FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Year Ended December 31, 2023
With Report of Independent Registered Public
Accounting Firm


Columbus Life Insurance Company
Separate Account 1
Financial Statements

Year Ended December 31, 2023

Contents
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Financial Statements

Statements of Assets and Liabilities as of December 31, 2023
5
Statements of Operations for the Year ended December 31, 2023
7
Statements of Changes in Net Assets for the Year ended December 31, 2023
9
Statements of Changes in Net Assets for the Year ended December 31, 2022
11
Notes to Financial Statements
13


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors of Columbus Life Insurance Company and
The Contract Owners of Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1

Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying statements of assets and liabilities of each of the subaccounts listed in Appendix A that comprise Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1 (the Separate Account), as of December 31, 2023, the related statements of operations and the statements of changes in net assets for each of the periods indicated in Appendix A, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of each subaccount as of December 31, 2023, the results of its operations and changes in its net assets for each of the periods indicated in Appendix A, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Separate Account’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on each of the subaccounts’ financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Separate Account in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our procedures included confirmation of securities owned as of December 31, 2023, by correspondence with the fund companies or their transfer agents, as applicable. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Separate Account’s auditor since 1999.
Cincinnati, Ohio
April 17, 2024
1


Appendix A
Subaccounts comprising Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
SubaccountsStatement of operationsStatements of changes in net assets
The Alger Portfolios
For the year ended December 31, 2023
For each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023
Non-Affiliated:
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund
DWS Investments VIT Funds
Non-Affiliated Class A:
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund
Fidelity Variable Insurance Products
Non-Affiliated Initial Class:
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market
Non-Affiliated Service Class 2:
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio
Franklin Templeton VIP Trust
Non-Affiliated Class 2:
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund
Franklin Income VIP Fund
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund
Templeton Growth VIP Fund
Guggenheim Variable Insurance Funds
Non-Affiliated:
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund



2

Appendix A (continued)
Subaccounts comprising Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
SubaccountsStatement of operationsStatements of changes in net assets
Invesco Variable Insurance Funds
For the year ended December 31, 2023
For each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023
Non-Affiliated Series I:
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund
Non-Affiliated Series II:
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund
Invesco V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund
Invesco V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund
Non-Affiliated Class 2:
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund
Janus Henderson VIT Funds
Non-Affiliated Service Class:
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio
Lincoln Financial Group
Non-Affiliated:
LVIP JPMorgan Mid Cap Value Fund (formerly, JPMorgan IT Mid Cap Value)
Massachusetts Financial Service Variable Insurance Trust (*II)
Non-Affiliated Initial Class:
MFS Growth Fund
MFS Investors Trust Fund
Non-Affiliated Service Class:
MFS Growth Fund
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund
MFS New Discovery Fund
*MFS Core Equity Fund
Morgan Stanley Variable Insurance Funds
Non-Affiliated Class 2:
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio

3


Appendix A (continued)
Subaccounts comprising Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
SubaccountsStatement of operationsStatements of changes in net assets
Pimco Variable Insurance Trust
For the year ended December 31, 2023
For each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023
Non-Affiliated:
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio
Putnam Variable Trust
Non-Affiliated Class 1B:
Putnam VT International Equity Fund
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund
Touchstone Variable Series Trust
Affiliated Service Class:
Touchstone VST Balanced Fund
Touchstone VST Bond Fund
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund
4

Columbus Life Assurance Company Separate Account 1
Statement of Assets and Liabilities
December 31, 2023
Subaccount Investments at fair valueReceivable from (payable to) the general account of Columbus LifeNet Assets Unit Value Range (Lowest to Highest)Units Outstanding
Affiliated:
Touchstone VST Balanced Fund$454,728 $(1)$454,727 $10.55 to$10.8142,213 
Touchstone VST Bond Fund 7,926,629 1 7,926,630 9.69 to10.09785,898 
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund14,686,898 2 14,686,900 17.07 to17.78828,558 
Non-Affiliated:
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund68,970 — 68,970 37.481,840 
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund29,374 — 29,374 31.76925 
LVIP JPMorgan Mid Cap Value Fund (a)323 — 323 57.806 
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio44,841 — 44,841 27.751,616 
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio19,793 1 19,794 15.331,291 
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio294,092 1 294,093 16.8917,416 
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund22,676 1 22,677 15.151,497 
Non-Affiliated Initial Class:
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market813,717 1 813,718 10.33 to14.1660,029 
MFS Growth Fund13,273 — 13,273 51.36258 
MFS Investors Trust Fund10,629 1 10,630 39.63268 
Non-Affiliated Service Class:
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio111,507 — 111,507 70.681,578 
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio488,470 — 488,470 83.785,830 
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio210,879 — 210,879 32.056,579 
MFS Growth Fund25,691 1 25,692 63.72403 
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund2,397 (1)2,396 25.29 to37.2966 
MFS New Discovery Fund6,563 2 6,565 38.83 to52.46125 
MFS Core Equity Fund14,207 — 14,207 23.82 to25.78551 
Non-Affiliated Service Class 2:
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio37,678 2 37,680 24.87 to31.841,194 
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio979,617 2 979,619 37.77 to48.7520,264 
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio1,739,095 (1)1,739,094 62.25 to80.6022,208 
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio812,224 — 812,224 33.85 to44.2118,848 
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio849,012 — 849,012 48.84 to66.8113,064 
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio716,992 2 716,994 39.89 to52.2713,897 
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio1,673,611 — 1,673,611 64.43 to82.2920,758 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio14,884 — 14,884 20.46728 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio10,593 1 10,594 21.69488 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio12,181 (1)12,180 22.56540 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio102,163 (3)102,160 24.434,182 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio90,747 2 90,749 25.343,581 
Non-Affiliated Series I:
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund171,871 (1)171,870 37.234,616 
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund15,100 1 15,101 17.28874 
(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
5

Columbus Life Assurance Company Separate Account 1
Statement of Assets and Liabilities (continued)
December 31, 2023
SubaccountInvestments at fair valueReceivable from (payable to) the general account of Columbus LifeNet Assets Unit Value Range (Lowest to Highest)Units Outstanding
Non-Affiliated Class 1B:
Putnam VT International Equity Fund$445,236 $(1)$445,235 $28.08 to$33.8014,085 
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund53 1 54 83.601 
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund198,956 (1)198,955 66.612,987 
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund418,251 — 418,251 20.3620,544 
Non-Affiliated Series II:
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund92,324 — 92,324 34.572,671 
Invesco V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund 158,508 (1)158,507 14.6510,819 
Invesco V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund 478,449 — 478,449 10.0147,790 
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund819,767 (1)819,766 13.4660,898 
Non-Affiliated Class 2:
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund261,845 — 261,845 52.404,997 
Franklin Income VIP Fund739,382 — 739,382 40.0818,447 
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund356,353 — 356,353 40.358,832 
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund612,098 (1)612,097 62.559,786 
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund266,098 (2)266,096 15.6916,962 
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund661,857 1 661,858 32.3720,448 
Templeton Growth VIP Fund160,077 (1)160,076 34.774,604 
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund206,657 (1)206,656 60.983,389 
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund286,298 — 286,298 72.213,965 
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund276,142 — 276,142 32.508,496 
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio375,135 (1)375,134 48.857,680 
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio4,844 1 4,845 21.51225 
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio25,545 (1)25,544 27.60925 
Non-Affiliated Class A:
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund4,831,390 1 4,831,391 40.16 to59.5282,717 
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund475,949 1 475,950 42.68 to56.918,568 
(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
6

Columbus Life Assurance Company Separate Account 1
Statement of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Investment IncomeExpensesRealized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments
SubaccountReinvested dividendsMortality and expense risk, and administrative chargesNet investment income (loss)Realized gain (loss) on sale of investmentsRealized gain distributionsChange in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) during the periodNet unrealized and realized gain (loss) on investmentsNet increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations
Affiliated:
Touchstone VST Balanced Fund$5,633 $3,182 $2,451 $(31,059)$— $98,771 $67,712 $70,163 
Touchstone VST Bond Fund 385,210 12,715 372,495 (19,956)— 63,747 43,791 416,286 
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund87,125 39,267 47,858 128,659 894,644 2,022,878 3,046,181 3,094,039 
Non-Affiliated:
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund— 576 (576)1,219 — 16,591 17,810 17,234 
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund— 305 (305)(7,772)— 11,919 4,147 3,842 
LVIP JPMorgan Mid Cap Value Fund (a)9 2 7 (1)27 (3)23 30 
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio992 376 616 (3,409)— 4,346 937 1,553 
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio2,860 113 2,747 (204)— (4,148)(4,352)(1,605)
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio7,788 824 6,964 (2,711)— 9,207 6,496 13,460 
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund556 116 440 57 — 170 227 667 
Non-Affiliated Initial Class:
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market39,599 4,874 34,725 — — — — 34,725 
MFS Growth Fund— 138 (138)1,398 1,265 1,584 4,247 4,109 
MFS Investors Trust Fund74 91 (17)342 562 784 1,688 1,671 
Non-Affiliated Service Class:
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio97 438 (341)1,307 8,198 7,921 17,426 17,085 
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio541 2,310 (1,769)912 — 141,060 141,972 140,203 
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio1,485 745 740 1,448 5,556 35,739 42,743 43,483 
MFS Growth Fund— 108 (108)706 1,939 4,277 6,922 6,814 
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund— 10 (10)(32)34 422 424 414 
MFS New Discovery Fund— 29 (29)(116)— 946 830 801 
MFS Core Equity Fund42 53 (11)20 637 1,972 2,629 2,618 
Non-Affiliated Service Class 2:
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio789 175 614 31 395 3,055 3,481 4,095 
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio14,140 3,030 11,110 9,542 33,515 117,629 160,686 171,796 
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio4,135 8,413 (4,278)48,552 58,461 340,137 447,150 442,872 
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio13,591 3,090 10,501 11,322 23,323 29,005 63,650 74,151 
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio30 3,284 (3,254)22,951 36,429 178,604 237,984 234,730 
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio9,999 2,013 7,986 12,297 26,233 65,308 103,838 111,824 
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio6,100 6,147 (47)149 45,207 164,521 209,877 209,830 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio528 91 437 (148)926 (84)694 1,131 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio350 7 343 (88)201 581 694 1,037 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio460 143 317 (1,391)150 2,860 1,619 1,936 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio2,539 579 1,960 462 — 9,136 9,598 11,558 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio1,915 495 1,420 (13)— 9,510 9,497 10,917 
Non-Affilitated Series I:
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund— 1,432 (1,432)(1,378)3,557 50,730 52,909 51,477 
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund313 134 179 (305)— 649 344 523 
Non-Affiliated Class 1B:
Putnam VT International Equity Fund158 2,292 (2,134)1,704 — 71,383 73,087 70,953 
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund— — — 1 2 9 12 12 
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund313 877 (564)2,861 24,119 12,341 39,321 38,757 
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund9,337 1,526 7,811 7,637 26,175 18,443 52,255 60,066 
Non-Affilitated Series II:
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund413 302 111 (640)2,051 15,263 16,674 16,785 
See accompanying notes
(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
7

