Royal Bank of Canada Airbag In-Digital Securities

$• Securities Linked to the S&P 500^® Index due on or about November 27, 2026

The Airbag In-Digital Securities (the “Securities”) are senior unsecured debt securities issued by Royal Bank of Canada linked to the performance of the S&P 500^® Index (the “Underlying”). If the Final Underlying Value is greater than or equal to the Digital Barrier (which is equal to the Downside Threshold), we will repay the principal amount at maturity plus pay a return equal to the Digital Return. The Digital Return will be set on the Trade Date and will be between 15.75% and 16.75%. However, if the Final Underlying Value is less than the Downside Threshold, we will pay less than the full principal amount at maturity, if anything, and you will lose approximately 1.11111% of the principal amount of your Securities for every 1% decline in the value of the Underlying over the term of the Securities in excess of the Threshold Percentage, and you will lose up to 100% of the principal amount. Investing in the Securities involves significant risks. The Securities do not pay dividends or interest. You will lose some or all of your principal amount if the Final Underlying Value is less than the Downside Threshold. The Digital Return and contingent repayment of principal apply only at maturity. Any payment on the Securities, including any repayment of principal, is subject to our creditworthiness. If we default on our payment obligations, you may not receive any amounts owed to you under the Securities and you could lose your entire investment. The Securities will not be listed on any securities exchange.

NOTICE TO INVESTORS: THE SECURITIES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY RISKIER THAN CONVENTIONAL DEBT INSTRUMENTS. WE ARE NOT NECESSARILY OBLIGATED TO REPAY THE FULL PRINCIPAL AMOUNT OF THE SECURITIES AT MATURITY, AND THE SECURITIES CAN HAVE UP TO THE FULL DOWNSIDE MARKET RISK OF THE UNDERLYING. THIS MARKET RISK IS IN ADDITION TO THE CREDIT RISK INHERENT IN PURCHASING OUR DEBT OBLIGATIONS. YOU SHOULD NOT PURCHASE THE SECURITIES IF YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND OR ARE NOT COMFORTABLE WITH THE SIGNIFICANT RISKS INVOLVED IN INVESTING IN THE SECURITIES.

YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY CONSIDER THE RISKS DESCRIBED UNDER “KEY RISKS” BEGINNING ON PAGE 5 OF THIS PRICING SUPPLEMENT AND UNDER “RISK FACTORS” IN THE ACCOMPANYING PROSPECTUS, PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT AND PRODUCT SUPPLEMENT BEFORE PURCHASING ANY SECURITIES. EVENTS RELATING TO ANY OF THOSE RISKS, OR OTHER RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES, COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT THE MARKET VALUE OF, AND THE RETURN ON, YOUR SECURITIES. YOU COULD LOSE SOME OR ALL OF THE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT OF YOUR SECURITIES.

We are offering Airbag In-Digital Securities Linked to the S&P 500^® Index. The Securities will be issued in minimum denominations of $10, and integral multiples of $10 in excess thereof, with a minimum investment of $1,000. The return on the Securities is subject to, and will not exceed, the Digital Return. The Initial Underlying Value, Digital Barrier and Downside Threshold will be determined and the Digital Return will be set on the Trade Date.

* The closing value of the Underlying on the Trade Date

** Rounded to two decimal places

See “Additional Information about Royal Bank of Canada and the Securities” in this pricing supplement. The Securities will have the terms specified in the prospectus dated December 20, 2023, the prospectus supplement dated December 20, 2023, the underlying supplement no. 1A dated May 16, 2024, the product supplement no. 1A dated May 16, 2024 and this pricing supplement.

None of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), any state securities commission or any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of the Securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this pricing supplement. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. The Securities will not constitute deposits insured by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other Canadian or U.S. governmental agency or instrumentality. The Securities are not bail-inable notes and are not subject to conversion into our common shares under subsection 39.2(2.3) of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Act.

