transactions in the blockchain and is measured in “hash rate” or “hashes per second.” “Hash rate” is defined as the speed at which a computer can take any set of information and turn it into letters and numbers of a certain length, known as a “hash.” A “hash” is the computation run by mining hardware in support of the blockchain; therefore, a miner’s “hash rate” refers to the rate at which it is capable of solving such computations. The total hash rate is a measure of the computing power of the network. A participant in a blockchain network’s mining function has a hash rate total of mining hardware deployed by such participant seeking to mine a specific digital asset and, network-wide, there is a total hash rate of all miners seeking to mine each specific type of digital asset. If a mining participant has a higher total hash rate than the blockchain network’s total hash rate, this participant generally sees a higher success rate in digital asset rewards over time as compared to other mining participants with relatively lower total hash rates.

Mining Difficulty

Mining difficulty refers to the level of process power, or hash rate, required for solving and authenticating a complex cryptographic block. Mining difficulty automatically adjusts by increasing or decreasing the computing requirement for verifying a block when there is a corresponding increase or decrease in the total hash rate of a network. The higher the number of mining machines in the network effectively results in a higher mining difficulty. As more processing power is added to the network, the difficulty increases.

The process of solving a block in the bitcoin network is tied to ten-minute increments. As miners are added or removed from the network and hash rate increases or decreases, difficulty must adjust periodically to maintain the ten-minute process. This periodic adjustment occurs every 2,016 blocks, which occurs approximately every two weeks.

We have not declared or paid dividends in the past, nor any dividends or distributions were made by a subsidiary or former VIE to our holding company. We do not intend to distribute dividends in the foreseeable future, but we do not have a fixed dividend policy. Our board of directors have complete discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to applicable laws. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares—We are not expected to pay dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future.”

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that the following strengths differentiate us from our competitors:

Diversified Revenue Streams Allowing us to Mitigate Bitcoin Price Fluctuations

Through our subsidiaries, we started generating revenue through mining bitcoins and conducting a mining machines resale and rental business in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, 10.2%, 78.1%, 10.1%and 1.6% of our total revenue was generated from bitcoin mining, mining machines resale, mining machines rental and other mining-related business , respectively.

We started our cryptocurrency business with bitcoin mining. As of the date of this annual report, our subsidiaries own a total of 2,411 mining machines, of which 2,011, or 83.4% are currently under operation. Our mining machines are mainly placed in Arkansas.

Historically, the price of bitcoins has fluctuated significantly. For example, Bitcoin’s aggregate market value exceeded $1 trillion in October 2021 compared to $250 billion in October 2020, and fell back to $326 billion in January 2023, based on Bitcoin prices quoted on major exchanges. The profitability of our bitcoin mining operations and our operation results have been and will continue to be directly impacted by the trading price of bitcoins. To mitigate the risk of significant fluctuations in Bitcoin, we have launched a mining machines resale and rental business.

We have maintained business relationship with a major machine manufacturer, AGM Technologies Ltd, from which we source mining machines on an order-by-order basis, often at prices lower than market prices. We will then resell mining machines when there is a shortage of machines available in the market and resale prices are higher. Additionally, from time to time, we rent out our mining machines to customers at a rate calculated based on the total bitcoins mined. We seek to rent out a greater percentage of our fleet at times when bitcoin prices are lower to generate cash flow.

We believe that by diversifying our revenue streams, we will be able to mitigate the risks we experience as a result of bitcoin price fluctuations and grow our business in the long run.

Dedicated Team and Efforts Towards Compliance with Cryptocurrency Laws and Regulations

Over the past few years, countries and regulatory bodies worldwide have implemented an increasing number of laws and regulations on cryptocurrencies. As a new entrant into the cryptocurrency industry, we have dedicated efforts to ensure compliance with cryptocurrency laws and regulations. Towards this goal, we have set up a compliance team, led by our chief executive officer, Mr. Siguang Peng, and comprised of experienced industry professionals and experts and external consultants. The compliance team has the right to veto any operational decision of the Company if it suspects that such decision materially runs the risk of violating cryptocurrency laws and regulations. The compliance team also reviews and analyzes newly implemented regulatory policies, hold internal discussion and research sessions, and consults with industry experts on a regular basis to better its understanding of regulatory policies and implement compliance plans. We believe that our strong emphasis and dedication towards regulatory compliance will help us grow and succeed in the industry in the long run.

Experienced and Visionary Management Team and Partners of the Affiliated Company with Proven Track Records

Our management team is led by our co-founders Mr. Siguang Peng, Mr. Xu Peng and Mr. Yupeng Guo, each of whom has more than 17 years of senior management experience. Additionally, we formed a company (the “Affiliated Company”) focusing on cryptocurrency business, Met Chain Co., Ltd., in which we hold a total of 29.53% equity interests as of the date of this annual report, with Mr. Zhijun Liu, Ms. Yunning Li, Mr. Manning Liao, who have rich experience in the cryptocurrency and blockchain industries. For example, Mr. Zhijun Liu, who serves as a vice president of Hummer Miner, a technology company with a focus on the development and manufacturing of cryptocurrency machines, has extensive experience and expertise in the development of mining machines. Ms. Yunning Li, the former chief marketing officer of ChainPlus, has extensive experience in the cryptocurrency industry.

With their clear vision and long-term commitment to our business strategies, we have achieved success with our current business focus on mining small-cap cryptocurrencies and significant revenue growth in the past few years. We believe that in the future we will continue to benefit from our senior management team’s industry knowledge, diverse background and skills, and clear version for our ongoing development.

Our Strategies

Through our subsidiaries, we plan to implement the following growth strategies:

Growing Our Current Business Lines

We believe that the cryptocurrency industry still has significant growth potentials, and we expect to continue growing our current cryptocurrency business lines through increasing the number of mining machines in our fleet in the future. Benefiting from higher combined hash rate, owning a large number of mining machines would allow us to increase our profitability derived from bitcoin mining when bitcoin prices are high, and gain more bargaining power in mining machines resale and rental operations. Growing our current business lines can also benefit us by further contributing to the diversification of our revenue streams and our continued growth and success.

Increasing Research and Development Efforts

The global cryptocurrency industry is characterized by rapid technological development and continual introduction of new models of mining machines. We believe that our future success depends largely on our ability to mine cryptocurrencies at faster pace and with greater computing power, lower energy costs, and lower environmental impact than our competitors.

Through the Affiliated Company, we have participated in the design and development of equipment dedicated for mining machines and infrastructure, including high voltage power supply, liquid-cooling systems, and hash boards. In the near future, we plan to continue investing in research and development through our subsidiaries and the Affiliated Company and accumulate knowledge in the cryptocurrency industry. Specifically, we intend to design and develop a proprietary model of ASIC mining machines dedicated to bitcoin mining. For details, see “— Research and Development.”

To empower our subsidiaries’ research and development capabilities, we plan to start expanding our subsidiaries’ research and development team and upgrade their facilities for research and development in 2025. As of December 31, 2024, our subsidiaries had six members in their research and development team. Our subsidiaries will aim to attract talented persons specialized in algorithm optimization, software development, and mining machine design, and provide incentives to them for innovation, and continue building a strong research and development team.

Offering Crypto Asset Management Services

As the cryptocurrency industry continues to grow, we expect the market demand for crypto asset management services to increase as investors are seeking to manage and grow the crypto assets they own. We launched Bitcoin miner management and technical services in 2023 and introduced miner hosting services in 2024, and we plan to gradually launch more crypto asset management services to clients, such as crypto wallets, custody solutions, and trust services in 2025. We believe these services will be able to meet the needs to investor clients, as well as add to our services value chain.

Competition

Mining is a constantly evolving business with a wide range of competition. Broadly, we compete with other companies that focus on mining bitcoin at a large scale. We face competition based on securing low-cost, reliable and renewable power, purchasing mining machines and other essential technology, buying or leasing sites to host our mining machines and ultimately producing hash rate. We also face competition in the ability to raise capital and hire qualified personnel.