Columbus Life Assurance Company Separate Account 1
Statement of Operations (continued)
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Investment IncomeExpensesRealized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments
SubaccountReinvested dividendsMortality and expense risk, and administrative chargesNet investment income (loss)Realized gain (loss) on sale of investmentsRealized gain distributionsChange in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) during the periodNet unrealized and realized gain (loss) on investmentsNet increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operations
Non-Affiliated Series II (continued):
Invesco V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund $— $804 $(804)$(7,040)$— $25,012 $17,972 $17,168 
Invesco V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund — 1,833 (1,833)(26,648)— 69,240 42,592 40,759 
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund2,306 3,228 (922)(22,109)— 168,079 145,970 145,048 
Non-Affiliated Class 2:
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund5,415 1,179 4,236 (19,847)13,135 22,901 16,189 20,425 
Franklin Income VIP Fund36,115 1,915 34,200 (2,054)43,783 (19,385)22,344 56,544 
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund6,330 832 5,498 (8,218)29,138 15,565 36,485 41,983 
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund— 2,282 (2,282)(24,165)16,379 194,047 186,261 183,979 
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund6,903 1,123 5,780 (15,700)— 21,026 5,326 11,106 
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund19,705 2,165 17,540 329 — 95,989 96,318 113,858 
Templeton Growth VIP Fund4,852 764 4,088 (7,498)— 31,885 24,387 28,475 
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund3,096 1,136 1,960 1,766 22,300 (4,310)19,756 21,716 
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund— 706 (706)(3,889)6,259 82,249 84,619 83,913 
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund969 981 (12)(5,911)53,983 (11,411)36,661 36,649 
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio5,496 1,295 4,201 (4,694)6,156 30,301 31,763 35,964 
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio352 29 323 (126)— 267 141 464 
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio352 122 230 (1,416)— 3,238 1,822 2,052 
Non-Affiliated Class A:
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund60,678 16,140 44,538 107,068 228,956 635,418 971,442 1,015,980 
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund4,849 1,859 2,990 (4,423)10,393 58,224 64,194 67,184 
See accompanying notes
(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
8

Columbus Life Assurance Company Separate Account 1
Statements of Changes in Net Assets
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Increase (decrease) in net assets from operationsIncrease (decrease) in net assets from contract related transactionsUnit transactions
SubaccountNet investment income (loss)Realized gains (loss)Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) during the periodNet increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operationsContributions from contract holdersCost of insurance and benefits provided by ridersContract terminations and benefitsNet transfers among investment optionsContract maintenance chargesNet increase (decrease) in net assets from contract related transactionsNet increase (decrease) in net assetsNet Assets, beginning of periodNet Assets, end of periodUnits purchasedUnits redeemedIncrease (decrease) in units
Affiliated:
Touchstone VST Balanced Fund$2,451 $(31,059)$98,771 $70,163 $36,322 $(66,760)$(11,708)$28,675 $(4,280)$(17,751)$52,412 $402,315 $454,727 6,529(8,541)(2,012)
Touchstone VST Bond Fund 372,495 (19,956)63,747 416,286 87,511 (68,169)(6,265)(38,740)(6,587)(32,250)384,036 7,542,594 7,926,630 13,345(17,763)(4,418)
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund47,858 1,023,303 2,022,878 3,094,039 205,021 (267,325)(253,662)(65,984)(21,932)(403,882)2,690,157 11,996,743 14,686,900 11,012(37,098)(26,086)
Non-Affiliated:
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund(576)1,219 16,591 17,234 — (2,949)(1,424)1 (155)(4,527)12,707 56,263 68,970 —(134)(134)
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund(305)(7,772)11,919 3,842 — (617)(8,649)(58)(94)(9,418)(5,576)34,950 29,374 —(346)(346)
LVIP JPMorgan Mid Cap Value Fund (a)7 26 (3)30 — (7)— 1 (2)(8)22 301 323 ———
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio616 (3,409)4,346 1,553 2,768 (3,702)(2,756)5,048 (355)1,003 2,556 42,285 44,841 274(228)46
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio2,747 (204)(4,148)(1,605)3,436 (732)— 322 (278)2,748 1,143 18,651 19,794 232(62)170
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio6,964 (2,711)9,207 13,460 9,207 (8,168)— 130,687 (1,106)130,620 144,080 150,013 294,093 8,817(812)8,005
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund440 57 170 667 3,411 (621)— 687 (181)3,296 3,963 18,714 22,677 261(54)207
Non-Affiliated Initial Class:
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market34,725 — — 34,725 45,772 (82,972)(63,689)50,065 (4,651)(55,475)(20,750)834,468 813,718 6,321(10,762)(4,441)
MFS Growth Fund(138)2,663 1,584 4,109 — (686)(4,131)— (75)(4,892)(783)14,056 13,273 —(110)(110)
MFS Investors Trust Fund(17)904 784 1,671 — (813)— — (40)(853)818 9,812 10,630 —(24)(24)
Non-Affiliated Service Class:
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio(341)9,505 7,921 17,085 3,322 (4,548)(494)(4,783)(388)(6,891)10,194 101,313 111,507 63(173)(110)
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio(1,769)912 141,060 140,203 11,345 (10,628)(5,188)(11,515)(1,546)(17,532)122,671 365,799 488,470 165(432)(267)
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio740 7,004 35,739 43,483 9,225 (4,961)(1,307)(967)(552)1,438 44,921 165,958 210,879 293(262)31
MFS Growth Fund(108)2,645 4,277 6,814 — (1,039)— — (80)(1,119)5,695 19,997 25,692 —(22)(22)
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund(10)2 422 414 — (87)— (2)(7)(96)318 2,078 2,396 —(4)(4)
MFS New Discovery Fund(29)(116)946 801 — (134)— (1)(11)(146)655 5,910 6,565 —(4)(4)
MFS Core Equity Fund(11)657 1,972 2,618 — (291)— — (33)(324)2,294 11,913 14,207 —(16)(16)
Non-Affiliated Service Class 2:
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio614 426 3,055 4,095 1,054 (1,552)— (150)(118)(766)3,329 34,351 37,680 56(90)(34)
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio11,110 43,057 117,629 171,796 24,219 (48,205)(2,237)(1,081)(3,607)(30,911)140,885 838,734 979,619 373(1,132)(759)
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio(4,278)107,013 340,137 442,872 68,853 (76,932)(12,532)(101,031)(8,214)(129,856)313,016 1,426,078 1,739,094 446(2,404)(1,958)
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio10,501 34,645 29,005 74,151 28,809 (33,028)(3,643)(29,486)(3,070)(40,418)33,733 778,491 812,224 726(1,754)(1,028)
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio(3,254)59,380 178,604 234,730 22,356 (33,660)(4,178)(54,428)(3,452)(73,362)161,368 687,644 849,012 735(2,011)(1,276)
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio7,986 38,530 65,308 111,824 20,622 (34,637)(799)(17,491)(3,751)(36,056)75,768 641,226 716,994 330(1,130)(800)
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio(47)45,356 164,521 209,830 56,968 (77,360)(4,185)63,423 (5,615)33,231 243,061 1,430,550 1,673,611 1,539(1,135)404
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio437 778 (84)1,131 1,641 (1,085)— 91 (143)504 1,635 13,249 14,884 86(64)22
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio343 113 581 1,037 815 (45)— (483)(27)260 1,297 9,297 10,594 42(28)14
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio317 (1,241)2,860 1,936 2,502 (1,926)(10,710)11 (278)(10,401)(8,465)20,645 12,180 121(608)(487)
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio1,960 462 9,136 11,558 2,223 (3,639)(7)134 (754)(2,043)9,515 92,645 102,160 98(213)(115)
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio1,420 (13)9,510 10,917 5,515 (3,688)(1,245)1,003 (598)987 11,904 78,845 90,749 242(222)20
See accompanying notes
(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
9