⁽¹⁾ All sales of the Securities will be made to fee-based advisory accounts, for which UBS Financial Services Inc., which we refer to as UBS, is an investment advisor, and UBS will act as a placement agent. UBS will not receive a commission. See “Supplemental Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest)” below.

The initial estimated value of the Securities determined by us as of the Trade Date, which we refer to as the initial estimated value, is expected to be between $9.46 and $9.96 per Security and will be less than the public offering price of the Securities. The final pricing supplement relating to the Securities will set forth the initial estimated value. The market value of the Securities at any time will reflect many factors, cannot be predicted with accuracy and may be less than this amount. We describe the determination of the initial estimated value in more detail below.

You may revoke your offer to purchase the Securities at any time prior to the time at which we accept such offer by notifying the applicable agent. We reserve the right to change the terms of, or reject any offer to purchase, the Securities prior to their issuance. In the event of any changes to the terms of the Securities, we will notify you and you will be asked to accept such changes in connection with your purchase. You may also choose to reject such changes, in which case we may reject your offer to purchase.

You should read this pricing supplement together with the prospectus dated December 20, 2023, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement dated December 20, 2023, relating to our Senior Global Medium-Term Notes, Series J, of which the Securities are a part, the underlying supplement no. 1A dated May 16, 2024 and the product supplement no. 1A dated May 16, 2024. This pricing supplement, together with these documents, contains the terms of the Securities and supersedes all other prior or contemporaneous oral statements as well as any other written materials, including preliminary or indicative pricing terms, correspondence, trade ideas, structures for implementation, sample structures, fact sheets, brochures or other educational materials of ours.

We have not authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this pricing supplement and the documents listed below. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. These documents are an offer to sell only the Securities offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in each such document is current only as of its date.

If the information in this pricing supplement differs from the information contained in the documents listed below, you should rely on the information in this pricing supplement.

You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters set forth in “Key Risks” in this pricing supplement and “Risk Factors” in the documents listed below, as the Securities involve risks not associated with conventional debt securities. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisers before you invest in the Securities.

You may access these documents on the SEC website at www.sec.gov as follows (or if such address has changed, by reviewing our filings for the relevant date on the SEC website):

Our Central Index Key, or CIK, on the SEC website is 1000275. As used in this pricing supplement, “Royal Bank of Canada,” the “Bank,” “we,” “our” and “us” mean only Royal Bank of Canada.

The considerations identified above are not exhaustive. Whether or not the Securities are an appropriate investment for you will depend on your individual circumstances, and you should reach an investment decision only after you and your investment, legal, tax, accounting, and other advisers have carefully considered the appropriateness of an investment in the Securities in light of your particular circumstances. You should also review carefully the “Key Risks” in this pricing supplement and “Risk Factors” in the accompanying prospectus, prospectus supplement and product supplement for risks related to an investment in the Securities. For more information about the Underlying, see “Information about the Underlying” below.

Investment Timeline
	Trade Date:		The Initial Underlying Value, Digital Barrier and Downside Threshold are determined and the Digital Return is set.
	Maturity Date:		The Final Underlying Value is observed and the Underlying Return is determined on the Final Valuation Date.   If the Final Underlying Value is greater than or equal to the Digital Barrier (which is equal to the Downside Threshold), we will pay you at maturity an amount per Security equal to:   $10 + ($10 × Digital Return)   If the Final Underlying Value is less than the Downside Threshold, we will pay you at maturity an amount per Security equal to:   $10 + [$10 × (Underlying Return + Threshold Percentage) × Downside Gearing]   In this scenario, you will lose some or all of the principal amount of the Securities in an amount equal to approximately 1.11111% of the principal amount of the Securities for every 1% decline in the value of the Underlying in excess of the Threshold Percentage.
Investing in the Securities involves significant risks. The Securities do not pay dividends or interest. You will lose some or all of your principal if the Final Underlying Value is less than the Downside Threshold. The Digital Return and contingent repayment of principal apply only at maturity. Any payment on the Securities, including any repayment of principal, is subject to our creditworthiness. If we default on our payment obligations, you may not receive any amounts owed to you under the Securities and you could lose your entire investment.