Our competitors vary from solo enthusiasts to large corporations with significant scale of operations, including their own data centers. We compete with respect to hash rate, access to low-cost renewable power, operational efficiency, technological innovation and return on investment. We believe the recent increase in market prices for bitcoin and other digital assets has allowed new competition to enter the market and allowed existing competitors to access the requisite capital required to quickly scale their operations through large power contracts and additional miners. We expect this trend to continue as bitcoin and other digital assets continue to appreciate in value.

We believe that we have several competitive advantages that will be maintained and extended through execution of our strategy, including growing technology capacities, strong marketing team, and a leading management team. However, some of our competitors may have more resources than we do, and may be able to devote greater resources than we can to expand their business. With respect to our mining machines rental business and services offerings we expect to launch in the future, including crypto asset management services, we intend to offer competitive prices to attract more customers and enhance competitiveness.

Proof-of-stake networks also serve as competition to the bitcoin blockchain. As proof-of-stake algorithms create new blocks in a blockchain without resource intensive calculations to validate transactions, companies with significant advantages in terms of scale or low-cost power may be less competitive on a proof-of-stake network.

Bitcoin Mining Operations 

Mining Machines

As of the date of this annual report, our subsidiaries own a total of 2,411 mining machines, which our subsidiaries rely upon for their day-to-day business activities. Among all mining machines owned, a total of 2,011 miming machines are currently under operation, hosted at one site managed by a facility operator.

Set forth below is a summary of each model of bitcoin mining machines our subsidiaries own as of the date of this annual report:

With their mining machines, our subsidiaries mined cryptocurrencies of an aggregate value of US$2.4 million, US$2.9 million and US$1.2 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, our network hash rate for all mining machines operated was 288PH/S.

Hosting Facilities

A hosting facility functions as a storage facility where mining machines mine cryptocurrencies. Hosting facilities are owned and operated by third parties, with whom we enter into agreements for the hosting of our subsidiaries’ mining machines. We select sites for hosting facilities to place and operate our subsidiaries’ mining machines based on criteria including but not limited to:

Through our subsidiaries, we currently manage and operate our mining machines at a self-operated mining facility in Arkansas. We also equips these mining farms and facilities with supporting staff to trouble shoot basic everyday technical difficulties. As of December 31, 2024, among all the machines owned by our subsidiaries, 2,011, or approximately 83.4% of the total 2,411 mining machines, were under operation.

The following chart sets forth the details of the mining facilities with the location of our subsidiaries’ mining machines as of December 31, 2024:

Mining Pools

A mining pool is a platform where miners contribute their computing power to jointly mine cryptocurrencies and share mining rewards in proportion to the amount of hashing power contributed by each participant. In a mining pool, the mining process is repeated a large number of times by all of its participants. By aggregating every participant’s hash power, it is more likely for the mining pool to successfully mine any particular block. Mining pools can therefore mutualize the risk of mining and participants can share mining rewards on a pro rata basis depending on each miner’s contribution to computing power to the pool.

Through our subsidiaries, we mine bitcoins exclusively through participating in mining pools. We currently participate in two mining pools, BTC.com pool, and F2Pool, for bitcoin mining. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, we mined 77.3922 bitcoins from participating in BTC.com pool, and 7.5716 bitcoins from participating in F2Pool. For the same year, we paid 0.5% of total bitcoins mined, or 0.3870 bitcoins, to BTC.com pool as pool fees, and 0.5% of total bitcoins mined, or 0.0379 bitcoins, to F2Pool as pool fees. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we mined 99.7607 bitcoins from participating in F2Pool. For the same year, we paid 0.5% of total bitcoins mined, or 0.4988 bitcoins, to F2Pool as pool fees. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, we mined 19.959 bitcoins from participating in F2Pool. For the same year, we paid 0.5% of total bitcoins mined, or 0.0998 bitcoins, to F2Pool as pool fees.

Mining Results

We operate our bitcoin mining operations through our subsidiaries. In one respect, we measure the success of our operations by the value of the bitcoins our subsidiaries earn from their mining activities. We believe in the long term growth potential of bitcoins, and we tend to hold most of the bitcoins our subsidiaries mine. Nevertheless, as our subsidiaries continue to produce bitcoins, our subsidiaries may from time to time exchange bitcoins for fiat currency such as U.S. dollars to generate cash flow to fund our business operations, subject to a combination of market and operational conditions. As of the date of this annual report, we do not have a policy in place regarding when and how we will exchange our mined bitcoins for fiat currency and through what exchange. Currently, we do not maintain agreements with any third-party exchange on which we exchange cryptocurrencies into fiat currency.

As of the date of this annual report, we store all of our bitcoins in hot wallets. A hot wallet refers to any cryptocurrency wallet that is connected to the internet. Generally, hot wallets are easier to set up and access as compared to wallets in cold storage, but they are also more susceptible to hackers and other technical vulnerabilities. Cold storage is generally more secure than hot storage, but is not ideal for quick or regular transactions. In the near future, we intend to switch a portion of our bitcoin storage to cold wallets and use a combination of hot wallets and cold wallets for bitcoin storage in the future. We take a series of precaution measures to protect our bitcoins, including opening accounts on reputable and reliable exchanges, setting up complex passwords and changing passwords on a frequent basis, adopting two-factor authentication for log-in, avoid using public Wi-Fi for account access, and staying informed of latest cybersecurity threats.

Mining Machines Resale

In addition to bitcoin mining, we also resell mining machines to generate revenue and cash flows and diversify our income streams. We have maintained business relationship with a major mining machine manufacturer, AGM Technologies Ltd, from which we source mining machines on an order-by-order basis, often at prices lower than market prices. We will then resell mining machines when there is a shortage of machines available in the market and resale prices are higher.

In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, we sold 944 bitcoin mining machines in total, with models including Antminer S19XP, Antminer L7 9050 and Antminer L7 8800, to customers, generating revenue in the amount of US$8.82 million, or 74.5% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, representing gross margin of 39.3%. In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we sold 815 bitcoin mining machines in total, with models including Antminer L7 9050 and Antminer L7 8800, to customers, generating revenue in the amount of US$5.5 million, or 60.5% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, representing gross margin of 16.7%. In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, we sold 1,191 bitcoin mining machines in total, with models including Antminer L7 9050 and Antminer L7 8800, to customers, generating revenue in the amount of US$9.1 million, or 78.1% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, representing gross margin of 26.1%.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, Skyline II Acquisition Corporation and Bitmain Technologies Ltd were our main suppliers for our mining machines resale operations, from whom we purchased mining machines in the amount of $3.4 million and $1.8 million, or 64.6% and 35.4%, respectively, of our total mining machine purchases. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, Skyline II Acquisition Corporation and Bitmain Technologies Ltd were our main suppliers for our mining machines resale operations, from whom we purchased mining machines in the amount of $4.6 million and $0.5 million, or 89.6% and 10.4%, respectively, of our total mining machine purchases. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, Skyline II Acquisition Corporation, Bitmain Technologies Ltd and YM international CO LTD were our main suppliers for our mining machines resale operations, from whom we purchased mining machines in the amount of $5.5 million, $1.0 million and $0.3 million, or 80.8%, 14.5% and 4.7%, respectively, of our total mining machine purchases.

We enter into sales orders with mining machine purchasers. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, we sold mining machines to a total of three customers, with sales to DGC Gaming Advisory Limited, New Digital Trading Company Limited, and Morgogo Company Limited constituting 47.1%, 31.4% and 21.5% of our total sales, respectively. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we sold mining machines to a total of two customers, with sales to New Digital Trading Company Limited, and Morgogo Company Limited constituting 57.0% and 43.0% of our total sales, respectively. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, we sold mining machines to a total of two customers, with sales to New Digital Trading Company Limited, and Morgogo Company Limited constituting 58.4% and 41.6% of our total sales, respectively.

Mining Machines Rental

From time to time, we seek to rent out a greater percentage of our fleet at times when bitcoin prices are lower to generate cash flow. Given the fluctuating nature of bitcoins, we seek to rent out our machines for a short period of time and under a few months. We enter into a rental agreement with customers for rental fees calculated based on the total bitcoins mined and the customers will bear the costs of electricity used in such machines’ mining activities. The mining machines rented out will not be physically transferred to the customers’ premises and will still be operated at our hosting facilities.

