v3.25.1
Investments (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2025
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Amortized Cost and Fair Values of Securities by Security Type
At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all fixed maturity securities were classified as available-for-sale. The amortized cost and fair values of securities by security type are shown as follows:

 March 31, 2025
 
Amortized
Cost, Gross of ACL1
ACL1
Gross
Unrealized
Gain
Gross
Unrealized
Loss
Fair
Value
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities $537.4 $— $16.9 $20.6 $533.7 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions3,682.7 — 73.8 498.7 3,257.8 
Foreign Governments960.7 — 13.7 164.1 810.3 
Public Utilities5,442.0 — 167.5 322.3 5,287.2 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities2
980.1 — 5.5 24.8 960.8 
All Other Corporate Bonds26,249.3 3.8 518.7 1,870.3 24,893.9 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks8.0 — — 0.3 7.7 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$37,860.2 $3.8 $796.1 $2,901.1 $35,751.4 


December 31, 2024
 
Amortized
Cost, Gross of ACL1
ACL1
Gross
Unrealized
Gain
Gross
Unrealized
Loss
Fair
Value
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$544.6 $— $13.9 $28.0 $530.5 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions3,795.6 — 65.5 569.7 3,291.4 
Foreign Governments912.1 — 9.5 153.5 768.1 
Public Utilities5,525.0 — 132.3 364.4 5,292.9 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities2
949.4 — 5.0 37.2 917.2 
All Other Corporate Bonds26,535.2 2.8 450.6 2,160.8 24,822.2 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks8.0 — — 0.4 7.6 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$38,269.9 $2.8 $676.8 $3,314.0 $35,629.9 

1Allowance for Credit Losses
2Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, auto loans, and other asset types
Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments
The following charts indicate the length of time our fixed maturity securities have been in a gross unrealized loss position.

 March 31, 2025
 Less Than 12 Months12 Months or Greater
 Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Loss
Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Loss
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$46.0 $2.1 $203.8 $18.5 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions261.4 11.0 1,847.0 487.7 
Foreign Governments166.5 10.6 276.8 153.5 
Public Utilities928.1 39.4 1,492.5 282.9 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities1
233.3 3.0 285.8 21.8 
All Other Corporate Bonds4,207.0 144.4 11,255.3 1,725.9 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks4.0 — 3.8 0.3 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$5,846.3 $210.5 $15,365.0 $2,690.6 

 December 31, 2024
 Less Than 12 Months12 Months or Greater
 Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Loss
Fair
Value
Gross
Unrealized
Loss
(in millions of dollars)
United States Government and Government Agencies and Authorities$43.7 $4.1 $201.3 $23.9 
States, Municipalities, and Political Subdivisions425.8 15.3 1,926.2 554.4 
Foreign Governments171.9 10.6 266.3 142.9 
Public Utilities1,281.7 48.4 1,549.5 316.0 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities1
199.9 8.9 285.9 28.3 
All Other Corporate Bonds4,904.4 182.5 12,209.3 1,978.3 
Redeemable Preferred Stocks3.9 0.1 3.7 0.3 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$7,031.3 $269.9 $16,442.2 $3,044.1 

1Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, auto loans, and other asset types
Distribution of the Maturity Dates for Fixed Maturity Securities
The following is a distribution of the maturity dates for fixed maturity securities. The maturity dates have not been adjusted for possible calls or prepayments.
 March 31, 2025
 
Amortized Cost, Net of ACL1
Unrealized Gain PositionUnrealized Loss Position
 Gross GainFair ValueGross LossFair Value
(in millions of dollars)
1 year or less$1,574.7 $5.9 $559.5 $5.6 $1,015.5 
Over 1 year through 5 years7,703.6 152.3 3,233.8 164.5 4,457.6 
Over 5 years through 10 years8,069.3 257.7 3,799.4 478.5 4,049.1 
Over 10 years19,528.7 374.7 6,505.7 2,227.7 11,170.0 
36,876.3 790.6 14,098.4 2,876.3 20,692.2 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities2
980.1 5.5 441.7 24.8 519.1 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$37,856.4 $796.1 $14,540.1 $2,901.1 $21,211.3 
 December 31, 2024
 
