In the ordinary course of business, we have organized or invested in special purpose entities ("SPEs") primarily to facilitate our own and our clients' financing and investing needs. For disclosure purposes, we aggregate SPEs based on the purpose, risk characteristics and business activities of the SPEs. An SPE is a VIE if it lacks sufficient equity investment at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or, as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack either a) the power through voting or similar rights to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impacts the entity's economic performance; or b) the obligation to absorb the entity's expected losses, the right to receive the expected residual returns, or both.

Variable Interest Entities We consolidate VIEs in which we hold a controlling financial interest as evidenced by the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE and therefore are deemed to be the primary beneficiary. We take into account our entire involvement in a VIE (explicit or implicit) in identifying variable interests that individually or in the aggregate could be significant enough to warrant our designation as the primary beneficiary and hence require us to consolidate the VIE or otherwise require us to make appropriate disclosures. We consider our involvement to be potentially significant where we, among other things, (i) enter into derivative contracts to absorb the risks and benefits from the VIE or from the assets held by the VIE; (ii) provide a financial guarantee that covers assets held or liabilities issued by a VIE; (iii) sponsor the VIE in that we design, organize and structure the transaction; and (iv) retain a financial or servicing interest in the VIE.

We are required to evaluate whether to consolidate a VIE when we first become involved and on an ongoing basis. In almost all cases, a qualitative analysis of our involvement in the entity provides sufficient evidence to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary. In rare cases, a more detailed analysis to quantify the extent of variability to be absorbed by each variable interest holder is required to determine the primary beneficiary.

Consolidated VIEs The following table summarizes assets and liabilities related to our consolidated VIEs at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 which are consolidated on our balance sheet. Assets and liabilities exclude intercompany balances that eliminate in consolidation.


	March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
	Consolidated Assets		Consolidated Liabilities		Consolidated Assets		Consolidated Liabilities
	(in millions)
Low income housing limited liability partnership:
Other assets	$	9	$	—	$	11	$	—

Interest, taxes and other liabilities	—		16		—		4






Total	$	9	$	16	$	11	$	4

Low income housing limited liability partnership In 2009, all low income housing investments held by us at the time were transferred to a limited liability partnership ("LLP"). The LLP was created in order to ensure the utilization of future tax benefits from these low income housing tax projects. The LLP was deemed to be a VIE because it does not have sufficient equity investment at risk to finance its activities. Upon entering into this transaction, we concluded that we were the primary beneficiary of the LLP due to the nature of our continuing involvement and, as a result, we consolidate the LLP and report the assets of the LLP in other assets on our consolidated balance sheet. The investments held by the LLP represent equity investments in the underlying low income housing partnerships. The LLP does not consolidate the underlying partnerships because it does not have the power to direct the activities of the partnerships that most significantly impact the economic performance of the partnerships.

We amortize our low income housing investments (including the unconsolidated housing investments discussed further below) in proportion to the allocated tax credits under the proportional amortization method and present the associated tax credits and other tax benefits net of investment amortization in income tax expense in the consolidated statement of income, and in operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows. We recognized tax credits and other tax benefits related to low income housing investments of $34 million and $31 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Investment amortization expense totaled $28 million and $26 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Additionally, non-income-tax-related gains and other returns received, which are recognized in other income (loss) in the consolidated statement of income and in operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows, were immaterial during both the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Unconsolidated VIEs We also have variable interests in other VIEs that are not consolidated because we are not the primary beneficiary. The following table provides additional information on these unconsolidated VIEs, including the variable interests held by us and our maximum exposure to loss arising from our involvement in these VIEs, at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:


	Total Assets Held by Unconsolidated VIEs		Carrying Value of Variable Interests Held Reported as				Maximum Exposure to Loss
			Assets		Liabilities
	(in millions)
At March 31, 2025

Limited partnership investments(1)	$	7,497	$	1,008	$	466	$	1,008
Asset-backed financing SPEs	1,020		539		—		545

Total	$	8,517	$	1,547	$	466	$	1,553
At December 31, 2024

Limited partnership investments(1)	$	7,506	$	971	$	427	$	971
Asset-backed financing SPEs	1,047		645		—		650
Total	$	8,553	$	1,616	$	427	$	1,621

Limited partnership investments We invest as a limited partner in partnerships that operate qualified affordable housing, renewable energy and community development projects. The returns of these investments are generated primarily from the tax benefits, including Federal tax credits and tax deductions from operating losses in the project companies. In addition, some of the investments help us comply with the Community Reinvestment Act. Certain limited partnership structures are considered to be VIEs because either (a) they do not have sufficient equity investment at risk or (b) the limited partners with equity at risk do not have substantive kick-out rights through voting rights or substantive participating rights over the general partner. As a limited partner, we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs and do not consolidate them. Our investments in these partnerships are recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The maximum exposure to loss shown in the table above represents our recorded investments as well as any outstanding funding commitments extended to the partnerships.

Asset-backed financing SPEs In 2023 and 2021, we sold portfolios of commercial real estate loans and provided loans to the third-party buyer sponsored SPEs for portions of the purchase prices. The SPEs are asset-backed financing entities that issued residual beneficial interests to third-party investors. The loans we provided to the SPEs are senior to the residual beneficial interests and are secured by the commercial real estate loans held by the SPEs. The SPEs are VIEs in which we have variable interests through our ownership of the loans, which are arm's-length transactions. We do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs' economic performance. In addition, the VIEs are designed such that the residual interest holders absorb any expected loss and/or benefit that could be potentially significant to the VIEs and, therefore, we are not the primary beneficiaries. The maximum exposure to loss shown in the table above represents our recorded investments in the loans as well as any unfunded commitments without consideration of any recovery benefits from the value of the commercial real estate loans.

Third-party sponsored securitization entities We invest in asset-backed securities issued by third-party sponsored securitization entities which may be considered VIEs. The investments are transacted at arm's-length and decisions to invest are based on a credit analysis of the underlying collateral assets or the issuer. We are a passive investor in these issuers and do not have the power to direct the activities of these issuers. As such, we do not consolidate these securitization entities. Additionally, we do not have other involvements in servicing or managing the collateral assets or provide financial or liquidity support to these issuers which potentially give rise to risk of loss exposure. These investments are an integral part of the disclosure in Note 2, "Trading Assets and Liabilities," Note 3 "Securities," and Note 17, "Fair Value Measurements," and, therefore, are not disclosed in this note to avoid redundancy. Similarly, in the ordinary course of business, we also provide loans and loan commitments to third-party sponsored securitization entities which may be considered VIEs for which we generally have no other form of involvement. We do not have the power to direct the activities of these entities and do not consolidate these entities. These loans are reported and disclosed in Note 4, "Loans," in the same manner as all other loans.

In addition to the above, we have established and manage money market funds and non-money market mutual funds to provide customers with investment opportunities. As fund manager, we may be entitled to receive management fees based on the assets under management. We do not consolidate the funds because we do not absorb the majority of the expected future risk