In October and November 2022, 1,200 mining machines, representing 68.4% of our total mining machines, was rented out to customers. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, we generated US$0.62 million in revenue from mining machines rental business, representing 5.3% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. In the same fiscal year, we generated rental fees in the amount of US$0.62 million from one customer, Lobo Group Limited, representing 100% of total rental fees generated.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we generated US$0.3 million in revenue from mining machines rental business, representing 2.8% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. In the same fiscal year, we generated rental fees in the amount of US$0.3 million from one customer, DDACE LTD, representing 100% of total rental fees generated.

For fiscal year ended December31, 2024, we generated US$1.2 million in revenue from mining machines rental business, representing 10.1% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. In the same fiscal year, we generated rental fees in the amount of US$1.2 million from one customer, DDACE LTD, representing 100% of total rental fees generated. .

Suppliers 

Our subsidiaries value the quality and computing power of their mining machines and, as such, our subsidiaries carefully evaluate the potential suppliers. In particular, our subsidiaries take into account factors including, but not limited to, a potential supplier’s operating history, operational scale, industry reputation, product quality, quality control effectiveness, technological expertise, pricing, reliability, and customer services. Our subsidiaries do not maintain strategic framework agreement or long-term procurement agreement with any of the suppliers, and our subsidiaries purchase raw materials from the suppliers on an order-by-order basis. Despite that, during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, our subsidiaries did not experience any significant difficulties in procuring mining machines.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, AGM Technologies Ltd and Bitmain Technologies Ltd were our main suppliers for the mining machines used in our bitcoin mining operations, representing our purchase in the amount of $7.9 million and $1.7 million, or 81.9% and 18.1% out of the total mining machines purchased for use in our bitcoin mining operations, respectively. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, Bitmain Technologies Ltd were our main suppliers for the mining machines used in our bitcoin mining operations, representing our purchase in the amount of $5.32 million, or 100% out of the total mining machines purchased for use in our bitcoin mining operations. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, our newly added mining machines primarily came from our purchases from Bitmain Technologies Ltd in 2023.

Marketing and Sales, Distribution and Logistics

We rely primarily on word-of-mouth referrals as a marketing tool for our business. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, all of the operating entities’ clients have come through referrals from existing clients. As of the date of this annual report, we have three members in our marketing and branding team. Our marketing team also connects with potential customers through organizing and participating in cryptocurrency events and conferences, and maintains relationship with existing customers through visits and social events.

Research and Development (“R&D”)

Research and development are key to our future innovation and business growth, and we intend to devote significant resources in the research and development of products and services complementary to our bitcoin mining operations.

We also place a strong emphasis on building our subsidiaries’ research and development team. As of December 31, 2024, the operating entities employed a total of six full-time PRC individuals in their research and development team. Many members of the operating entities’ research and development team have prior work experience in blockchain and cryptocurrency and information technology.

Intellectual Property

We do not currently own any intellectual properties in connection with our existing technologies. However, we may in the future rely upon patents, trade secrets, trademarks, service marks, trade names, copyrights or other intellectual property rights. In addition, we expect to continue developing our technologies to enhance our operational efficiency.

Employees

We had 16, 20, and 21 full-time employees as of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. The following table sets forth the number of our employees by function as of December 31, 2024:

All of our 21 employees reside in the PRC. Our officers, including our chief executive officer, Siguang Peng, and our acting chief financial officer, Yupeng Guo, reside in the PRC.

We believe that our success and continued growth depend on our ability to attract, retain, and motivate qualified employees. Through our subsidiaries, we offer our employees competitive salaries, comprehensive training, and other fringe benefits and incentives. We believe that through our subsidiaries, we maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any material labor disputes or work stoppages. None of our employees or PRC individuals are represented by labor unions, and no collective bargaining agreement has been put in place.

Through our subsidiaries, we enter into standard employment agreements, non-compete agreements, and confidentiality agreements with our employees. Our employees are not covered by any collective bargaining agreement. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any significant labor disputes as of the date of this annual report.

Environmental Initiatives

For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, the total electricity fees we paid in connection with bitcoin mining operations were US$2.9 million, US$2.2 million, and US$0.9 million, respectively, and the costs per kilowatt hour for the respective period was US$0.08, US$0.08, and US$0.67 per kWh.

We are aware of the amount of energy the operating entities use in their business activities and we intend to expand our energy-saving efforts in the future. Specifically, we intend to develop products complementary to our operations that are able to provide greater energy efficiency. Furthermore, accessibility and availability of renewable energy has always been and will continue to be a significant factor in our evaluation process for selecting the sites of operations. We believe that growing with sustainability is important for our success in the long run.

Insurance

We and our subsidiaries do not currently maintain any commercial insurance. As such, we are susceptible to losses including property damage, accidents, or liabilities. In the event that such damages are substantial, we may experience materially negative impact on our business operations, financial condition, and results of operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — The operating entities’ mining operations, including the sites in which their mining machines are operated or that are currently under construction, may experience damages, including damages that are not covered by insurance.”

Seasonality

Mining machines are relatively energy intensive and produce a high amount of heat. Typically, machines operate more efficiently in the colder seasons when operators do not need to utilize as many cooling methods. Additionally, dry seasons may lead to a shortage in power supply, which can negatively impact the business operations of the operating entities if they experience power supply interruption. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — As the operating entities develop their blockchain and cryptocurrency business, our total revenue and cash flow will become materially dependent on the market value of digital assets and the volume of digital assets received from our mining efforts. If such market value or volume declines, our business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.”

Results of our business operations are largely influenced by the market value of bitcoins, and bitcoin bears and bulls are tied to its halving schedule. For details on halving, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — The reward for adding new blocks to the bitcoin blockchain is subject to halving, and the value of bitcoin may not adjust to compensate us for the reduction in the rewards we receive from our mining efforts.”

Material Contracts

On July 3, 2024 the Company, through its subsidiary METEN SERVICE USA CORP., entered into an acquisition agreement with MINE CRYPTO PRO INC. to acquire a Bitcoin mining facility in Arkansas equipped with a 6MV long-term stable power load for $1.99 million. 

Government Regulation

Government regulation of blockchain and cryptocurrency is being actively considered by the United States federal government via a number of agencies and regulatory bodies, as well as similar entities in other countries. State government regulations also may apply to our activities and other activities in which we participate or may participate in the future. Other regulatory bodies are governmental or semi-governmental and have shown an interest in regulating or investigating companies engaged in the blockchain or cryptocurrency business. We anticipate that Bitcoin mining will be a focus for potential increased regulation in the near and long term, and we cannot predict how future regulations may affect our business or operations.

Businesses that are engaged in the transmission and custody of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, including brokers and custodians, can be subject to U.S. Treasury Department regulations as money services businesses as well as state money transmitter licensing requirements. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are subject to anti-fraud regulations under federal and state commodity laws, and cryptocurrency derivative instruments are substantively regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Certain jurisdictions, including, among others, New York and a number of countries outside the United States, have developed regulatory requirements specifically for cryptocurrency and companies that transact in them.

Regulations may substantially change in the future and it is presently not possible to know how regulations will apply to our businesses, or when they will be effective. As the regulatory and legal environment evolves, we may become subject to new laws, further regulation by the SEC and other agencies, which may affect our mining and other activities. For instance, various bills have also been proposed in Congress related to our business, which may be adopted and have an impact on us.

State regulation of Bitcoin mining is an important consideration with respect to where we conduct our mining operations. Our Rockdale Facility and our Corsicana Facility are both located in the State of Texas. To the extent that there is any state regulation of Bitcoin mining, we believe Texas is likely to remain one of the most favorable regulatory environments for Bitcoin miners.

In March 2022, the SEC issued proposed climate-related disclosure requirements for registrants and received thousands of comments on the proposal. We continue to await the release of any potential finalized rules requiring such disclosures following the analysis of the comments.

In January 2023, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”), Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and FDIC issued a joint statement regarding perceived risks to banks with clients in crypto-asset industries. In January 2023, the Federal Reserve also issued a policy statement broadening its regulatory authority to limit the activities of state-chartered banks. Several leaders in the U.S. Congress sent oversight letters to the prudential regulators pushing back on any efforts to place limits on banking activity for digital asset industries. Riot has also diversified banking relationships to mitigate any potential regulatory risk with respect to financial services.