¹ Terms used in this pricing supplement, but not defined herein, shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the accompanying product supplement.

An investment in the Securities involves significant risks. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisers before you invest in the Securities. Some of the risks that apply to an investment in the Securities are summarized below, but we urge you to read also the “Risk Factors” sections of the accompanying prospectus, prospectus supplement and product supplement. You should not purchase the Securities unless you understand and can bear the risks of investing in the Securities.

Risks Relating to the Terms and Structure of the Securities

Powers” in the accompanying prospectus for a description of the Canadian bank resolution powers. If the CDIC were to take action under the Canadian bank resolution powers with respect to us, holders of the Securities could be exposed to losses.

Risks Relating to the Initial Estimated Value of the Securities and the Secondary Market for the Securities

The value of the Securities at any time after the Trade Date will vary based on many factors, including changes in market conditions, and cannot be predicted with accuracy. As a result, the actual value you would receive if you sold the Securities in any secondary market, if any, should be expected to differ materially from the initial estimated value of the Securities.

Underlying. The value of the Securities will be affected by a number of other factors that may either offset or magnify each other, including:

Some or all of these factors influence the terms of the Securities at issuance and affect the price you will receive if you choose to sell the Securities prior to maturity. The impact of any of the factors set forth above may enhance or offset some or all of any change resulting from another factor or factors.

Risks Relating to Conflicts of Interest and Our Trading Activities

Risks Relating to the Underlying

Hypothetical terms only. Actual terms may vary. See the cover page for actual offering terms.

The table and hypothetical examples below illustrate the payment at maturity per Security for a hypothetical range of Underlying Returns based on a hypothetical Initial Underlying Value of 100.00, a hypothetical Digital Barrier and hypothetical Downside Threshold of 90% of the hypothetical Initial Underlying Value, the Downside Gearing of approximately 1.11111 and a hypothetical Digital Return of 15.75% (the low end of the range set forth above). The actual Initial Underlying Value, Digital Barrier and Downside Threshold will be determined and the actual Digital Return will be set on the Trade Date. The table and examples set forth below are only for illustrative purposes and may not show the actual return applicable to a purchaser of the Securities. The actual payment at maturity will be determined based on the Final Underlying Value on the Final Valuation Date. You should consider carefully whether the Securities are appropriate for your investment goals. The numbers appearing in the table below have been rounded for ease of analysis.

¹ The “total return” is the number, expressed as a percentage, that results from comparing the payment at maturity per Security to the principal amount of $10 per Security.

Example 1 — The value of the Underlying increases from the Initial Underlying Value to the Final Underlying Value by 75%. Because the Final Underlying Value is greater than or equal to the Digital Barrier, we will pay you an amount based upon the Digital Return. We will pay you at maturity a cash payment of $11.575 per Security (a return of 15.75%), calculated as follows:

$10 + ($10 × 15.75%) = $10 + $1.575 = $11.575

In this case, the return on the Securities is less than the Underlying Return.

Example 2 — The value of the Underlying decreases from the Initial Underlying Value to the Final Underlying Value by 5%. Because the Final Underlying Value is greater than or equal to the Digital Barrier, even though the Final Underlying Value is less than the Initial Underlying Value, we will pay you an amount based upon the Digital Return. We will pay you at maturity a cash payment of $11.575 per Security (a return of 15.75%), calculated as follows:

$10 + ($10 × 15.75%) = $10 + $1.575 = $11.575

Example 3 — The value of the Underlying decreases from the Initial Underlying Value to the Final Underlying Value by 50%. Because the Underlying Return is -50%, which is negative, and the Final Underlying Value is less than the Downside Threshold, we will pay you at maturity a cash payment of $5.5556 per Security (a 44.444% loss on the principal amount), calculated as follows:

$10 + [$10 × (-50% + 10%) × 1.11111] = $10 + -$4.4444 = $5.5556

United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

You should review carefully the section in the accompanying product supplement entitled “United States Federal Income Tax Considerations.” The following discussion, when read in combination with that section, constitutes the full opinion of our counsel, Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, regarding the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of the Securities.