Amortized Cost, Net of ACL1
Unrealized Gain PositionUnrealized Loss Position
 Gross GainFair ValueGross LossFair Value
(in millions of dollars)
1 year or less$1,484.1 $4.1 $432.4 $6.2 $1,049.6 
Over 1 year through 5 years7,688.2 123.5 2,840.8 196.6 4,774.3 
Over 5 years through 10 years8,404.6 236.4 3,486.1 565.5 4,589.4 
Over 10 years19,740.8 307.8 4,965.7 2,508.5 12,574.4 
37,317.7 671.8 11,725.0 3,276.8 22,987.7 
Mortgage/Asset-Backed Securities2
949.4 5.0 431.4 37.2 485.8 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$38,267.1 $676.8 $12,156.4 $3,314.0 $23,473.5 
1Allowance for Credit Losses
2Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by loan obligations, auto loans, and other asset types
Distribution by External Credit Rating for Fixed Maturity Securities
The following chart depicts an analysis of our fixed maturity security portfolio between investment-grade and below-investment-grade categories as of March 31, 2025:

Gross Unrealized Loss
Fair ValueGross Unrealized GainAmountPercent of Total Gross Unrealized Loss
(in millions of dollars)
Investment-Grade$34,297.5 $781.7 $2,833.3 97.7 %
Below-Investment-Grade1,453.9 14.4 67.8 2.3 
Total Fixed Maturity Securities$35,751.4 $796.1 $2,901.1 100.0 %
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Allowance for Credit Loss
The following table presents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, which were classified as "all other corporate bonds" during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024.

Three Months Ended March 31
20252024
(in millions of dollars)
Balance, beginning of period$2.8 $2.2 
Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded0.9 — 
Change in allowance on securities with allowance recorded in previous period0.1 — 
Balance, end of period$3.8 $2.2 
Mortgage Loans by Property Type and Geographic Region
The carrying amount of mortgage loans by property type and geographic region are presented below.

March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions of dollars)
Carrying AmountPercent of TotalCarrying AmountPercent of Total
Property Type
Apartment$653.4 29.9 %$658.2 29.6 %
Industrial670.7 30.7 690.4 31.0 
Office333.3 15.2 338.4 15.2 
Retail489.4 22.3 496.2 22.3 
Other40.9 1.9 41.3 1.9 
Total$2,187.7 100.0 %$2,224.5 100.0 %
Region
New England$51.9 2.4 %$52.6 2.4 %
Mid-Atlantic165.4 7.6 167.2 7.5 
East North Central284.7 13.0 297.2 13.4 
West North Central148.8 6.8 151.1 6.8 
South Atlantic521.3 23.8 532.5 23.9 
East South Central94.2 4.3 95.1 4.3 
West South Central188.5 8.6 193.6 8.7 
Mountain280.2 12.8 278.7 12.5 
Pacific452.7 20.7 456.5 20.5 
Total$2,187.7 100.0 %$2,224.5 100.0 %
Schedule of Participating Mortgage Loans by Internal Credit Rating and Loan to Value
The following tables present information about mortgage loans by the applicable internal quality indicators:

March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions of dollars)
Carrying AmountPercent of TotalCarrying AmountPercent of Total
Internal Mortgage Rating
AA$93.6 4.3 %$117.8 5.3 %
A1,066.3 48.7 1,099.1 49.4 
BBB927.9 42.4 915.5 41.2 
BB84.3 3.9 85.0 3.8 
B15.6 0.7 7.1 0.3 
Total$2,187.7 100.0 %$2,224.5 100.0 %
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<= 65%$1,585.8 72.4 %$1,639.6 73.8 %
> 65% <= 75%362.2 16.6 367.6 16.5 
> 75% <= 85%192.6 8.8 152.3 6.8 
> 85%47.1 2.2 65.0 2.9 
Total$2,187.7 100.0 %$2,224.5 100.0 %
1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property
Mortgage Loans by Credit Quality Indicators
The following tables present the amortized cost of our mortgage loans by year of origination and internal quality indicators at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