Columbus Life Assurance Company Separate Account 1
Statements of Changes in Net Assets (continued)
Year Ended December 31, 2023
Increase (decrease) in net assets from operationsIncrease (decrease) in net assets from contract related transactionsUnit transactions
SubaccountNet investment income (loss)Realized gains (loss)Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) during the periodNet increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operationsContributions from contract holdersCost of insurance and benefits provided by ridersContract terminations and benefitsNet transfers among investment optionsContract maintenance chargesNet increase (decrease) in net assets from contract related transactionsNet increase (decrease) in net assetsNet Assets, beginning of periodNet Assets, end of periodUnits purchasedUnits redeemedIncrease (decrease) in units
Non-Affiliated Series I:
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund$(1,432)$2,179 $50,730 $51,477 $6,612 $(7,786)$(11,113)$(2,028)$(889)$(15,204)$36,273 $135,597 $171,870 184(654)(470)
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund179 (305)649 523 872 (2,441)— 1,832 (144)119 642 14,459 15,101 155(148)7
Non-Affiliated Class 1B:
Putnam VT International Equity Fund(2,134)1,704 71,383 70,953 20,756 (18,992)(10,131)(27,887)(1,160)(37,414)33,539 411,696 445,235 676(1,944)(1,268)
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund— 3 9 12 — (2)— — — (2)10 44 54 ———
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund(564)26,980 12,341 38,757 11,784 (14,884)(10,585)(38,223)(1,074)(52,982)(14,225)213,180 198,955 256(1,230)(974)
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund7,811 33,812 18,443 60,066 6,547 (15,372)— (78,139)(1,067)(88,031)(27,965)446,216 418,251 241(5,049)(4,808)
Non-Affiliated Series II:
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund111 1,411 15,263 16,785 6,943 (1,720)— (663)(98)4,462 21,247 71,077 92,324 223(83)140
Invesco V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund (804)(7,040)25,012 17,168 5,692 (7,575)— 1,433 (1,096)(1,546)15,622 142,885 158,507 712(899)(187)
Invesco V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund (1,833)(26,648)69,240 40,759 32,558 (26,389)(83,978)(27,258)(1,421)(106,488)(65,729)544,178 478,449 3,371(14,610)(11,239)
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund(922)(22,109)168,079 145,048 41,994 (41,486)(3,191)(71,076)(3,317)(77,076)67,972 751,794 819,766 2,681(9,156)(6,475)
Non-Affiliated Class 2:
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund4,236 (6,712)22,901 20,425 14,254 (13,175)(108)4,179 (1,276)3,874 24,299 237,546 261,845 317(261)56
Franklin Income VIP Fund34,200 41,729 (19,385)56,544 35,823 (39,233)(5,952)12,100 (2,088)650 57,194 682,188 739,382 1,193(1,234)(41)
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund5,498 20,920 15,565 41,983 20,929 (22,095)(5,941)(5,385)(556)(13,048)28,935 327,418 356,353 619(994)(375)
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund(2,282)(7,786)194,047 183,979 16,857 (21,120)(12,110)(43,147)(3,386)(62,906)121,073 491,024 612,097 233(1,472)(1,239)
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund5,780 (15,700)21,026 11,106 18,942 (6,980)(31,614)(34,527)(2,569)(56,748)(45,642)311,738 266,096 1,249(5,046)(3,797)
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund17,540 329 95,989 113,858 40,625 (33,789)(8,634)(20,022)(2,151)(23,971)89,887 571,971 661,858 1,461(2,351)(890)
Templeton Growth VIP Fund4,088 (7,498)31,885 28,475 9,356 (10,626)(7,071)(7,233)(1,054)(16,628)11,847 148,229 160,076 283(838)(555)
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund1,960 24,066 (4,310)21,716 7,368 (16,089)(7,164)5,124 (1,425)(12,186)9,530 197,126 206,656 267(501)(234)
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund(706)2,370 82,249 83,913 12,511 (13,180)(17)(4,987)(386)(6,059)77,854 208,444 286,298 193(286)(93)
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund(12)48,072 (11,411)36,649 9,395 (10,323)— (15,095)(758)(16,781)19,868 256,274 276,142 408(1,002)(594)
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio4,201 1,462 30,301 35,964 18,430 (15,297)(12,466)63,402 (1,747)52,322 88,286 286,848 375,134 1,722(617)1,105
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio323 (126)267 464 504 (224)— 268 (112)436 900 3,945 4,845 33(13)20
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio230 (1,416)3,238 2,052 5,668 (853)— (40)(402)4,373 6,425 19,119 25,544 275(115)160
Non-Affiliated Class A:
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund44,538 336,024 635,418 1,015,980 165,681 (156,512)(302,351)9,847 (15,158)(298,493)717,487 4,113,904 4,831,391 2,814(8,749)(5,935)
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund2,990 5,970 58,224 67,184 18,308 (15,026)(7,954)4,264 (3,190)(3,598)63,586 412,364 475,950 531(616)(85)
See accompanying notes
(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
10

Columbus Life Assurance Company Separate Account 1
Statements of Changes in Net Assets
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Increase (decrease) in net assets from operationsIncrease (decrease) in net assets from contract related transactionsUnit transactions
SubaccountNet investment income (loss)Realized gains (loss)Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) during the periodNet increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operationsContributions from contract holdersCost of insurance and benefits provided by ridersContract terminations and benefitsNet transfers among investment optionsContract maintenance chargesNet increase (decrease) in net assets from contract related transactionsNet increase (decrease) in net assetsNet Assets, beginning of periodNet Assets, end of periodUnits purchasedUnits redeemedIncrease (decrease) in units
Affiliated:
Touchstone VST Balanced Fund$(1,318)$89,603 $(173,745)$(85,460)$39,799 $(79,435)$(21,852)$42,260 $(4,549)$(23,777)$(109,237)$511,552 $402,315 7,558(10,543)(2,985)
Touchstone VST Bond Fund132,382 52,604 (1,403,687)(1,218,701)81,810 (67,913)(45,842)903,371 (7,612)863,814 (354,887)7,897,481 7,542,594 90,818(12,941)77,877
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund(8,101)2,173,504 (4,894,971)(2,729,568)230,266 (262,568)(263,729)(969,882)(24,687)(1,290,600)(4,020,168)16,016,911 11,996,743 7,920(90,638)(82,718)
Non-Affiliated:
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund(633)4,899 (42,470)(38,204)— (2,956)(1,316)(56)(180)(4,508)(42,712)98,975 56,263 —(137)(137)
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund(374)5,889 (27,861)(22,346)— (679)— (164)(121)(964)(23,310)58,260 34,950 —(30)(30)
JP Morgan IT Mid Cap Value1 45 (76)(30)— (8)— 1 (2)(9)(39)340 301 ———
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio546 (1,300)(16,755)(17,509)2,875 (3,633)(2,368)3,943 (385)432 (17,077)59,362 42,285 204(188)16
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio4,064 322 (3,011)1,375 1,696 (692)— (612)(338)54 1,429 17,222 18,651 91(94)(3)
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio3,464 (2,898)(27,943)(27,377)9,950 (6,416)(10,777)(3,188)(1,704)(12,135)(39,512)189,525 150,013 583(1,361)(778)
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund110 406 (1,315)(799)1,544 (597)— (1,672)(186)(911)(1,710)20,424 18,714 100(170)(70)
Non-Affiliated Initial Class:
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market6,475 — — 6,475 49,179 (97,307)(6,392)10,698 (4,920)(48,742)(42,267)876,735 834,468 5,680(9,845)(4,165)
MFS Growth Fund(158)2,821 (10,478)(7,815)— (644)(1,871)(236)(83)(2,834)(10,649)24,705 14,056 —(71)(71)
MFS Investors Trust Fund(25)1,731 (3,879)(2,173)— (743)— — (41)(784)(2,957)12,769 9,812 —(22)(22)
Non-Affiliated Service Class:
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio(340)14,546 (27,406)(13,200)3,369 (3,667)— 27,357 (407)26,652 13,452 87,861 101,313 539(79)460
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio(2,184)87,219 (329,492)(244,457)12,703 (12,695)(42,507)(60,858)(1,703)(105,060)(349,517)715,316 365,799 577(2,382)(1,805)
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio771 20,717 (61,729)(40,241)10,009 (4,398)— 876 (719)5,768 (34,473)200,431 165,958 380(189)191
MFS Growth Fund(111)3,484 (13,173)(9,800)— (934)— 1 (81)(1,014)(10,814)30,811 19,997 —(22)(22)
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund(12)324 (1,267)(955)— (98)(239)2 (10)(345)(1,300)3,378 2,078 1(15)(14)
MFS New Discovery Fund(32)2,265 (4,887)(2,654)— (180)(58)7 (13)(244)(2,898)8,808 5,910 —(5)(5)
MFS Core Equity Fund(48)1,944 (4,755)(2,859)— (303)— (2,415)(36)(2,754)(5,613)17,526 11,913 —(122)(122)
Non-Affiliated Service Class 2:
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio505 2,714 (9,874)(6,655)1,310 (1,447)— (1,659)(121)(1,917)(8,572)42,923 34,351 43(118)(75)
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio6,748 67,920 (271,923)(197,255)23,861 (45,393)(19,867)2,248 (3,695)(42,846)(240,101)1,078,835 838,734 426(1,513)(1,087)
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio(4,251)107,770 (644,624)(541,105)69,664 (76,867)(50,161)(5,318)(9,854)(72,536)(613,641)2,039,719 1,426,078 1,184(2,371)(1,187)
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio10,455 30,835 (102,365)(61,075)24,917 (32,903)(4,288)(77,872)(3,260)(93,406)(154,481)932,972 778,491 1,696(4,339)(2,643)
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio(923)69,561 (254,588)(185,950)35,302 (28,355)(52,937)163,374 (4,211)113,173 (72,777)760,421 687,644 4,433(2,122)2,311
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio7,584 55,703 (114,526)(51,239)20,685 (33,834)(20,884)(100,743)(3,892)(138,668)(189,907)831,133 641,226 485(3,828)(3,343)
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio(2,168)98,046 (374,631)(278,753)58,732 (70,785)(69,642)(31,835)(6,282)(119,812)(398,565)1,829,115 1,430,550 461(2,197)(1,736)
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio176 838 (3,156)(2,142)1,631 (943)— (28)(195)465 (1,677)14,926 13,249 78(59)19
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio186 957 (2,981)(1,838)813 (269)— (1,200)(31)(687)(2,525)11,822 9,297 37(77)(40)
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio252 1,927 (6,196)(4,017)2,709 (1,728)— (42)(289)650 (3,367)24,012 20,645 121(97)24
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio1,193 7,202 (27,903)(19,508)2,980 (4,343)— (15)(991)(2,369)(21,877)114,522 92,645 111(242)(131)
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio936 5,591 (23,187)(16,660)5,540 (3,339)— 135 (798)1,538 (15,122)93,967 78,845 210(168)42
(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
11