Generally, this discussion assumes that you purchased the Securities for cash in the original issuance at the stated issue price and does not address other circumstances specific to you, including consequences that may arise due to any other investments relating to the Underlying. You should consult your tax adviser regarding the effect any such circumstances may have on the U.S. federal income tax consequences of your ownership of a Security.

In the opinion of our counsel, which is based on current market conditions, it is reasonable to treat the Securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes as prepaid financial contracts that are “open transactions,” as described in the section entitled “United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders—Notes Treated as Prepaid Financial Contracts that are Open Transactions” in the accompanying product supplement. There is uncertainty regarding this treatment, and the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) or a court might not agree with it. Moreover, because this treatment of the Securities and our counsel’s opinion are based on market conditions as of the date of this preliminary pricing supplement, each is subject to confirmation on the Trade Date. A different tax treatment could be adverse to you. Generally, if this treatment is respected, (i) you should not recognize taxable income or loss prior to the taxable disposition of your Securities (including upon maturity or an earlier redemption, if applicable) and (ii) the gain or loss on your Securities should be treated as short-term capital gain or loss unless you have held the Securities for more than one year, in which case your gain or loss should be treated as long-term capital gain or loss.

We do not plan to request a ruling from the IRS regarding the treatment of the Securities. An alternative characterization of the Securities could materially and adversely affect the tax consequences of ownership and disposition of the Securities, including the timing and character of income recognized. In addition, the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS have requested comments on various issues regarding the U.S. federal income tax treatment of “prepaid forward contracts” and similar financial instruments and have indicated that such transactions may be the subject of future regulations or other guidance. Furthermore, members of Congress have proposed legislative changes to the tax treatment of derivative contracts. Any legislation, Treasury regulations or other guidance promulgated after consideration of these issues could materially and adversely affect the tax consequences of an investment in the Securities, possibly with retroactive effect.

Non-U.S. Holders. As discussed under “United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Tax Consequences to Non-U.S. Holders—Dividend Equivalents under Section 871(m) of the Code” in the accompanying product supplement, Section 871(m) of the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder (“Section 871(m)”) generally impose a 30% withholding tax on dividend equivalents paid or deemed paid to Non-U.S. Holders with respect to certain financial instruments linked to U.S. equities or indices that include U.S. equities. The Treasury regulations, as modified by an IRS notice, exempt financial instruments issued prior to January 1, 2027 that do not have a “delta” of one. Based on certain determinations made by us, we expect that Section 871(m) will not apply to the Securities with regard to Non-U.S. Holders. Our determination is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS may disagree with this determination. If necessary, further information regarding the potential application of Section 871(m) will be provided in the final pricing supplement for the Securities.

We will not be required to pay any additional amounts with respect to U.S. federal withholding taxes.

You should consult your tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the Securities, including possible alternative treatments, as well as tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, local or non-U.S. taxing jurisdiction.

Canadian Federal Income Tax Consequences

For a discussion of the material Canadian federal income tax consequences relating to an investment in the Securities, please see the section entitled “Supplemental Discussion of Canadian Tax Consequences” in the accompanying product supplement, which you should carefully review prior to investing in the Securities.

The Underlying consists of stocks of 500 companies selected to provide a performance benchmark for the U.S. equity markets. For more information about the Underlying, see “Indices—The S&P U.S. Indices” in the accompanying underlying supplement.