March 31, 2025
Prior to 202120212022202320242025Total
(in millions of dollars)
Internal Mortgage Rating
AA$87.4 $6.3 $— $— $— $— $93.7 
A835.2 167.9 24.4 9.5 6.5 25.0 1,068.5 
BBB601.2 154.1 62.8 57.1 39.6 17.8 932.6 
BB86.1 — — — — — 86.1 
B23.4 — — — — — 23.4 
Total Amortized Cost1,633.3 328.3 87.2 66.6 46.1 42.8 2,204.3 
Allowance for credit losses(14.6)(1.0)(0.3)(0.4)(0.2)(0.1)(16.6)
Carrying Amount$1,618.7 $327.3 $86.9 $66.2 $45.9 $42.7 $2,187.7 
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$1,281.7 $192.1 $40.5 $38.6 $11.7 $25.0 $1,589.6 
>65<=75%173.9 63.1 46.7 28.0 34.4 17.8 363.9 
>75%<=85%133.4 62.3 — — — — 195.7 
>85%44.3 10.8 — — — — 55.1 
Total Amortized Cost1,633.3 328.3 87.2 66.6 46.1 42.8 2,204.3 
Allowance for credit losses(14.6)(1.0)(0.3)(0.4)(0.2)(0.1)(16.6)
Carrying Amount$1,618.7 $327.3 $86.9 $66.2 $45.9 $42.7 $2,187.7 
1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property
December 31, 2024
Prior to 2020
20202021202220232024Total
(in millions of dollars)
Internal Mortgage Rating
AA$111.5 $— $6.4 $— $— $— $117.9 
A780.5 99.6 169.1 24.6 9.5 18.0 1,101.3 
BBB561.7 55.1 155.1 63.0 57.3 28.2 920.4 
BB86.8 — — — — — 86.8 
B14.2 — — — — — 14.2 
Total Amortized Cost1,554.7 154.7 330.6 87.6 66.8 46.2 2,240.6 
Allowance for credit losses(13.7)(0.5)(1.0)(0.3)(0.4)(0.2)(16.1)
Carrying Amount$1,541.0 $154.2 $329.6 $87.3 $66.4 $46.0 $2,224.5 
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$1,229.6 $112.9 $210.0 $40.8 $38.7 $11.7 $1,643.7 
>65<=75%154.1 33.7 72.1 46.8 28.1 34.5 369.3 
>75%<=85%126.4 8.1 20.1 — — — 154.6 
>85%44.6 — 28.4 — — — 73.0 
Total Amortized Cost1,554.7 154.7 330.6 87.6 66.8 46.2 2,240.6 
Allowance for credit losses(13.7)(0.5)(1.0)(0.3)(0.4)(0.2)(16.1)
Carrying Amount$1,541.0 $154.2 $329.6 $87.3 $66.4 $46.0 $2,224.5 
1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss
The following tables present a roll-forward of allowance for expected credit losses by loan-to-value ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
Beginning of YearCurrent Period ProvisionsWrite-OffsRecoveriesEnd of Period
(in millions of dollars)
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$4.2 $(0.4)$— $— $3.8 
>65<=75%1.7 — — — 1.7 
>75%<=85%2.2 0.9 — — 3.1 
>85%8.0 — — — 8.0 
Total$16.1 $0.5 $— $— $16.6 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Beginning of YearCurrent Period ProvisionsWrite-OffsRecoveriesEnd of Period
(in millions of dollars)
Loan-to-Value Ratio1
<=65%$3.8 $(0.2)$— $— $3.6 
>65<=75%3.8 (0.4)— — 3.4 
>75%<=85%1.2 — — — 1.2 
>85%1.4 1.1 — — 2.5 
Total $10.2 $0.5 $— $— $10.7 
1Loan-to-Value Ratio utilizes the most recent internal valuation of the property
Remaining Contractual Maturity of Securities Lending Agreements
The remaining contractual maturities of our securities lending agreements disaggregated by class of collateral pledged are as follows:

March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Overnight and Continuous
(in millions of dollars)
Borrowings
Public Utilities$0.6 $5.2 
Short-Term Investments
— 1.0
All Other Corporate Bonds44.6 56.5 
Total Borrowings45.2 62.7 
Gross Amount of Recognized Liability for Securities Lending Transactions45.2 62.7 
Amounts Related to Agreements Not Included in Offsetting Disclosure Contained Herein$— $— 
Federal Home Loan Bank Common Stock Carrying Amounts, Amounts Posted, and Advances Received The carrying value of common stock owned, collateral posted, and advances received are as follows:
March 31, 2025December 31, 2024
(in millions of dollars)
Carrying Value of FHLB Common Stock$30.9 $26.7 
Advances from FHLB420.4 324.2 
Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to FHLB
Fixed Maturity Securities$736.6 $553.6 
Commercial Mortgage Loans882.3 908.2 
Total Carrying Value of Collateral Posted to FHLB$1,618.9 $1,461.8 
Schedule of Financial Instrument and Derivative Offsetting
Shown below are our financial instruments that either meet the accounting requirements that allow them to be offset in our balance sheets or that are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. Our accounting policy is to not offset these financial instruments in our balance sheets. Net amounts disclosed below have been reduced by the amount of collateral pledged to or received from our counterparties.