Additionally, in January 2023, the U.S. House of Representatives announced its first ever Financial Services Subcommittee on Digital Assets and its intention to develop a regulatory framework for the digital asset industry. Bipartisan leadership of the Senate Banking Committee announced that goal as well. Over the course of 2023, the House Financial Services Committee passed various bills, including a bill to provide a market structure for digital assets, but no such legislation has received a vote on the floor of the full House.

In January 2024, a decade after initial applications were filed, the SEC approved a series of spot Bitcoin exchange-traded funds, which have received billions of dollars of in-flows.

Also in January 2024, the U.S. Energy Information Administration initiated a provisional survey of electricity consumption information from cryptocurrency mining companies operating in the United States. The survey was authorized by the Office of Management and Budget as an emergency data request. This action is purely a survey, and it remains unclear whether or how the information will be used in future regulatory efforts.

Leaders on both the U.S. House Financial Services Committee and U.S. Senate Banking Committee have expressed interest in passing legislation to provide additional regulatory authority to address risks related to the use of digital assets in illicit financial activity. The U.S. Treasury Department has also requested additional authorities to address such risks. However, we have not seen sufficient support emerge in favor of any particular proposal to anticipate any specific changes at this time.

The Company is the parent company of a number of subsidiaries held directly and indirectly which operate and are incorporated around the world. All of the Company’s subsidiaries are all, directly or indirectly, owned by the Company. See the Subsidiaries of the Company included as Exhibit 21.1 to this Annual Report for a list of significant subsidiaries.

Leases

The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Quench Data LLC, entered into an Assignment of Lease, pursuant to which it assumed the lease of a facility located at 3101 AR-77, Manila, Arkansas 72442. The initial lease term is one year, commenced on May 16, 2024, with automatic renewal for successive one-year periods unless and until either party provides written notice of termination of the lease.

ITEM 4A UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and our expectations with respect to liquidity and capital resources, includes forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those risks and uncertainties described in  “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements” sections in this Annual Report. Our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by these forward-looking statements.

Overview

BTC Digital Ltd. (“we”, “us” “our” and the “Company”) is a crypto asset technology company based in the U.S. with a focus on bitcoin mining. We also generate revenue through mining machines resale and rental business operations.

In fiscal year 2024, we generated a substantial majority of our revenue from bitcoin mining and mining machines resale. We store all of our bitcoins mined in hot wallets, or cryptocurrency wallets connected to the Internet, and may from time to time exchange bitcoins mined for fiat currency to generate cash flow to fund our business operations. We attribute our growth since we launched our crypto asset business in 2022 to our competitive strengths in diversified revenue streams, dedicated team and efforts towards regulatory compliance, and our experienced and visionary management team.

As of December 31, 2024, we owned a total of 2,411 mining machines with a total hash rate of 288PH/S. We manage and operate our mining machines at the facility in Arkansas. In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, we mined a total of 19.959 bitcoins, generating US$1.2 million in revenue.

Historically, the price of bitcoins has fluctuated significantly. The profitability of our bitcoin mining operations and our operation results have been and will continue to be directly impacted by the trading price of bitcoins. To mitigate these risks, we have launched a mining machines resale and rental business. We have maintained business relationship with a major machine manufacturer, AGM Technologies Ltd, from which we source mining machines on an order-by-order basis, often at prices lower than market prices. We will then resell mining machines when there is a shortage of machines available on the market and resale prices are higher. Additionally, from time to time, we rent out our mining machines to customers at a rate calculated based on the total bitcoins mined. We seek to rent out a greater percentage of our fleet at times when bitcoin prices are lower to generate cash flow.

We believe research and development capacities are key to our continued long-term growth and will afford us with the ability to mine bitcoins with greater hash rate and power efficiency and the opportunity to further expand our service or product offerings and diversify our revenue streams. Through the Joint Venture (as defined below), we have participated in the design and development of equipment dedicated for mining machines and infrastructure, including high voltage power supply, liquid-cooling systems, and hash boards. In the near future, we plan to continue investing in research and development and the Joint Venture and accumulate knowledge in the cryptocurrency industry.

Prior Business Operations

On October 20, 2022, pursuant to the terms of the VIE contractual arrangements, Zhuhai Meizhilian Education Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhuhai Meten”) and Zhuhai Likeshuo Education Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhuhai Likeshuo”) unilaterally terminated their respective contractual arrangements with 30-day advanced notices to their respective former VIEs, namely Shenzhen Meten International Education Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Likeshuo Education Co., Ltd. (the “former VIEs”). The termination of the VIE contractual arrangements were effective on November 19, 2022. As the VIE structure has been unwound, the financial results of the VIEs and their subsidiaries are no longer consolidated into the Company’s financial statements after the effective date. As of the date of this report, we only operate cryptocurrency mining business in the U.S., and we no longer provide English language training (“ELT”) services, which services were provided by the former VIEs. The following are descriptions of the former VIEs’ business, and the operating results of which were consolidated into the Company’s financial statements for the first half of 2022.

Through the former VIEs, we were an ELT service provider in China. China’s ELT market is segmented into general ELT, test-oriented ELT and after-school language training sectors. The former VIEs offered a comprehensive ELT service portfolio comprising of general adult ELT, junior ELT, overseas training services, online ELT and other English language-related services to students from a wide range of age groups. The former VIEs conducted their business through offline-online business model designed to maximize compatibility within their business segments in order to scale up at relatively low costs.

As of November 22, 2022, the former VIEs had a nationwide offline learning center network of 17 self-operated learning centers covering seven cities in two provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China, and one franchised learning center in China. Leveraging their experience gained from operating offline learning centers, the former VIEs launched the online English learning platform “Likeshuo” in 2014 to further expand their service reach to a larger student base. As of November 22, 2022, the former VIEs had approximately 2.09 million registered users on the “Likeshuo” platform and cumulatively over 485,000 paying users who purchased their online ELT courses or trial lessons. As of the same date, the cumulative number of student enrollments for the former VIEs’ online ELT courses since 2014 was approximately 230,000 and the former VIEs had delivered over 6.0 million accumulated course hours to the students online. The former VIEs took advantage of their business model of combining offline learning center network and online platform to deepen their market penetration and further develop their business.

The former VIEs’ qualified personnel, centralized management system driven by artificial intelligence, and technical expertise enabled the former VIEs to create a learning environment that caters to the specific learning demands of the students. The former VIEs had a high-caliber teaching staff and an experienced content development team, who were supported by the former VIEs’ centralized teaching and management systems to optimize the students’ learning experiences. As of November 22, 2022, the former VIEs had a team of 524 full-time teachers, study advisors and teaching service staff, of which 245 were study advisors and teaching service staff for our offline and online businesses. As of the same date, the former VIEs also had 40 full-time and part-time foreign teachers from English-speaking countries for the offline ELT services. The former VIEs had a dedicated content development team focusing on developing practical and innovative education materials independently and in collaboration with strategic partners. The former VIEs had built highly centralized and scalable management systems to manage teaching, marketing, finance and human resources activities across offline and online businesses. In addition to management systems, the former VIEs had made significant investments in developing platforms and systems to support teaching activities. For example, the former VIEs utilized the intelligent tracking and learning coaching function of artificial intelligence-driven teaching management systems to record and analyze the students’ real-time learning process and personalize the course content to address the students’ learning needs. 

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations, both in absolute amounts and as a percentage of total net revenue, for the period indicated. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report on Form 20-F. The operating results in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

For the years Ended of December 31, 2024 Compared to the years Ended of December 31, 2023

Revenues

Note: The Educational Training Business was operated through the former VIEs and their subsidiaries. Following the divestiture of the former VIEs and their subsidiaries, the Company’s continuing operations are solely comprised of cryptocurrency-related businesses. Accordingly, the following discussion and analysis reflect only the financial results from continuing operations related to the cryptocurrency business.