Columbus Life Assurance Company Separate Account 1
Statements of Changes in Net Assets (continued)
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Increase (decrease) in net assets from operationsIncrease (decrease) in net assets from contract related transactionsUnit transactions
SubaccountNet investment income (loss)Realized gains (loss)Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) during the periodNet increase (decrease) in net assets resulting from operationsContributions from contract holdersCost of insurance and benefits provided by ridersContract terminations and benefitsNet transfers among investment optionsContract maintenance chargesNet increase (decrease) in net assets from contract related transactionsNet increase (decrease) in net assetsNet Assets, beginning of periodNet Assets, end of periodUnits purchasedUnits redeemedIncrease (decrease) in units
Non-Affiliated Series I:
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund$(1,405)$42,578 $(104,756)$(63,583)$6,033 $(6,922)$(3,533)$4,835 $(895)$(482)$(64,065)$199,662 $135,597 323(350)(27)
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund167 (198)(1,867)(1,898)865 (2,201)— 507 (146)(975)(2,873)17,332 14,459 76(133)(57)
Non-Affiliated Class 1B:
Putnam VT International Equity Fund2,093 27,708 (61,791)(31,990)18,196 (13,815)(434)132,436 (1,207)135,176 103,186 308,510 411,696 5,808(517)5,291
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund1 8 (22)(13)— (2)— — — (2)(15)59 44 ———
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund(596)34,288 (67,110)(33,418)10,127 (12,473)(1,069)(8,844)(1,126)(13,385)(46,803)259,983 213,180 210(452)(242)
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund1,686 18,700 (18,906)1,480 6,672 (8,374)(415)245,416 (1,031)242,268 243,748 202,468 446,216 15,122(913)14,209
Non-Affiliated Series II:
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund198 11,746 (30,584)(18,640)4,379 (1,624)— 1,416 (98)4,073 (14,567)85,644 71,077 189(75)114
Invesco V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund(837)45,881 (111,764)(66,720)8,558 (7,177)(9,622)12,444 (1,310)2,893 (63,827)206,712 142,885 1,276(1,236)40
Invesco V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund(1,815)(9,547)(64,737)(76,099)39,035 (25,681)(12,305)1,412 (1,520)941 (75,158)619,336 544,178 4,081(4,365)(284)
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund(3,287)126,613 (425,249)(301,923)40,423 (38,968)(18,197)20,885 (3,411)732 (301,191)1,052,985 751,794 8,788(10,146)(1,358)
Non-Affiliated Class 2:
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund6,055 99,070 (124,512)(19,387)14,304 (10,233)— (11,503)(1,617)(9,049)(28,436)265,982 237,546 246(461)(215)
Franklin Income VIP Fund32,851 10,609 (87,140)(43,680)31,410 (34,823)(360)(26,968)(2,497)(33,238)(76,918)759,106 682,188 728(1,686)(958)
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund5,388 34,245 (67,577)(27,944)22,162 (20,571)(3,989)(5,015)(628)(8,041)(35,985)363,403 327,418 639(892)(253)
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund(2,444)130,620 (464,174)(335,998)18,276 (22,256)(427)(93,687)(3,438)(101,532)(437,530)928,554 491,024 1,150(3,357)(2,207)
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund6,288 (4,426)(36,778)(34,916)20,510 (7,317)(9,514)(1,913)(3,050)(1,284)(36,200)347,938 311,738 1,547(1,698)(151)
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund17,212 (40,725)(37,339)(60,852)42,716 (28,558)(18,510)(53,358)(2,250)(59,960)(120,812)692,783 571,971 1,957(4,499)(2,542)
Templeton Growth VIP Fund(514)(4,455)(16,050)(21,019)14,800 (7,597)(1,760)(11,587)(1,290)(7,434)(28,453)176,682 148,229 490(773)(283)
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund1,527 10,680 (11,725)482 7,580 (15,314)(2,853)(4,125)(1,685)(16,397)(15,915)213,041 197,126 180(506)(326)
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund(678)69,840 (165,175)(96,013)12,519 (12,037)(2,052)5,734 (400)3,764 (92,249)300,693 208,444 271(235)36
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund233 47,291 (52,598)(5,074)10,356 (9,014)(9,008)8,891 (794)431 (4,643)260,917 256,274 1,439(1,339)100
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio(176)28,825 (120,687)(92,038)19,038 (12,522)(3,758)26,714 (1,865)27,607 (64,431)351,279 286,848 858(311)547
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio260 (108)(999)(847)614 (226)— 209 (118)479 (368)4,313 3,945 37(14)23
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio740 (209)(7,221)(6,690)2,896 (905)(396)42 (494)1,143 (5,547)24,666 19,119 152(116)36
Non-Affiliated Class A:
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund38,532 319,297 (1,323,978)(966,149)158,802 (154,414)(89,034)(57,209)(17,588)(159,443)(1,125,592)5,239,496 4,113,904 2,265(5,762)(3,497)
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund2,303 68,942 (186,349)(115,104)19,464 (15,078)(7,162)(13,230)(3,862)(19,868)(134,972)547,336 412,364 449(890)(441)
See accompanying notes
(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
12

Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements
December 31, 2023
1. Organization and Nature of Operations
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account I (the “Separate Account”) is a unit investment trust registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”), established by the Columbus Life Insurance Company (the “Company”), a life insurance company that is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company. The Separate Account is a funding vehicle for individual variable universal life policies, and commenced operations on August 30, 1999 with the issuance of the first Columbus Life flexible premium (“Flexible Premium”) variable universal life insurance policy.
The contract holder’s account value in a subaccount will vary depending on the performance of the corresponding investment portfolio (“Underlying Fund”). The Separate Account currently has 57 subaccounts available. The investment objective of each subaccount and its Underlying Fund are the same. Refer to each Underlying Fund’s prospectus for a description of investment objectives.
Under applicable insurance law, the assets and liabilities of the Separate Account are clearly identified and distinguished from the Company’s other assets and liabilities. The portion of the Separate Account’s assets applicable to contract holders’ accounts is not chargeable with liabilities arising out of any other business the Company may conduct. The variable annuity contracts are designed for individual investors and group plans that desire to accumulate capital on a tax-deferred basis for retirement or other long-term objectives. The variable universal life insurance policies are distributed across the United States through a network of broker-dealers and wholesalers.
Each subaccount invests all its investible assets in shares of corresponding investment portfolios (“Underlying Funds”) of the investment companies listed below:
The Alger PortfoliosFidelity Variable Insurance Products (continued)
Non-Affiliated:Non-Affiliated Service Class 2 (continued):
Alger Large Cap Growth FundFidelity VIP Growth Portfolio
Alger Small Cap Growth FundFidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio
DWS Investments VIT FundsFidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio
Non-Affiliated Class A:Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP FundFidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio
DWS Small Cap Index VIP FundFidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio
Fidelity Variable Insurance ProductsFranklin Templeton VIP Trust
Non-Affiliated Initial Class:Non-Affiliated Class 2:
Fidelity VIP Government Money MarketFranklin Growth and Income VIP Fund
Non-Affiliated Service Class 2:Franklin Income VIP Fund
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager PortfolioFranklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund
Fidelity VIP Balanced PortfolioFranklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® PortfolioFranklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income PortfolioTempleton Foreign VIP Fund
Templeton Growth VIP Fund
13
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
1. Organization and Nature of Operations (continued)
Guggenheim Variable Insurance FundsMorgan Stanley Variable Insurance Funds
Non-Affiliated:Non-Affiliated Class 2:
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies FundMorgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio
Invesco Variable Insurance FundsMorgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio
Non-Affiliated Series I:
Invesco V.I. American Franchise FundPimco Variable Insurance Trust
Invesco V.I. Government Securities FundNon-Affiliated:
Non-Affiliated Series II:PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio
Invesco V.I. Core Equity FundPIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio
Invesco V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth FundPIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio
Invesco V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth FundPutnam Variable Trust
Non-Affiliated Class 2:Non-Affiliated Class 1B:
Invesco V.I. American Franchise FundPutnam VT International Equity Fund
Invesco V.I. American Value FundPutnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund
Invesco V.I. Comstock FundPutnam VT Small Cap Value Fund
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund
Janus Henderson VIT FundsTouchstone Variable Series Trust
Non-Affiliated Service Class:Affiliated Service Class:
Janus Henderson Enterprise PortfolioTouchstone VST Balanced Fund
Janus Henderson Forty PortfolioTouchstone VST Bond Fund
Janus Henderson Global Research PortfolioTouchstone VST Common Stock Fund
Lincoln Financial Group
Non-Affiliated:
LVIP JPMorgan Mid Cap Value Fund
Massachusetts Financial Service Variable Insurance Trust(^II)
Non-Affiliated Initial Class:
MFS Growth Fund
MFS Investors Trust Fund
Non-Affiliated Service Class:
MFS Growth Fund
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund
MFS New Discovery Fund
^MFS Core Equity Fund


14
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)


1. Organization and Nature of Operations (continued)
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the following Underlying Funds had name changes that were made effective:
Date:New Name:Old Name:
4/30/2023LVIP JPMorgan Mid Cap Value FundJPMorgan IT Mid Cap Value
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”).
Investments
Investments in shares of the Underlying Funds are valued at fair value as determined by the closing net asset value per share on December 31, 2023. The difference between cost and fair value is reflected as unrealized appreciation or depreciation of investments.
Share transactions are recorded on the trade date. Realized gains and losses on sales of the Funds’ shares are determined based on the identified cost basis.
Capital gain distributions are included in the realized gain distributions line on the Statements of Operations. Dividends are included in the reinvested dividends line on the Statements of Operations. Dividends and capital gain distributions are recorded on the ex-dividend date. Dividends and capital gain distributions from the Underlying Funds’ are reinvested in the respective Underlying Funds and are reflected in the unit values of the subaccounts.
The Separate Account’s investments are held at fair value. Fair value is the price that the Separate Account would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is established using a three-level hierarchy based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability. Inputs may be observable or unobservable and refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Observable inputs reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs reflect the reporting entity’s own assessment regarding the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The Separate Account’s investments are assigned a level based upon the observability of the inputs that are significant to the overall valuation. The three-tier hierarchy of inputs is summarized below.
•Level 1 - inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices in active markets.
•    Level 2 - inputs to the valuation methodology are observable, directly or indirectly.
•    Level 3 - inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and reflect assumptions on the part of the reporting entity.

The Separate Account’s investments are valued as Level 1. There were no transfers between levels 1, 2, and 3 during the year. The Separate Account’s policy is to recognize the transfers in and transfers out of levels at the beginning of the annual reporting period.
15
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)


2. Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Unit Value
Unit values for the subaccounts are computed at the end of each business day. The unit value is equal to the unit value for the preceding business day multiplied by a net investment factor. This net investment factor is determined based on the net asset value of the Underlying Fund, reinvested dividends and capital gains, and the daily asset charge for the mortality and expense risk and administrative charges, as applicable.
Taxes
Operations of the Separate Account are included in the income tax return of the Company, which is taxed as a life insurance company under the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”). The Separate Account is not taxed as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the IRC. Under the provisions of the policies, the Company has the right to charge the Separate Account for federal income tax attributable to the Separate Account. No charge is currently being made against the Separate account for such tax since, under current tax law, the Company pays no tax on investment income and capital gains reflected in variable life insurance policy reserves. However, the Company retains the right to charge for any federal income tax incurred, which is attributable to the Separate Account if the law is changed. Charges for state and local taxes, if any, attributable to the Separate Account may also be made.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Subsequent Events

Management has evaluated subsequent events though the issuance of these financial statements and
determined that no additional disclosures are required.