March 31, 2025
Gross AmountGross Amount Not
of RecognizedGross AmountNet AmountOffset in Balance Sheet
FinancialOffset inPresented inFinancialCashNet
InstrumentsBalance SheetBalance SheetInstrumentsCollateralAmount
(in millions of dollars)
Financial Assets:
Derivatives$90.4 $— $90.4 $(87.7)$(1.4)$1.3 
Securities Lending61.8 — 61.8 (16.6)(45.2)— 
Total$152.2 $— $152.2 $(104.3)$(46.6)$1.3 
Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives$220.4 $— $220.4 $(220.2)$— $0.2 
Securities Lending45.2 — 45.2 (45.2)— — 
Total$265.6 $— $265.6 $(265.4)$— $0.2 

December 31, 2024
Gross AmountGross Amount Not
of RecognizedGross AmountNet AmountOffset in Balance Sheet
FinancialOffset inPresented inFinancialCashNet
InstrumentsBalance SheetBalance SheetInstrumentsCollateralAmount
(in millions of dollars)
Financial Assets:
Derivatives$79.4 $— $79.4 $(75.7)$(3.2)$0.5 
Securities Lending94.0 — 94.0 (31.3)(62.7)— 
Total$173.4 $— $173.4 $(107.0)$(65.9)$0.5 
Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives$255.7 $— $255.7 $(254.3)$— $1.4 
Securities Lending62.7 — 62.7 (62.7)— — 
Total$318.4 $— $318.4 $(317.0)$— $1.4 
Net Investment Income
Net investment income reported in our consolidated statements of income is presented below.

 Three Months Ended March 31
 20252024
 (in millions of dollars)
Fixed Maturity Securities$463.3 $453.9 
Derivatives(4.2)8.2 
Mortgage Loans21.8 22.5 
Policy Loans5.2 5.4 
Other Long-term Investments
Perpetual Preferred Securities
0.8 0.2 
Private Equity Partnerships1
18.3 20.3 
Other4.3 2.7 
Short-term Investments28.0 19.9 
Gross Investment Income537.5 533.1 
Less Investment Expenses21.4 16.6 
Less Investment Income on Participation Fund Account Assets2.9 3.0 
Net Investment Income$513.2 $513.5 
1The net unrealized gain recognized in net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 related to private equity partnerships still held at March 31, 2025 was $26.4 million, reduced by net management fees and partnership expenses of $(8.1) million. The net unrealized gain (loss) recognized in net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 related to private equity partnerships still held at March 31, 2024 was $25.0 million, reduced by net management fees and partnership expense of $(4.7) million. See Note 3 for further discussion of private equity partnerships.
Investment Gains and Losses Reported in Consolidated Statements of Income
Investment gains and losses are as follows:

 Three Months Ended March 31
 20252024
 (in millions of dollars)
Fixed Maturity Securities
Gross Gains on Sales$0.6 $— 
Gross Losses on Sales1
(45.3)(15.8)
Impairment Loss2
(152.4)— 
Credit Losses(1.0)— 
Mortgage Loans and Other Invested Assets
Impairment Loss
(3.8)— 
Change in Allowance for Credit Losses(0.4)(0.5)
Embedded Derivative in Modified Coinsurance Arrangement(1.9)6.1 
All Other Derivatives(5.3)1.6 
Foreign Currency Transactions2.7 (1.9)
Other
— 9.3 
Net Investment Loss
$(206.8)$(1.2)

1During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recognized a $23.5 million net loss on sales of fixed maturity securities related to an anticipated reinsurance transaction and a $19.1 million loss on sales of fixed maturity securities related to the funding of an extraordinary dividend from a wholly owned insurance subsidiary to Unum Group.
2During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recognized a $152.4 million impairment loss based on the intent to dispose of fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $1,250.9 million related to an anticipated reinsurance transaction.