Historical Information

The following graph sets forth historical closing values of the Underlying for the period from January 1, 2014 to December 2, 2024. The solid line represents a hypothetical Downside Threshold based on the closing value of the Underlying on December 2, 2024. We obtained the information in the graph from Bloomberg Financial Markets, without independent investigation. The historical performance of the Underlying should not be taken as an indication of its future performance. We cannot give you assurance that the performance of the Underlying will result in the return of any of your initial investment.

S&P 500^® Index

PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS.

We have agreed to indemnify UBS and RBCCM against liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or to contribute payments that UBS and RBCCM may be required to make relating to these liabilities as described in the prospectus supplement and the prospectus. We have agreed that UBS may sell all or a part of the Securities that it will purchase from us to investors or to its affiliates at the price to public listed on the cover page of this pricing supplement.

We or our affiliates may enter into swap agreements or related hedge transactions with one of our other affiliates or unaffiliated counterparties in connection with the sale of the Securities and RBCCM and/or an affiliate may earn additional income as a result of payments pursuant to the swap or related hedge transactions. See “Use of Proceeds and Hedging” in the accompanying product supplement.

The value of the Securities shown on your account statement may be based on RBCCM’s estimate of the value of the Securities if RBCCM or another of our affiliates were to make a market in the Securities (which it is not obligated to do). That estimate will be based on the price that RBCCM may pay for the Securities in light of then-prevailing market conditions, our creditworthiness and transaction costs. For a period of approximately one month after the Settlement Date, the value of the Securities that may be shown on your account statement may be higher than RBCCM’s estimated value of the Securities at that time. This is because the estimated value of the Securities will not include our hedging costs and profits; however, the value of the Securities shown on your account statement during that period may initially be a higher amount, reflecting the addition of our estimated costs and profits from hedging the Securities. This excess is expected to decrease over time until the end of this period. After this period, if RBCCM repurchases your Securities, it expects to do so at prices that reflect their estimated value. This period may be reduced at RBCCM’s discretion based on a variety of factors, including but not limited to, the amount of the Securities that we repurchase and our negotiated arrangements from time to time with UBS.

RBCCM or another of its affiliates or agents may use this pricing supplement in the initial sale of the Securities. In addition, RBCCM or another of our affiliates may use this pricing supplement in a market-making transaction in the Securities after their initial sale. Unless we or our agent informs the purchaser otherwise in the confirmation of sale, this pricing supplement is being used in a market-making transaction.

For additional information about the settlement cycle of the Securities, see “Plan of Distribution” in the accompanying prospectus. For additional information as to the relationship between us and RBCCM, see the section “Plan of Distribution—Conflicts of Interest” in the accompanying prospectus.

The Securities are our debt securities. As is the case for all of our debt securities, including our structured notes, the economic terms of the Securities reflect our actual or perceived creditworthiness. In addition, because structured notes result in increased operational, funding and liability management costs to us, we typically borrow the funds under structured notes at a rate that is lower than the rate that we might pay for a conventional fixed or floating rate debt security of comparable maturity. The lower internal funding rate and the hedging-related costs relating to the Securities reduce the economic terms of the Securities to you and result in the initial estimated value for the Securities being less than their public offering price. Unlike the initial estimated value, any value of the Securities determined for purposes of a secondary market transaction may be based on a secondary market rate, which may result in a lower value for the Securities than if our initial internal funding rate were used.

In order to satisfy our payment obligations under the Securities, we may choose to enter into certain hedging arrangements (which may include call options, put options or other derivatives) with RBCCM and/or one of our other subsidiaries. The terms of these hedging arrangements take into account a number of factors, including our creditworthiness, interest rate movements, volatility and the tenor of the Securities. The economic terms of the Securities and the initial estimated value depend in part on the terms of these hedging arrangements.

See “Key Risks—Risks Relating to the Initial Estimated Value of the Securities and the Secondary Market for the Securities—The Initial Estimated Value of the Securities Will Be Less Than the Public Offering Price” above.