Our total revenue increased by 28.7% from US$9.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 to US$11.7 million in the years ended December 31, 2024. This was primarily due to the increase in mining machines resale by 66.3% from US$5.5 million to US$9.1 million. The increase in mining machines resale was mainly due to the bitcoin price surge, during 2024, Bitcoin’s price ranged from a low of $39,567.28 on January 23 to a peak of $102,900 on December 5, an increase of roughly $63,333 or about 160%, which increase market demand for mining machines.  

Cost of Revenues

Our total cost of revenues increased by 13.2% from US$10.2 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 to US$11.6 million in the years ended December 31, 2024. This increase was mainly due to the growth of business volume.

Gross Profit and Gross Profit Margin

As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit increased from negative US$1.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 to US$115 thousand in the years ended December 31, 2024. Our gross profit margin increased from negative 12.5% in the years ended December 31, 2023 to 1.0% in the years ended December 31, 2024.

Selling and Marketing Expenses

Our selling and marketing expenses increased from US$225 thousand in the years ended December 31, 2023 to US$355 thousand in the years ended December 31, 2024. This increase was mainly due to the growth of mining machine resale business, which correspondingly led to the increase in sales expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses increased by 117.5% from US$1.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 to US$2.4 million in the years ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to (i) the rise in expenses related to the Employee Stock Option Plan, which amounted to US$0.57 million; (ii)a credit impairment loss of US$0.48 million.

Interest Expenses

Our interest expenses decreased from US$63 thousand in the years ended December 31, 2023 to US$48 thousand in the years ended December 31,2024. This reduction is consistent with the decrease in short-term loans.

Realized gain on exchange of digital assets

Our Realized gain on exchange of digital assets increased from US$0.03 million to US$0.7 million, this was mainly attributable to the significant surge in the price of bitcoin in 2024.

Equity in Income on Equity Method Investments

Our gain on equity method investments was US$12 thousand and US$75 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

Loss Before Income Tax

As a result of the foregoing, we had a loss before income tax of US$2.8 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, as compared to a net loss of US$2.0 million in the years ended December 31, 2024.

Net Loss

As a result of the foregoing, we had a net loss of US$2.8 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, as compared to a net loss of US$2.0 million in the years ended December 31, 2024.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our consolidated financial statements which are presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we also use adjusted net income and adjusted EBITDA as additional non-GAAP financial measures. We present these non-GAAP financial measures because they are used by our management to evaluate its operating performance. We also believe that such non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our consolidated results of operations in the same manner as our management and in comparing financial results across accounting periods and to those of its peer companies.

Adjusted net income and adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or construed as alternatives to net income/(loss) or any other measure of performance or as indicators of our operating performance. Investors are encouraged to compare the historical non-GAAP financial measures with the most directly comparable GAAP measures. Adjusted net income and adjusted EBITDA presented here may not be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies. Other companies may calculate similarly titled measures differently, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures to our data. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.

Adjusted net income represents net income/(loss) before share-based compensation and offering expenses. The table below sets forth a reconciliation of our adjusted net income for the periods indicated:

In addition, adjusted EBITDA represents the net income/(loss) before interest expenses, income tax expenses, depreciation and amortization, and excluding share-based compensation expenses and offering expenses. The table below sets forth a reconciliation of our adjusted EBITDA for the periods indicated:

Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income or capital gains tax. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands.

British Virgin Islands

Under the current laws of the British Virgin Islands, companies formed in the British Virgin Islands are not subject to tax on income or capital gains.

Delaware

The Delaware corporate tax rate is 8.7%. This tax rate applies to limited liability companies that elect to be treated as corporations and report net taxable income. Our subsidiary, Meten Block Chain LLC was formed in Delaware and elects to be treated as corporation.

Hong Kong

Our wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, Meten Education (Hong Kong) Limited, is subject to an income tax rate of 16.5% for taxable income earned in Hong Kong. No Hong Kong profit tax has been levied in our consolidated financial statements as Meten Education (Hong Kong) Limited had no assessable income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024. 

Critical Accounting Policies

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires our management to make judgment, estimates and assumptions that affect our reporting of, among other things, assets and liabilities, contingent assets and liabilities and revenue and expenses. We continually evaluate these judgments, estimates and assumptions based on our own historical experience, knowledge and assessment of relevant current business and other conditions, our expectations regarding the future based on available information and various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, which together form our basis for making judgments about matters that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, our actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application.

The selection of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting the application of those policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors that should be considered when reviewing our financial statements. We believe the following accounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements. You should read the following description of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and other disclosures included herein.

Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation costs are measured at the grant date. The compensation expense in connection with the shares awarded to employees is recognized using the straight-line method over the requisite service period. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant, with such estimate updated periodically and with actual forfeitures recognized currently to the extent they differ from the estimate. In determining the fair value of the shares awarded to employees, the discounted cash flow pricing model has been applied.

Our principal sources of liquidity have been from cash generated from operating activities. As of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, we had US$48,000, US$43,000 and US$14.9 million, respectively, in cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand placed with banks or other financial institutions and highly liquid investment which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use and have original maturities of three months or less when purchased.

We intend to finance future working capital requirements and capital expenditures from cash generated from operating activities, and funds raised from financing activities, including the net proceeds we received from the transactions. We believe that our current available cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements and capital expenditures in the ordinary course of business for the next twelve months.

However, we may require additional cash resources due to the changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investment or acquisition we may decide to selectively pursue. If our existing cash resources are insufficient to meet our requirements, we may seek to sell equity or equity-linked securities, sell debt securities or borrow from banks. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in the amounts we need or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. The sale of additional equity securities would result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness and issuance of debt securities would result in debt service obligations and could result in operating and financial covenants that restrict our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods presented:

Operating Activities

Net cash flow used in operating activities amounted to US$31 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The difference between our net loss of US$5.6 million and the net cash used in operating activities was primarily due to (i) depreciation and amortization of US$4.2 million; (ii) amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset of US$1.3 million; (iii) realized gain on exchange of digital assets of US$0.3 million; (iv) share-based compensation expenses of US$0.9 million; and (v) loss on disposal and closure of subsidiaries and branches of US$2.6 million, partially offset by (i) a decrease in operating lease liability of US$1.3 million; (ii) an decrease in financial liabilities from contracts with customers of US$10.2 million; and (iii) a decrease in deferred revenue of US$12.6 million; (iv) net gain on disposal of property and equipment of US$3.9 million; and (v) gains on disposal of subsidiaries and the former VIEs of US$10.8 million. Operating lease liability decreased mainly due to the closure of some learning centers of the former VIEs and the withdrawal of lease. The decrease in deferred revenue and financial liabilities from contracts with customers for the year ended December 31, 2022 was mainly as a result of the decrease of gross billings due to the resurgence of COVID-19 and a reduction in the number of offline learning centers of the former VIEs.

Net cash generated from operating activities amounted to US$3.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023. The difference between our net loss of US$2.8 million and the net cash used in operating activities was primarily due to (i) depreciation of US$3.1 million; (ii) increase in accounts receivable of US$3.4 million; and (iii) decrease in prepayments and other current assets of US$3.0 million; partially offset by (iv) decrease in accounts payable of US$3.3 million.

Net cash generated from operating activities amounted to US$1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024. The difference between our net loss of US$2.0 million and the net cash used in operating activities was primarily due to depreciation of US$3.7 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities amounted to US$2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily attributable to (i) the purchases of property and equipment of US$8.9 million; (ii) disposal of subsidiaries and VIEs of US$2.5 million; and (iii) payment for investment in associate of US$1.8 million, partially offset by proceeds from disposal of property and equipment of US$ 10.6 million.

Net cash used in investing activities amounted to US$4.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023. This was primarily attributable to the repayment of advances from related parties of US$2.6 million, purchases of property and equipment of US$2.5 million.

Net cash used in investing activities amounted to US$7.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024. This was primarily attributable to (i) the repayment of advances from related parties of US$4.7 million, and (ii) purchases of property and equipment of US$2.7 million. 

Financing Activities

Net cash flow generated from financing activities amounted to US$7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily attributable to (i) proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares for private placement of US$6.5 million; and (ii) the proceeds from bank loans of US$1.0 million; and (iii) the proceeds of advances from related parties of US$4.1 million, partially offset by (i) the repayment of advances from related parties of US$2.8 million; and (ii) the repayment of bank loans of US$1.0 million.