16
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)


3. Purchases and Sales of Investments
The aggregate cost of Underlying Fund shares purchased and proceeds from Underlying Fund shares sold during the year ended December 31, 2023 and the cost of shares held at December 31, 2023, for each subaccount were as follows:
Subaccount Purchases Sales Cost
Affiliated:
Touchstone VST Balanced Fund $70,103 $(85,401)$503,234 
Touchstone VST Bond Fund 514,632 (174,387)8,989,055 
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund1,148,500 (609,882)12,132,447 
Non-Affiliated:
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund— (5,104)73,282 
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund— (9,723)41,224 
LVIP JPMorgan Mid Cap Value Fund (a)36 (11)330 
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio8,287 (6,669)60,459 
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio6,482 (987)23,936 
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio150,788 (13,204)315,745 
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund4,543 (807)22,054 
Non-Affiliated Initial Class:
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market124,136 (144,890)813,717 
MFS Growth Fund1,265 (5,031)13,051 
MFS Investors Trust Fund636 (945)8,539 
Non-Affiliated Service Class:
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio12,423 (11,455)107,041 
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio12,606 (31,907)442,040 
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio15,280 (7,547)181,784 
MFS Growth Fund1,939 (1,227)20,642 
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund34 (105)2,940 
MFS New Discovery Fund— (176)9,560 
MFS Core Equity Fund679 (377)12,324 
Non-Affiliated Service Class 2:
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio2,803 (2,563)36,547 
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio63,832 (50,119)840,017 
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio91,342 (167,015)1,382,739 
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio64,593 (71,189)749,823 
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio78,172 (118,359)748,485 
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio51,716 (53,553)557,678 
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio164,708 (86,315)1,574,513 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio3,134 (1,267)16,709 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio1,388 (585)12,063 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio3,164 (13,098)12,942 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio4,798 (4,879)98,650 
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio7,647 (5,242)87,676 







(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
17
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)


3. Purchases and Sales of Investments (continued)
Subaccount Purchases Sales Cost
Non-Affiliated Series I:
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund$9,450 $(22,528)$179,528 
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund2,922 (2,625)16,563 
Non-Affiliated Class 1B:
Putnam VT International Equity Fund18,885 (58,434)378,244 
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund2 (2)43 
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund38,297 (67,723)147,298 
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund39,874 (93,920)371,499 
Non-Affiliated Series II:
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund9,230 (2,606)96,105 
Invesco V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund 9,765 (12,115)201,591 
Invesco V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund 32,155 (140,475)524,237 
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund 34,836 (112,834)870,080 
Non-Affiliated Class 2:
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund34,116 (12,870)334,753 
Franklin Income VIP Fund125,466 (46,833)767,334 
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund58,753 (37,166)385,042 
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund28,767 (77,574)632,561 
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund26,028 (76,993)299,100 
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund63,563 (69,994)602,604 
Templeton Growth VIP Fund13,935 (26,473)138,290 
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund40,394 (28,318)181,663 
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund17,501 (18,005)302,478 
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund66,490 (29,299)326,012 
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio90,783 (28,103)400,489 
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio1,012 (254)5,776 
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio7,613 (3,009)27,741 
Non-Affiliated Class A:
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund425,343 (450,342)3,822,495 
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund41,333 (31,548)506,400 

(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
18
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)

4. Expenses and Related Party Transactions
The Company deducts a premium expense charge from the Separate Account to cover the cost of distributing the policies. For Flexible Premium, the maximum premium expense charge is 5.50% of a premium payment, with the current premium expense charge at 4.75% of a premium payment. For Pinnacle, Pinnacle II and Legacy, for a Coverage Layer in a Coverage Year for the first 12 coverage years, the current premium expense charge is 6.50% of premium payments up to target premium, with a maximum of 7.50%. In a coverage year after the first 12 coverage years, the current premium expense charge is 2.50%, with a maximum of 3.50%. Premium payments in excess of target premium for a coverage layer in a coverage year for the first 12 coverage years, have a premium charge of 3.25%, with a maximum of 4.25%. In a coverage year after the first 12 coverage years for premium payments in excess of target premium, the current premium expense charge is 1.75%, with a maximum of 2.75%. The premium expense charge is deducted from each premium payment before the net premiums are allocated to the investment options.

For Flexible Premium, a tax charge is deducted to cover state taxes on insurance premiums and certain federal taxes. The tax charge is equal to the state premium tax rate for the state of residence plus .55% for certain federal taxes. The maximum tax charge is 3.50% of a premium payment. The tax charge is deducted from each premium payment before the net premiums are allocated to the investment options. For Pinnacle, Pinnacle II and Legacy, a state tax charge equal to the state premium tax rate for the state of residence is deducted from each premium payment before the net premiums are allocated to the investment options. The maximum state tax charge is 3.50% of a premium payment.
The Company also deducts from a contract owner’s account a monthly cost of insurance charge for providing policyholders with life insurance protection. The amount of the cost of insurance depends on the amount of insurance requested, and the age, gender and underwriting class of the insured. The cost of insurance is also affected by the account value, indebtedness and death benefit option. The maximum monthly cost of insurance charge for a policy is shown in the policy schedule. The Company may charge less than the maximum shown in the policy schedule.
The Company also deducts from a contract owner’s account an amount monthly to cover the cost of any additional benefits provided under the policy by rider. Both the cost of insurance charge and the charge for riders are deducted from a contract owner’s account on each monthly anniversary day.
The monthly expense charge covers the cost of record keeping and administering the policy. For Flexible Premium policies, the maximum monthly expense charge is $7 with the current monthly expense charge at $6. For Pinnacle, Pinnacle II and Legacy policies, the maximum monthly expense charge is $9 with the current monthly expense charge at $7.50. This charge is also deducted from a contract owner’s account on each monthly anniversary day.





19
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
4. Expenses and Related Party Transactions (continued)
The Company also charges policies a fee in order to compensate for its assumption of mortality and expense risks. For Flexible Premium, the deduction is made daily on a pro rata basis from the accumulation unit values of each sub-account at an annual effective rate not to exceed 1.00%. For Pinnacle, Pinnacle II and Legacy, the deduction is made monthly as a direct charge to the policy at an annual effective rate not to exceed 0.90%. The monthly deduction can be charged on a pro-rata basis to each investment option or from a single investment option at the direction of the policyholder. As of December 31, 2023, the effective annual rate of the Flexible Premium charges is 0.90% and for each Pinnacle, Pinnacle II and Legacy effective annual rate charges are 0.70%.
A surrender charge is imposed by the Company if the policy is cancelled or, under certain circumstances, if the specified amount decreases during the first 14 years after the policy is issued, or during the first 14 years after any increase in the specified amount for Flexible Premium policies. For Pinnacle, Pinnacle II and Legacy policies, the surrender charge applies during the first 12 months since the policy date or since the date of any increase in Base Specified Amount, if the policy is cancelled or if the policy terminates at the end of a grace period. The amount of the charge depends upon the insured’s age, gender and underwriting class.
There is no charge for the first 12 transfers among sub-accounts each policy year. Additional transfers are $10 for each transfer in a policy year. The charge is deducted from the account value at the time of the transfer. There are no charges for transfers made in connection with the dollar cost averaging program and these transfers are not counted when determining the number of transfers made in a policy year.
There is no charge for the first withdrawal in a policy year. There is a withdrawal charge of $50 per withdrawal for each additional withdrawal. The amount of the charge is deducted from the account value.
Touchstone Advisors Inc., an affiliate of the Company, advises certain funds in the Touchstone Variable Series Trust, offered through the Company’s variable life products.
20
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
5. Financial Highlights
A summary of net assets, unit values and units outstanding for variable annuity contracts, investment income and expense ratios, excluding expenses of the underlying funds and total returns are presented for each period ended December 31. The ranges of lowest to highest unit values and total return are based on the product groupings that represent lowest and highest expense ratio amounts. The first unit value presented in the range of each subaccount within the table corresponds to the highest expense ratio for each subaccount presented within the table. The first total return presented in the range of each subaccount within the table corresponds to the highest expense ratio for each subaccount presented within the table. Therefore, some individual contract ratios are not within the ranges presented. The financial highlights include historical highlights for funds that may no longer be offered in the current year statements.

** Investment income ratio amounts represent the dividends, excluding distributions of capital gains, received by the subaccount from the Underlying Fund net of management fees assessed by the fund manager, divided by the average net assets. These ratios exclude those expenses, such as mortality and expense risk and administrative charges, that result in direct reductions in the unit values. The recognition of investment income by the subaccount is affected by the timing of the declaration of dividends by the Underlying Fund in which the subaccounts invest. Therefore, the Investment Income Ratio is greatly affected by the amount of subaccount assets that are present on specific dividend record dates.

*** Expense ratio amounts represent the annualized contract expenses of the separate account, consisting primarily of mortality and expense risk and administrative charges, for each period indicated. The ratios include only those expenses that result in a direct reduction to unit values. Charges made directly to contract owner accounts through the redemption of units and expenses of the underlying fund are excluded.

**** Total return amounts represent the total return for the periods indicated, including changes in the value of the underlying fund, which includes expenses assessed through the reduction of unit values. The ratio does not include any expenses assessed through the redemption of units. Investment options with a date notation indicate the effective date of that investment option in the variable account. The total return is calculated for the period indicated or from the effective date through the end of the reporting period.