Net cash flow generated from financing activities amounted to US$0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023. This was primarily attributable to proceeds from short term loans of US$0.8 million.

Net cash flow generated from financing activities amounted to US$20.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024. This was primarily attributable to the proceeds from the S-3 financing of US$19.9 million.

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Research and Development” and “—Intellectual Property.”

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the period from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

Accounting estimates are an integral part of the financial statements prepared by management and are based on management’s knowledge and experience about past and current events and assumptions about future events. Critical accounting estimates are estimates for which (a) the nature of the estimate is material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change and (b) the impact of the estimate on financial condition or operating performance is material.

Uses of estimates

In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are based on information as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. Significant estimates required to be made by management include, but are not limited to, the valuation and recoverability of accounts receivable, and useful lives of property, plant and equipment. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Accounts receivable, net

We adopted ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement on Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”, including certain subsequent amendments, transitional guidance and other interpretive guidance within ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-11, ASU 2020-02 and ASU 2020-03 (collectively, including ASU 2016-13, “ASC 326”) on July 1, 2022 using the modified retrospective transition approach. ASC 326 introduces an approach based on expected losses to estimate the allowance for credit losses, which replaces the previous incurred loss impairment model. The Company’s estimation of allowance for credit losses consider factors such as historical collection experience and credit-worthiness of the debtors, as well as the age of the individual receivables balance.

We evaluates its accounts receivable for expected credit losses on a regular basis. The Company maintains an estimated allowance for credit losses to reduce its accounts receivable to the amount that it believes will be collected. We considers factors in assessing the collectability of its receivables, such as the age of the amounts due, the customer’s payment history, credit-worthiness and other specific circumstances related to the accounts. We adjusts the allowance percentage periodically when there are significant differences between estimated bad debts and actual bad debts. If there is strong evidence indicating that the accounts receivable is likely to be unrecoverable, we also makes specific. Our allowance for uncollectible balances as of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are disclosed in Note 4 of our accompanying consolidation financial statements.

Revenue recognition

We adopted ASC Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) on April 1, 2019. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are presented under ASC 606. Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to the Company’s customers in an amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for contracts with customers, We performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant future reversal will not occur, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the respective performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligation. VAT that the Company collects concurrent with revenue-producing activities is excluded from revenue.

We recognizes revenue for its products sold when it has satisfied a performance obligation by transferring significant risks and rewards of ownership of promised products to the customer. Furthermore, the customer obtains the legal title of and accepts the promised products at a specific time. For each performance obligation satisfied at a point in time, We recognizes revenue at a point in time by measuring whether the performance obligation has been met.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

Siguang Peng is our founder and has served as our director and chief executive officer since inception. Prior to starting the former VIEs’ business in 2006, Mr. Peng served as director of teaching department and principal of Quanzhou School of King’s International from 2004 to 2006. Mr. Peng received his EMBA degree from China Europe International Business School in 2011 and his bachelor’s degree in international economics and trading from Changchun University of Science and Technology in 2000.

Xu Peng has served as the chairman of the Company’s board of directors since December 2023. Mr. Xu Peng served as the president of Hailuoda International Consulting Services Co., Ltd. in People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”), a company engaged in overseas trade and investment promotion in Hainan, the PRC, from July 2019 to November 2023, where he was overseeing and managing the overall operations of the company. From August 2012 to June 2019, Mr. Peng served as the president at Ziyou Emotional Intelligence Education Consulting Co., Ltd., an education services provider targeted at children and youth, where he was overseeing and managing the overall operations of the company. Mr. Peng obtained a bachelor’s degree in computer science from College of Applied Arts and Science of Beijing Union University in the PRC in 2003.

Yupeng Guo is our founder and has served as our director and vice president since inception. Prior to starting the former VIEs’ business in 2006, Mr. Guo served as director of marketing department of Quanzhou School of King’s International from 2005 to 2006. Mr. Guo received his EMBA degree from China Europe International Business School in 2012, his master’s degree in business administration from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2007 and his bachelor’s degree in trading and economics from Changchun University of Science and Technology in 2000.

Ye Ren has served as our independent director since June 2022. From August 2019 to March 2022, Ms. Ren served as chief financial officer of CN Energy Group Ltd. (Nasdaq: CNEY) where she was responsible for supervising finance team, reviewing and approving financial and accounting transactions, and financial regulation compliance. From April 2017 to July 2018, Ms. Ren served as the Deputy Finance Manager of Zhejiang Yongning Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., where she was responsible for department budget and internal control. From December 2014 to March 2017, Ms. Ren served as an assistant of the chief financial officer of Tantech Holdings Ltd. From October 2013 to November 2015, Ms. Ren served as a senior auditor of Pan-China Certificated Public Accountants LLP. Ms. Ren obtained her bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from George Fox University in 2010 and her master’s degree in Accountancy from the University of South Carolina in 2013.

Zhiyi Xie has served as our independent director since August 2021. Mr. Zhiyi Xie has been the general manager of Shenzhen Shenghongtao Technology Co., Ltd. since April 2017. Prior to that, Mr. Xie served as the general manager of Shenzhen Haiyue Huifu Investment Management Co., Ltd. from 2016 to 2017. He served as the deputy general manager of Shenzhen Yipu Rui Venture Capital Co., Ltd. from 2010 to 2015. Mr. Xie served as the investment director of Shenzhen Dingchuan Investment Co., Ltd. from 2008 to 2010. Mr. Xie obtained his bachelor’s degree in law from Xiangtan University in 2000. He received his Lawyer’s Qualification Certificate and Fund Qualification Certificate in 2000 and 2017, respectively.

Yuejun Jiang has served as our independent director since May 2023. Mr. Yuejun Jiang founded Enotek Technology (Group) Co., Ltd. in the People’s Republic of China (“China” or the “PRC”) in 2008, a company providing full-service industrial logistics solutions to customers, and has since served as the company’s chairman of the board of directors. Mr. Jiang oversees the company’s overall operations and makes major corporate decisions. Mr. Jiang obtained a bachelor’s degree in law from China Central Radio and TV University (currently known as Open University of China) in 2014 and obtained an Executive MBA degree from Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business in the PRC in 2017. Mr. Jiang is pursuing his Doctor of Business Administration degree at Singapore Management University and expects to obtain his doctorate degree in 2025.

Executive Employment Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers for a specified time period providing that the agreements are terminable for cause at any time. The terms of these agreements are substantially similar to each other. A senior executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time by 30-day prior written notice. We may terminate the executive officer’s employment for cause, at any time, without advance notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, such as conviction or plea of guilty to a felony or any crime involving moral turpitude, negligent or dishonest acts to our detriment, or misconduct or a failure to perform agreed duties.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold in strict confidence and not to use, except for our benefit, any proprietary information, technical data, trade secrets and know-how of our company or the confidential or proprietary information of any third party, including our subsidiaries and clients, received by us. Each of these executive officers has also agreed to be bound by noncompetition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of his or her employment and typically for two years following the last date of employment.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships between or among any of the current directors, executive officers or persons nominated or charged to become directors or executive officers.

Board Composition

Our business and affairs are organized under the direction of our board of directors, which consists of 5 members. Our directors hold office until the earlier of their death, resignation, removal, or disqualification, or until their successors have been elected and qualified. Our board of directors does not have a formal policy on whether the roles of Chief Executive Officer and chairman of our board of directors should be separate. The primary responsibilities of our board of directors are to provide oversight, strategic guidance, counseling, and direction to our management. Our board of directors meets on a regular basis.

Board Diversity

We currently have no formal policy regarding board diversity. Our priority in selection of board members is identification of members who will further the interests of our stockholders through his or her established record of professional accomplishment, the ability to contribute positively to the collaborative culture among board members, knowledge of our business and understanding of the competitive landscape.

Under Rule 5606(f)(2) and Rule 5606(f)(6) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, we are required to have, or disclose why we do not have, at least one “diverse” (as such term is defined in Rule 5606(f)(2)(B) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules) director by December 31, 2026.