21
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)

At December 31, 2023For the Period Ended December 31, 2023
SubaccountUnits (000s)Unit Value RangeNet Assets (000s)Investment Income
Ratio (**)		Expense Ratio Range(***)Total Return Range (****)
Touchstone Variable Series Trust
Touchstone VST Balanced Fund42 $10.55 to$10.81$455 1.30 %0.00%to0.90%17.51 %to18.57%
Touchstone VST Bond Fund 786 9.69 to10.097,927 5.05 %0.00%to0.90%4.75 %to5.70%
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund829 17.07 to17.7814,687 0.65 %0.00%to0.90%25.22 %to26.35%
The Alger Portfolios
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund2 37.4869 — %0.90%31.48%
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund1 31.7629 — %0.90%15.45%
Lincoln Financial Group
LVIP JPMorgan Mid Cap Value Fund (a)*-57.80*-2.98 %0.00%10.91%
PIMCO Variable Insurance Trust
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio2 27.7545 2.38 %0.90%3.05%
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio1 15.3320 16.01 %0.00%(7.85)%
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio17 16.89294 3.59 %0.00%5.93%
Guggenheim Variable Insurance Funds
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund1 15.1523 2.82 %0.00%4.37%
Fidelity Variable Insurance Products Funds
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market60 10.33 to14.16814 4.78 %0.00%to0.90%3.95 %to4.89%
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio1 24.87 to31.8438 2.21 %0.00%to0.90%11.64 %to12.65%
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio20 37.77 to48.75980 1.55 %0.00%to0.90%20.15 %to21.23%
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio22 62.25 to80.601,739 0.26 %0.00%to0.90%31.92 %to33.12%
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio19 33.85 to44.21812 1.77 %0.00%to0.90%9.39 %to10.38%
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio13 48.84 to66.81849 — %0.00%to0.90%34.67 %to35.89%
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio14 39.89 to52.27717 1.49 %0.00%to0.90%17.30 %to18.37%
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio21 64.43 to82.291,674 0.40 %0.00%to0.90%13.77 %to14.80%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio1 20.4615 3.78 %0.00%9.08%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio*-21.6911 3.43 %0.00%10.64%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio1 22.5612 2.19 %0.00%12.22%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio4 24.43102 2.62 %0.00%13.32%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio4 25.3491 2.26 %0.00%14.46%
MFS Variable Insurance Trust (^II)
MFS Growth Fund - Initial Class*-51.3613 — %0.90%34.65%
MFS Investors Trust Fund*-39.6311 0.73 %0.90%17.91%
^MFS Core Equity Fund1 23.82 to25.7814 0.33 %0.00%to0.90%21.69 %to22.79%
MFS Growth Fund - Service Class*-63.7226 — %0.00%35.51%
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund*-25.29 to37.292 — %0.00%to0.90%19.89 %to20.97%
MFS New Discovery Fund*-38.83 to52.467 — %0.00%to0.90%13.23 %to14.25%
Janus Henderson VIT Funds
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio2 70.68112 0.09 %0.00%17.78%
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio6 83.78488 0.13 %0.00%39.65%
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio7 32.05211 0.79 %0.00%26.47%
-*Less than 500.
(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
22
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
At December 31, 2023For the Period Ended December 31, 2023
SubaccountUnits (000s)Unit Value RangeNet Assets (000s)Investment Income
Ratio (**)		Expense Ratio Range(***)Total Return Range (****)
Invesco Variable Insurance Funds
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund1 $17.28$15 2.10 %0.90%3.68%
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund - Series I5 37.23172 — %0.90%39.66%
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund3 34.5792 0.50 %0.00%23.09%
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund3 60.98207 1.56 %0.00%12.09%
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund - Class II4 72.21286 — %0.00%40.60%
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund8 32.50276 0.38 %0.00%15.29%
Invesco V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund 11 14.65159 — %0.00%12.85%
Invesco V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund 48 10.01478 — %0.00%8.60%
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund61 13.46820 0.30 %0.00%20.64%
Putnam Variable Trust
Putnam VT International Equity Fund14 28.08 to33.80445 0.04 %0.00%to0.90%17.44 %to18.51%
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund*-83.60*-— %0.00%26.11%
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund3 66.61199 0.16 %0.00%23.75%
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund21 20.36418 2.21 %0.00%15.67%
Franklin Templeton Variable Insurance Products Trust
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund5 52.40262 2.21 %0.00%8.98%
Franklin Income VIP Fund18 40.08739 5.13 %0.00%8.62%
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund9 40.35356 1.90 %0.00%13.46%
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund10 62.55612 — %0.00%40.44%
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund17 15.69266 2.57 %0.00%4.47%
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund20 32.37662 3.18 %0.00%20.76%
Templeton Growth VIP Fund5 34.77160 3.21 %0.00%21.01%
Morgan Stanley Variable Insurance Funds
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio8 48.85375 1.67 %0.00%11.96%
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio*-21.515 8.44 %0.00%11.69%
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio1 27.6026 1.87 %0.00%10.47%
DWS Investments VIT Funds
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund83 40.16 to59.524,831 1.37 %0.00%to0.90%24.87 %to26.00%
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund9 42.68 to56.91476 1.13 %0.00%to0.90%15.71 %to16.76%










-*Less than 500.
(a) Name Change. See Note 1.
(b) New Underlying Fund. See Note 1.
23
(c) Merger. See Note 1.
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
At December 31, 2022For the Period Ended December 31, 2022
SubaccountBeginning Unit Value RangeUnits (000s)Ending Unit Value RangeNet Assets (000s)Investment Income
Ratio (**)		Expense Ratio Range(***)Total Return Range (****)
Touchstone Variable Series Trust
Touchstone VST Balanced Fund$10.78 to$10.8544 $8.98 to$9.12$402 0.47 %0.00%to0.90%(16.70)%to(15.95)%
Touchstone VST Bond Fund10.84 to11.09790 9.25 to9.557,543 1.85 %0.00%to0.90%(14.67)%to(13.90)%
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund16.74 to17.11855 13.64 to14.0711,997 0.23 %0.00%to0.90%(18.52)%to(17.79)%
The Alger Portfolios
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund46.892 28.5056 — %0.90%(39.21)%
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund44.781 27.5135 — %0.90%(38.57)%
JP Morgan Insurance Trust
JP Morgan IT Mid Cap Value56.74*-52.11*-0.96 %0.00%(8.16)%
PIMCO Variable Insurance Trust
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio38.212 26.9342 2.04 %0.90%(29.51)%
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio15.321 16.6419 20.85 %0.00%8.61%
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio18.609 15.94150 2.60 %0.00%(14.30)%
Guggenheim Variable Insurance Funds
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund15.021 14.5119 1.16 %0.00%(3.40)%
Fidelity Variable Insurance Products Funds
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market9.89 to13.3164 9.94 to13.50834 1.41 %0.00%to0.90%0.53 %to1.44%
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio26.49 to33.311 22.28 to28.2734 1.86 %0.00%to0.90%(15.91)%to(15.15)%
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio38.77 to49.1521 31.44 to40.21839 1.06 %0.00%to0.90%(18.92)%to(18.19)%
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio64.77 to82.3724 47.19 to60.551,426 0.26 %0.00%to0.90%(27.15)%to(26.49)%
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio32.96 to42.2720 30.95 to40.05778 1.60 %0.00%to0.90%(6.10)%to(5.25)%
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio48.56 to65.2414 36.27 to49.16688 0.34 %0.00%to0.90%(25.32)%to(24.64)%
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio36.19 to46.5715 34.01 to44.16641 1.32 %0.00%to0.90%(6.02)%to(5.17)%
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio67.20 to84.3020 56.63 to71.681,431 0.26 %0.00%to0.90%(15.73)%to(14.97)%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio21.721 18.7513 1.94 %0.00%(13.66)%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio23.00*-19.609 1.91 %0.00%(14.79)%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio23.931 20.1121 1.86 %0.00%(15.97)%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio25.864 21.5693 1.82 %0.00%(16.64)%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio26.714 22.1479 1.72 %0.00%(17.09)%
MFS Variable Insurance Trust (^II)
MFS Growth Fund - Initial Class56.30*-38.1414 — %0.90%(32.25)%
MFS Investors Trust Fund40.61*-33.6110 0.67 %0.90%(17.24)%
^MFS Core Equity Fund23.94 to25.441 19.58 to20.9912 0.07 %0.00%to0.90%(18.23)%to(17.48)%
MFS Growth Fund - Service Class68.95*-47.0220 — %0.00%(31.80)%
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund29.90 to43.29*-21.10 to30.822 — %0.00%to0.90%(29.43)%to(28.79)%
MFS New Discovery Fund49.43 to65.59*-34.29 to45.916 — %0.00%to0.90%(30.62)%to(29.99)%
Janus Henderson VIT Funds
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio71.572 60.01101 0.07 %0.00%(16.15)%
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio90.536 59.99366 0.04 %0.00%(33.73)%
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio31.537 25.35166 0.91 %0.00%(19.61)%
24
-*Less than 500.
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
At December 31, 2022For the Period Ended December 31, 2022
SubaccountBeginning Unit Value RangeUnits (000s)Ending Unit Value RangeNet Assets (000s)Investment Income
Ratio (**)		Expense Ratio Range(***)Total Return Range (****)
Invesco Variable Insurance Funds
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund$18.751 $16.67$14 1.97 %0.90%(11.10)%
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund - Series I39.055 26.66136 — %0.90%(31.73)%
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund35.443 28.0871 0.64 %0.00%(20.75)%
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund53.954 54.40197 1.35 %0.00%0.85%
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund - Class II74.754 51.36208 — %0.00%(31.30)%
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund29.029 28.19256 0.50 %0.00%(2.86)%
Invesco V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund18.8511 12.98143 — %0.00%(31.13)%
Invesco V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund10.4459 9.22544 — %0.00%(11.71)%
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund15.3267 11.16752 — %0.00%(27.16)%
Putnam Variable Trust
Putnam VT International Equity Fund28.31 to33.4715 23.91 to28.53412 1.34 %0.00%to0.90%(15.53)%to(14.77)%
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund85.99*-66.29*-2.09 %0.00%(22.91)%
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund61.854 53.82213 0.16 %0.00%(12.98)%
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund18.1725 17.60446 0.97 %0.00%(3.13)%
Franklin Templeton Variable Insurance Products Trust
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund51.595 48.08238 3.03 %0.00%(6.81)%
Franklin Income VIP Fund39.0418 36.90682 4.87 %0.00%(5.47)%
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund38.429 35.56327 1.84 %0.00%(7.43)%
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund70.1811 44.54491 — %0.00%(36.54)%
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund16.6421 15.02312 2.35 %0.00%(9.75)%
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund29.0121 26.80572 3.11 %0.00%(7.61)%
Templeton Growth VIP Fund32.465 28.73148 0.16 %0.00%(11.50)%
Morgan Stanley Variable Insurance Funds
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio58.277 43.63287 0.36 %0.00%(25.13)%
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio23.72*-19.264 7.49 %0.00%(18.81)%
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio33.861 24.9919 4.23 %0.00%(26.20)%
DWS Investments VIT Funds
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund39.74 to57.8489 32.16 to47.234,114 1.24 %0.00%to0.90%(19.07)%to(18.34)%
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund46.90 to61.419 36.89 to48.74412 0.93 %0.00%to0.90%(21.35)%to(20.64)%









25
-*Less than 500.
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
At December 31, 2021For the Period Ended December 31, 2021
SubaccountBeginning Unit Value RangeUnits (000s)Ending Unit Value RangeNet Assets (000s)Investment Income
Ratio (**)		Expense Ratio Range(***)Total Return Range (****)
Touchstone Variable Series Trust
Touchstone VST Balanced Fund (April 17, 2021)$10.00 to$10.0047 $10.78 to$10.85$512 0.32 %0.00%to0.90%7.75 %to8.45%
Touchstone VST Bond Fund11.09 to11.23712 10.84 to11.097,897 2.29 %0.00%to0.90%(2.19)%to(1.30)%
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund13.24 to13.42937 16.74 to17.1116,017 0.40 %0.00%to0.90%26.42 %to27.57%
The Alger Portfolios
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund42.302 46.8999 — %0.90%10.84%
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund48.101 44.7858 — %0.90%(6.91)%
JP Morgan Insurance Trust
JP Morgan IT Mid Cap Value43.69*-56.74*-1.25 %0.00%29.88%
PIMCO Variable Insurance Trust
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio40.492 38.2159 1.56 %0.90%(5.64)%
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio11.491 15.3217 4.38 %0.00%33.34%
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio18.8410 18.60190 1.83 %0.00%(1.27)%
Guggenheim Variable Insurance Funds
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund13.901 15.0220 — %0.00%8.10%
Fidelity Variable Insurance Products Funds
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market9.97 to13.3169 9.89 to13.31877 0.01 %0.00%to0.90%(0.89)%to0.01%
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio24.37 to30.371 26.49 to33.3143 1.43 %0.00%to0.90%8.69 %to9.68%
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio33.16 to41.6522 38.77 to49.151,079 0.73 %0.00%to0.90%16.93 %to17.99%
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio51.26 to64.6025 64.77 to82.372,040 0.03 %0.00%to0.90%26.36 %to27.51%
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio26.69 to33.9223 32.96 to42.27933 1.65 %0.00%to0.90%23.48 %to24.60%
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio39.87 to53.0812 48.56 to65.24760 — %0.00%to0.90%21.80 %to22.90%
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio29.06 to37.0718 36.19 to46.57831 2.22 %0.00%to0.90%24.51 %to25.64%
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio54.12 to67.2722 67.20 to84.301,829 0.36 %0.00%to0.90%24.18 %to25.31%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio20.571 21.7215 0.81 %0.00%5.60%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio21.421 23.0012 0.49 %0.00%7.39%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio21.901 23.9324 0.66 %0.00%9.26%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio23.394 25.86115 0.79 %0.00%10.55%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio23.834 26.7194 0.82 %0.00%12.07%
MFS Variable Insurance Trust (^II)
MFS Growth Fund - Initial Class45.99*-56.3025 — %0.90%22.42%
MFS Investors Trust Fund32.32*-40.6113 0.63 %0.90%25.67%
^MFS Core Equity Fund19.32 to20.341 23.94 to25.4418 0.27 %0.00%to0.90%23.93 %to25.05%
MFS Growth Fund - Service Class55.95*-68.9531 — %0.00%23.24%
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund26.49 to38.01*-29.90 to43.293 — %0.00%to0.90%12.85 %to13.88%
MFS New Discovery Fund49.11 to64.57*-49.43 to65.599 — %0.00%to0.90%0.66 %to1.57%
Janus Henderson VIT Funds
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio61.411 71.5788 0.24 %0.00%16.54%
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio73.848 90.53715 — %0.00%22.60%
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio26.766 31.53200 0.37 %0.00%17.80%
26
-*Less than 500.
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
At December 31, 2021For the Period Ended December 31, 2021
SubaccountBeginning Unit Value RangeUnits (000s)Ending Unit Value RangeNet Assets (000s)Investment Income
Ratio (**)		Expense Ratio Range(***)Total Return Range (****)
Invesco Variable Insurance Funds
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund$19.361 $18.75$17 2.48 %0.90%(3.15)%
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund - Series I35.215 39.05200 — %0.90%10.92%
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund27.822 35.4486 0.42 %0.00%27.38%
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund40.554 53.95213 1.60 %0.00%33.04%
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund - Class II66.964 74.75301 — %0.00%11.65%
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund22.749 29.02261 0.33 %0.00%27.62%
Invesco V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund 15.8711 18.85207 — %0.00%18.79%
Invesco V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund 10.8359 10.44619 4.40 %0.00%(3.56)%
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund13.9169 15.321,053 — %0.00%10.12%
Putnam Variable Trust
Putnam VT International Equity Fund26.25 to30.7610 28.31 to33.47309 1.14 %0.00%to0.90%7.84 %to8.82%
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund69.61*-85.99*-— %0.00%23.53%
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund44.214 61.85260 0.76 %0.00%39.90%
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund14.2711 18.17202 1.21 %0.00%27.30%
Franklin Templeton Variable Insurance Products Trust
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund41.195 51.59266 2.47 %0.00%25.24%
Franklin Income VIP Fund33.4319 39.04759 4.67 %0.00%16.75%
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund32.249 38.42363 2.88 %0.00%19.17%
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund60.8813 70.18929 — %0.00%15.28%
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund16.9521 16.64348 2.47 %0.00%(1.83)%
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund27.8524 29.01693 1.82 %0.00%4.16%
Templeton Growth VIP Fund30.965 32.46177 1.08 %0.00%4.87%
Morgan Stanley Variable Insurance Funds
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio56.606 58.27351 0.78 %0.00%2.95%
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio24.19*-23.724 4.85 %0.00%(1.96)%
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio27.341 33.8625 2.35 %0.00%23.83%
DWS Investments VIT Funds
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund31.23 to45.0592 39.74 to57.845,239 1.51 %0.00%to0.90%27.24 %to28.40%
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund41.33 to53.639 46.90 to61.41547 0.88 %0.00%to0.90%13.47 %to14.50%