Director Independence

The Nasdaq Marketplace Rules require a majority of a listed company’s board of directors to be comprised of independent directors within one year of listing. In addition, the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of a listed company’s audit, compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees be independent and that audit committee members also satisfy independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

Under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of our board of directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. In order to be considered independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the board of directors, or any other board committee, accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries or otherwise be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries.

Our board of directors has reviewed the composition of our board of directors and its committees and the independence of each director. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our board of directors has determined that each of Ms. Ye Ren, Mr. Zhiyi Xie and Mr. Yuejun Jiang is an “independent director” as defined under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Our board of directors also determined that Ms. Ye Ren, Mr. Zhiyi Xie and Mr. Yuejun Jiang, who are members of our audit committee, our compensation committee, and our nominating and corporate governance committee, satisfy the independence standards for such committees established by the SEC and the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, as applicable. In making such determinations, our board of directors considered the relationships that each such non-employee director has with our company and all other facts and circumstances our board of directors deemed relevant in determining independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our employees, officers and directors. A current copy of the code is posted on the Corporate Governance section of our website, which is located at https://btct.investorroom.com/code-of-ethics. We intend to disclose future amendments to certain provisions of our code of business conduct and ethics, or waivers of such provisions applicable to any principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, and our directors, on our website identified above or in filings with the SEC.

Overview

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, we and our subsidiaries paid aggregate cash compensation of approximately US116 thousand to our directors and executive officers as a group. We do not pay or set aside any amounts for pensions, retirement or other benefits for officers and directors.

The following table presents the compensation awarded to or earned by or paid to our named executive officers during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year End

The following table summarizes for our employees, directors and service providers the outstanding options granted under the 2020 Plan as of December 31, 2024.

Share Incentive Plans

2013 Plan

Shenzhen Meten adopted the 2013 Plan in January 2013. The purpose of the 2013 Plan is to enhance Shenzhen Meten’s ability to attract and retain highly qualified mid- to high-level management, consultants and other qualified persons, and to motivate such persons to serve us and to expend maximum effort to improve our business results and earnings, by providing such persons an opportunity to share equity interest in our future success.

2018 Plan

Meten adopted a new share incentive plan, or the 2018 Plan, to replace the 2013 Plan in December 2018. Meten rolled over the awards granted under the 2013 Plan with the same amount and terms in December 2018 to the Meten level, and as a result a total of 20,085,242 options were granted to the plan participants according to the awards under our 2013 Plan and the 2018 Plan as described below. Upon the adoption of the 2018 Plan, no additional awards were made under our 2013 Plan.

2020 Plan

In connection with the Mergers, we adopted a new incentive plan to replace the 2018 Plan. We rolled over awards granted under the 2013 Plan and 2018 Plan with the same amount and terms. As a result, options to purchase 397,998 of our ordinary shares were issued and outstanding on December 31, 2022. Additionally, the Company reserved for issuance pursuant to the plan one percent (1%) of the total issued and outstanding ordinary shares on the closing date (being 531,005 ordinary shares), and will reserve an additional 3.5% of then-outstanding shares each year for a period of four years following the first anniversary of the closing date of the Mergers.

The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2020 Plan:

Eligibility. Our qualified officers, directors, employees, consultants and other qualified persons are eligible to participate in the 2020 Plan.

Types of Awards. The 2020 Plan permits the awards of options, share appreciation rights, share awards, restricted share units, dividend equivalents or other share-based awards.

Plan Administration. Our board of directors, or a committee designated by our board of directors, will administer the plan, unless otherwise determined by the board of directors.

Evidence of award. Awards can be evidenced by an agreement, certificate, resolution or other types of writing or an electronic medium approved by the board of directors or the compensation committee as the plan administrator that sets forth the terms and conditions of the awards granted.

Conditions of Award. The administrator shall determine the participants, types of awards, numbers of shares to be covered by awards, terms and conditions of each award, and provisions with respect to the vesting schedule, settlement, exercise, cancellation, forfeiture or suspension of awards.

Term of Award. The term of each award shall be fixed by the administrator and is stated in the award agreement between recipient of an award and us, provided that the term shall generally be no more than five years from the date of grant thereof.

Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administration committee determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement.

Transfer Restrictions. Unless otherwise determined by the administrator or for certain limited permitted transfers, no award and no right under any such award shall be assignable, alienable, saleable or transferable by the employee holder otherwise than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution.

Amendment, Suspension or Termination. The board of directors may amend, alter, suspend, discontinue or terminate the 2020 Plan, or any award agreement hereunder or any portion hereof or thereof at any time, provided, however, that no such amendment, alteration, suspension, discontinuation or termination shall be made without the consent of the affected recipient of an award with respect to any award agreement, the consent of the affected recipient of an award, if such action would materially and adversely affect the rights of such recipient under any outstanding award.

Terms of Directors and Executive Officers

Our officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of our board of directors. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until such time as they are removed from office by ordinary resolution or the unanimous written resolution of all shareholders. None of our directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of service as a director.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a duty of loyalty to act honestly in good faith with a view to our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. A shareholder has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached.

Board Committees

Our board of directors has established three standing committees - audit, compensation and nominating and corporate governance - each of which operates under a charter that has been approved by our board of directors. Copies of each committee’s charter are posted on the Investor Relations section of our website, which is located at https://btct.investorroom.com/index.php?s=114. Each committee has the composition and responsibilities described below. Our board of directors may from time to time establish other committees.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of Ms. Ye Ren, who is the chair of the audit committee, Mr. Zhiyi Xie and Mr.Yuejun Jiang. Our board of directors has determined that each of the members of our audit committee satisfies the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules and SEC independence requirements. The functions of this committee include, among other things:

Our board of directors has determined that Ms. Ye Ren qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of applicable SEC regulations and meets the financial sophistication requirements of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. In making this determination, our board has considered extensive financial experience and business background.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Zhiyi Xie, who is the chair of the compensation committee, Ms. Ye Ren and Mr.Yuejun Jiang. Our board of directors has determined that each of the members of our compensation committee is an outside director, as defined pursuant to Section 162(m) of the Code, and satisfies the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules independence requirements. The functions of this committee include, among other things:

The compensation committee will take into account may factors in determining recommendations for persons to serve on the board of directors, including the following:

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Mr. Zhiyi Xie, who is the chair of the compensation committee, and Ms. Ye Ren and Mr. Yuejun Jiang. Our board of directors has determined that each of the members of this committee satisfies the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules independence requirements. The functions of this committee include, among other things:

Role of Board in Risk Oversight Process

Periodically, our board of directors assesses these roles and the board of directors leadership structure to ensure the interests of the Company and our stockholders are best served. Our board of directors has determined that its current leadership structure is appropriate.

While management is responsible for assessing and managing risks to the Company, our board of directors is responsible for overseeing management’s efforts to assess and manage risk. This oversight is conducted primarily by our full board of directors, which has responsibility for general oversight of risks, and standing committees of our board of directors. Our board of directors satisfies this responsibility through full reports by each committee chair regarding the committee’s considerations and actions, as well as through regular reports directly from officers responsible for oversight of particular risks within our company. Our board of directors believes that full and open communication between management and the board of directors is essential for effective risk management and oversight.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

None of our executive officers serves, or in the past has served, as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee, or other committee serving an equivalent function, of any entity that has one or more executive officers who serve as members of our board of directors or our compensation committee. None of the members of our compensation committee is, or has ever been, an officer or employee of our company.

See the Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Employees.

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership based on 6,434,040 shares of our ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024 based on information obtained from the persons named below, with respect to the beneficial ownership of our shares by:

Unless otherwise indicated, we believe that all persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares beneficially owned by them.

None of our existing shareholders have different voting rights from other shareholders. To our knowledge, we are not owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any other natural or legal persons, severally or jointly. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

To our best knowledge, as of December 31, 2024, we had 6,434,040 ordinary shares issued and outstanding, among which approximately 82.01% of those ordinary shares are held in the U.S., including CEDE & CO and eleven registered holders of record. The number of beneficial owners of our ordinary shares in the U.S. is likely much larger than the ten record holders of our ordinary shares in the U.S.

6.F. Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

Pursuant to Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act and Nasdaq Rule 5608, the Company adopted a Clawback Policy providing that the Company will recover reasonably promptly the amount of erroneously awarded incentive-based compensation from any “Executive Officer” (as such term is defined in Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act and Nasdaq Rule 5608) in the event that the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement due to the material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, the Company was not required to recoup any compensation awarded under the Clawback Policy.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

We are required by the Companies Act to keep a register of our shareholders. Under English law, the ordinary shares are deemed to be issued when the name of the shareholder is entered in the register of members. The register of members therefore is prima facie evidence of the identity of our shareholders, and the shares that they hold. The register of members generally provides limited, or no, information regarding the ultimate beneficial owners of our ordinary shares. See Item 6.E. — Share Ownership for a description of our major shareholders.

The Company’s related parties balance consisted of the following:

Relationship with related parties

Transactions with related parties

In the year ended December 31, 2024, we repaid amount due to Mr. Jishuang Zhao of US$2.4 million, Met Chain Co., Limited of US$1.8 million.

In the year ended December 31, 2023, we repaid amount due to Mr. Jishuang Zhao of US$2.5 million.

In the year ended December 31, 2022, we received advances from Mr. Yupeng Guo in the amount of approximately RMB2 million (US$0.3 million), from Mr. Jishuang Zhao in the amount of approximately RMB10.14 million (US$1.5 million), and from Met Chain Co., Limited in the amount of approximately RMB14.08 million (US$2.0 million).

Amount due to related parties

As of December 31, 2024, our outstanding balance due to Mr. Yupeng Guo was US$0.3 million, our outstanding balance due to Mr. Jishuang Zhao was US$2.0 million, and our outstanding balance due to Met Chain Co., Limited was US$2.0 million.

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The financial statements required by this item may be found at the end of this report on 20-F, beginning on page F-1.

Legal Proceedings 

From time to time, we may become a party to various legal or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including actions with respect to intellectual property infringement, violation of third-party licenses or other rights, breach of contract and labor and employment claims. Except as otherwise disclosed in this annual report, we are currently not a party to, and we are not aware of any threat of, any legal or administrative proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have any material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash-flow or results of operations. We may periodically be subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims relating to our business. We may also initiate legal proceedings to protect our rights and interests.

Dividend Policy 

We previously did not declare or pay any cash dividends and have no intention to declare or pay any dividends in the near future on our ordinary shares. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

Our board of directors has complete discretion in deciding whether to distribute dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors.

We are a holding company with no material operations of our own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries. As a result, our ability to pay dividends and to finance any debt we may incur depends upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries. If our existing subsidiaries or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.  

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

Not Applicable.

Not Applicable.

Our ordinary shares are currently traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market.

Not Applicable.

Not Applicable.

Not Applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Not Applicable.

We are a Cayman Islands company limited by shares and our affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Act (as amended or modified from time to time) insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.

Our authorized share capital is $1,500,000 divided into 25,000,000 ordinary shares of a par value of US$0.06 each. All options, regardless of grant dates, will entitle holders to an equivalent number of ordinary shares once the vesting and exercising conditions are met. The following are summaries of material provisions of our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and the Act insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.

Ordinary Shares

General. Our authorized share capital is US$1,500,000 divided into 25,000,000 ordinary shares, with a par value of US$0.06 per share. Holders of ordinary shares will have the same rights. All of our outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Certificates representing the ordinary shares are issued in registered form.

Dividends. The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors. Dividends may be declared and paid out of the funds legally available therefor. Dividends may also be declared and paid out of share premium account or any other fund or account which can be authorized for this purpose in accordance with the Companies Act.

Classes of Ordinary Shares. We have only one class of ordinary shares with all shares carrying equal rights and ranking pari passu with one another.

Voting Rights. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, holders of ordinary shares shall, at all times, vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote by the members at any such general meeting. Each ordinary share shall be entitled to one vote on all matters subject to the vote at our general meetings. Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded. A poll may be demanded by the chairman of such meeting or any one or more shareholders representing not less than 10% of the total voting rights of all the shareholders present in person or by proxy entitled to vote at the meeting.

An ordinary resolution to be passed at a meeting by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast at a meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes cast attaching to the outstanding ordinary shares at a meeting and includes a unanimous written resolution. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name, reducing the share capital or making changes to our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares. Subject to the restrictions contained in the Lock-Up Agreements, Amended Stock Escrow Agreement, and as otherwise set forth in the Merger Agreement, and subject to any further restrictions contained in our amended and restated articles of association, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board of directors.

Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless:

If our directors refuse to register a transfer, they shall, within three months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.

The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required of Nasdaq, be suspended and the register of members closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register of members closed for more than 30 days in any year as our board may determine.

Liquidation. On a return of capital on winding-up or otherwise (other than on conversion, redemption or purchase of ordinary shares), assets available for distribution among the holders of ordinary shares shall be distributed among the holders of the ordinary shares on a pro rata basis. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders proportionately.

Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares. Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 clear days prior to the specified time of payment. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption of Ordinary Shares. The Companies Act and our amended and restated articles of association permit us to purchase our own shares. In accordance with our amended and restated articles of association and provided the necessary shareholders or board approval have been obtained, we may issue shares on terms that are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders of these shares, on such terms and in such manner, including out of capital, as may be determined by our board of directors.

Variations of Rights of Shares. All or any of the special rights attached to any class of shares may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than two-thirds of the issued shares of that class, or with the sanction of a resolution passed by at least a two-thirds majority of the holders of shares of the class present in person or by proxy at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be materially adversely varied by or abrogated by, inter alia, the creation or allotment or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with or subsequent to such existing class of shares.

General Meetings of Shareholders. Shareholders’ meetings may be convened by a majority of the board of directors or the chairman of the board of directors, and they shall on a member’s requisition forthwith proceed to convene a general meeting. A member’s requisition is a requisition of shareholders holding at the date of deposit of the requisition shares which carry in aggregate not less than one-third (1/3) of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares that as at the date of the deposit carry the right to vote at our general meetings. Advance notice of at least ten calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general shareholders’ meeting and any other general meeting of shareholders, provided that a general meeting or our shareholders shall be deemed to have been duly convened if it is so agreed:

Any action required or permitted to be taken at any annual or extraordinary general meetings may be taken only upon the vote of the shareholders at an annual or extraordinary general meeting duly noticed and convened in accordance with our amended and restated articles of association and the Companies Act and may not be taken by written resolution of shareholders without a meeting.

Voting Rights Attaching to the Shares.    Subject to any rights and restrictions for the time being attached to any ordinary share, on a show of hands every shareholder present in person and every person representing a shareholder by proxy shall, at a shareholders’ meeting, each have one vote and on a poll every shareholder and every person representing a shareholder by proxy shall have one vote for each share of which he or the person represented by proxy is the holder.

Inspection of Books and Records.    Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or corporate records. However, we will provide shareholders with the right to inspect the list of shareholders and to receive annual audited financial statements.

Changes in Capital. We may from time to time by ordinary resolution:

We may by special resolution, subject to any confirmation or consent required by the Companies Act, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any manner permitted by law.

Indemnification of Directors and Officers. Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against willful default, willful neglect, civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association will provide for indemnification of our officers and directors to the maximum extent permitted by law, including for any liability incurred in their capacities as such, except through their fraud or dishonesty.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is theretofore unenforceable.

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in this section, “Item 4. Information on the Company,” “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions” or elsewhere in this annual report.

There are no governmental laws, decrees, regulations, or other legislation in the Cayman Islands that may affect the import or export of capital, including the availability of cash and cash equivalents for use by us, or that may affect the remittance of dividends, interest, or other payments by us to non-resident holders of our ordinary shares. There is no limitation imposed by the laws of the Cayman Islands or in our amended and restated articles of association currently in effect on the right of non-residents to hold or vote shares.

The following discussion of the material Cayman Islands and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, all of which are subject to change. This discussion does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws. Accordingly, each investor should consult its own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of an investment in our ordinary shares applicable under its particular circumstances.

Cayman Islands Taxation

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income or capital gains tax. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands.

United States Federal Income Tax Considerations