27
-*Less than 500.
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
At December 31, 2020For the Period Ended December 31, 2020
SubaccountBeginning Unit Value RangeUnits (000s)Ending Unit Value RangeNet Assets (000s)Investment Income
Ratio (**)		Expense Ratio Range(***)Total Return Range (****)
Touchstone Variable Series Trust
Touchstone VST Moderate ETF Fund$18.05 to$20.0411 $19.87 to$22.26$244 2.13 %0.00%to0.90%10.07 %to11.07%
Touchstone VST Aggressive ETF Fund21.377 23.90165 1.92 %0.00%11.84%
Touchstone VST Conservative ETF Fund17.831 19.5920 2.79 %0.00%9.90%
Touchstone VST Bond Fund 10.20 to10.25736 11.09 to11.238,264 1.74 %0.00%to0.90%8.64 %to9.62%
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund10.82 to10.861,063 13.24 to13.4214,245 0.63 %0.00%to0.90%22.38 %to23.48%
The Alger Portfolios
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund25.562 42.3094 0.18 %0.90%65.53%
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund29.041 48.1065 1.10 %0.90%65.65%
JP Morgan Insurance Trust
JP Morgan IT Mid Cap Value43.52*-43.69*-1.68 %0.00%0.37%
PIMCO Variable Insurance Trust
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio34.811 40.4956 1.69 %0.90%16.34%
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio11.331 11.4913 6.30 %0.00%1.35%
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio17.349 18.84176 2.12 %0.00%8.65%
Guggenheim Variable Insurance Funds
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund$12.941 $13.90$18 1.33 %0.00%7.39%
Fidelity Variable Insurance Products Funds
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market10.03 to13.2767 9.97 to13.31848 0.32 %0.00%to0.90%(0.58)%to0.32%
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio21.47 to26.521 24.37 to30.3740 0.62 %0.00%to0.90%13.51 %to14.54%
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio27.40 to34.1123 33.16 to41.65956 1.27 %0.00%to0.90%21.03 %to22.13%
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio39.72 to49.6028 51.26 to64.601,772 0.08 %0.00%to0.90%29.06 %to30.23%
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio25.30 to31.8726 26.69 to33.92850 1.66 %0.00%to0.90%5.48 %to6.44%
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio28.03 to36.9813 39.87 to53.08671 0.04 %0.00%to0.90%42.26 %to43.55%
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio27.26 to34.4519 29.06 to37.07697 1.97 %0.00%to0.90%6.63 %to7.59%
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio46.33 to57.0824 54.12 to67.271,561 0.40 %0.00%to0.90%16.81 %to17.87%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio18.331 20.5714 1.12 %0.00%12.24%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio18.861 21.4222 1.08 %0.00%13.56%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio19.092 21.9038 0.91 %0.00%14.72%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio20.225 23.39121 0.79 %0.00%15.68%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio20.434 23.8394 1.04 %0.00%16.64%
MFS Variable Insurance Trust (^II)
MFS Growth Fund - Initial Class35.20*-45.9922 — %0.90%30.67%
MFS Investors Trust Fund28.64*-32.3211 0.64 %0.90%12.85%
^MFS Core Equity Fund16.47 to17.181 19.32 to20.3414 0.50 %0.00%to0.90%17.32 %to18.39%
MFS Growth Fund - Service Class42.53*-55.9527 — %0.00%31.54%
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund19.64 to27.93*-26.49 to38.019 — %0.00%to0.90%34.90 %to36.12%
MFS New Discovery Fund34.04 to44.35*-49.11 to64.5711 — %0.00%to0.90%44.28 %to45.58%
Janus Henderson VIT Funds
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio51.531 61.4176 0.05 %0.00%19.18%
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio53.119 73.84643 0.64 %0.00%39.03%
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio22.356 26.76174 0.65 %0.00%19.76%
28
-*Less than 500.
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
At December 31, 2020For the Period Ended December 31, 2020
SubaccountBeginning Unit Value RangeUnits (000s)Ending Unit Value RangeNet Assets (000s)Investment Income
Ratio (**)		Expense Ratio Range(***)Total Return Range (****)
Invesco Variable Insurance Funds
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund$18.381 $19.36$17 2.52 %0.90%5.32%
Invesco V.I. Value Opportunities Fund27.997 29.48202 0.09 %0.00%5.33%
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund - Series I24.966 35.21194 0.07 %0.90%41.08%
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund24.503 27.8281 1.09 %0.00%13.57%
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund40.995 40.55187 2.23 %0.00%(1.09)%
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund - Class II47.154 66.96284 — %0.00%42.00%
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund22.551 22.7418 0.72 %0.00%0.86%
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund11.3112 15.87193 — %0.00%40.24%
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund10.5156 10.83609 5.53 %0.00%2.99%
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund11.4969 13.91956 0.65 %0.00%21.04%
Putnam Variable Trust
Putnam VT International Equity Fund23.63 to27.4410 26.25 to30.76286 1.59 %0.00%to0.90%11.09 %to12.10%
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund54.07*-69.61*-— %0.00%28.74%
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund42.536 44.21247 1.04 %0.00%3.96%
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund13.4911 14.27164 1.70 %0.00%5.80%
Franklin Templeton Variable Insurance Products Trust
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund39.045 41.19223 4.14 %0.00%5.52%
Franklin Income VIP Fund33.2020 33.43652 5.76 %0.00%0.69%
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund33.9511 32.24344 2.89 %0.00%(5.04)%
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund42.0914 60.88850 — %0.00%44.63%
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund16.3219 16.95315 3.41 %0.00%3.83%
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund28.1826 27.85715 3.38 %0.00%(1.16)%
Templeton Growth VIP Fund29.265 30.96165 3.04 %0.00%5.80%
Morgan Stanley Variable Insurance Funds
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio49.496 56.60333 1.34 %0.00%14.36%
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio22.92*-24.194 4.35 %0.00%5.53%
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio32.111 27.3418 4.08 %0.00%(14.85)%
DWS Investments VIT Funds
DWS Bond VIP Fund16.821 18.3522 2.68 %0.00%9.07%
DWS Investments VIT Funds
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund26.68 to38.15106 31.23 to45.054,692 1.68 %0.00%to0.90%17.03 %to18.10%
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund34.92 to44.9111 41.33 to53.63554 1.11 %0.00%to0.90%18.36 %to19.43%
29
-*Less than 500.
Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
At December 31, 2019For the Period Ended December 31, 2019
SubaccountBeginning Unit Value RangeUnits (000s)Ending Unit Value RangeNet Assets (000s)Investment Income
Ratio (**)		Expense Ratio Range(***)Total Return Range (****)
Touchstone Variable Series Trust
Touchstone VST Moderate ETF Fund$15.31 to$16.85 13 $18.05 to$20.04 $249 2.02%0.00%to0.90%17.90 %to18.96%
Touchstone VST Aggressive ETF Fund17.46 6 21.37 136 1.81%0.00%22.38%
Touchstone VST Conservative ETF Fund15.44 1 17.83 17 2.87%0.00%15.47%
Touchstone VST Bond Fund (July 12, 2019)10.00 to10.00 701 10.20 to10.25 7,180 1.30%0.00%to0.90%2.05 %to2.48%
Touchstone VST Common Stock Fund (July 12, 2019)10.00 to10.00 1,153 10.82 to10.86 12,520 0.55%0.00%to0.90%8.18 %to8.64%
The Alger Portfolios
Alger Large Cap Growth Fund20.24 2 25.56 61 —%0.90%26.29%
Alger Small Cap Growth Fund22.65 1 29.04 41 —%0.90%28.18%
JP Morgan Insurance Trust
JP Morgan IT Mid Cap Value34.34 *-43.52 *-1.51%0.00%26.76%
PIMCO Variable Insurance Trust
PIMCO VIT Long-Term U.S. Government Portfolio30.99 1 34.81 50 2.06%0.90%12.31%
PIMCO VIT CommodityRealReturn® Strategy Portfolio10.17 1 11.33 9 4.43%0.00%11.43%
PIMCO VIT Total Return Portfolio16.00 10 17.34 169 3.01%0.00%8.36%
Guggenheim Variable Insurance Funds
Guggenheim VT Multi-Hedge Strategies Fund12.32 1 12.94 15 2.37%0.00%5.01%
Fidelity Variable Insurance Products Funds
Fidelity VIP Government Money Market9.92 to13.00 68 10.03 to13.27 856 2.01%0.00%to0.90%1.11 %to2.02%
Fidelity VIP Asset Manager Portfolio18.36 to22.47 5 21.47 to26.52 121 1.53%0.00%to0.90%16.96 %to18.01%
Fidelity VIP Balanced Portfolio22.27 to27.48 24 27.40 to34.11 829 1.88%0.00%to0.90%23.01 %to24.11%
Fidelity VIP Contrafund® Portfolio30.53 to37.78 30 39.72 to49.60 1,474 0.22%0.00%to0.90%30.10 %to31.27%
Fidelity VIP Equity-Income Portfolio20.08 to25.07 27 25.30 to31.87 844 1.82%0.00%to0.90%25.97 %to27.11%
Fidelity VIP Growth Portfolio21.11 to27.60 14 28.03 to36.98 521 0.05%0.00%to0.90%32.78 %to33.98%
Fidelity VIP Growth & Income Portfolio21.21 to26.57 19 27.26 to34.45 661 3.38%0.00%to0.90%28.52 %to29.68%
Fidelity VIP Mid Cap Portfolio37.95 to46.34 26 46.33 to57.08 1,458 0.65%0.00%to0.90%22.07 %to23.17%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2010 Portfolio15.83 1 18.33 12 1.99%0.00%15.75%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2015 Portfolio15.99 1 18.86 18 1.89%0.00%17.97%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2020 Portfolio15.92 2 19.09 40 1.89%0.00%19.88%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2025 Portfolio16.64 8 20.22 167 1.81%0.00%21.51%
Fidelity VIP Freedom 2030 Portfolio16.46 4 20.43 77 1.71%0.00%24.11%
MFS Variable Insurance Trust (^II)
MFS Growth Fund - Initial Class25.71 1 35.20 25 —%0.90%36.92%
MFS Investors Trust Fund21.96 *-28.64 10 0.69%0.90%30.41%
^MFS Core Equity Fund12.50 to12.93 1 16.47 to17.18 13 0.56%0.00%to0.90%31.69 %to32.87%
MFS Growth Fund - Service Class30.87 1 42.53 22 —%0.00%37.78%
MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund14.33 to20.19 *-19.64 to27.93 8 —%0.00%to0.90%37.05 %to38.28%
MFS New Discovery Fund24.31 to31.39 *-34.04 to44.35 8 —%0.00%to0.90%40.01 %to41.27%
* - Less than 500.
30

Columbus Life Insurance Company Separate Account 1
Notes to Financial Statements (continued)
At December 31, 2019For the Period Ended December 31, 2019
SubaccountBeginning Unit Value RangeUnits (000s)Ending Unit Value RangeNet Assets (000s)Investment Income
Ratio (**)		Expense Ratio Range(***)Total Return Range (****)
Janus Henderson VIT Funds
Janus Henderson Enterprise Portfolio$38.12 1 $51.53 $66 0.05%0.00%35.16%
Janus Henderson Forty Portfolio38.81 10 53.11 544 0.02%0.00%36.85%
Janus Henderson Global Research Portfolio17.36 6 22.35 144 0.89%0.00%28.71%
Invesco Variable Insurance Funds
Invesco V.I. Government Securities Fund17.49 1 18.38 15 2.51%0.90%5.13%
Invesco V.I. Value Opportunities Fund21.51 7 27.99 193 —%0.00%30.12%
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund - Series I18.41 6 24.96 159 —%0.90%35.54%
Invesco V.I. Core Equity Fund19.04 3 24.50 74 0.17%0.00%28.67%
Invesco V.I. Comstock Fund32.81 5 40.99 185 1.74%0.00%24.94%
Invesco V.I. American Franchise Fund - Class II34.56 5 47.15 218 —%0.00%36.43%
Invesco V.I. American Value Fund18.08 1 22.55 14 0.43%0.00%24.71%
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund (May 23, 2019)10.00 12 11.31 133 —%0.00%13.15%
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. Global Strategic Income Fund (May 23, 2019)10.00 56 10.51 588 3.32%0.00%5.13%
Invesco Oppenheimer V.I. International Growth Fund (May 23, 2019)10.00 71 11.49 820 0.69%0.00%14.94%
Putnam Variable Trust
Putnam VT International Equity Fund19.05 to21.92 10 23.63 to27.44 246 1.31%0.00%to0.90%24.04 %to25.15%
Putnam VT Sustainable Leaders Fund39.65 *-54.07 *-—%0.00%36.36%
Putnam VT Small Cap Value Fund34.23 5 42.53 227 0.69%0.00%24.24%
Putnam VT Equity Income Fund10.34 12 13.49 161 2.10%0.00%30.40%
Franklin Templeton Variable Insurance Products Trust
Franklin Growth and Income VIP Fund31.07 8 39.04 302 2.27%0.00%25.66%
Franklin Income VIP Fund28.61 20 33.20 649 4.18%0.00%16.06%
Franklin Mutual Shares VIP Fund27.70 10 33.95 355 1.84%0.00%22.57%
Franklin Large Cap Growth VIP Fund31.28 15 42.09 625 —%0.00%34.58%
Franklin U.S. Government Securities VIP Fund15.51 19 16.32 309 2.88%0.00%5.23%
Templeton Foreign VIP Fund25.04 26 28.18 725 1.73%0.00%12.53%
Templeton Growth VIP Fund25.41 6 29.26 164 2.65%0.00%15.15%
Morgan Stanley Variable Insurance Funds
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Equity Portfolio41.41 6 49.49 293 1.00%0.00%19.51%
Morgan Stanley VIF Emerging Markets Debt Portfolio20.08 *-22.92 3 4.95%0.00%14.17%
Morgan Stanley VIF Global Real Estate Portfolio27.20 1 32.11 16 2.45%0.00%18.06%
DWS Investments VIT Funds
DWS Bond VIP Fund15.21 1 16.82 23 3.07%0.00%10.62%
DWS Investments VIT Funds
DWS Equity 500 Index VIP Fund20.52 to29.08 116 26.68 to38.15 4,350 1.93%0.00%to0.90%30.02 %to31.19%
DWS Small Cap Index VIP Fund28.14 to35.86 10 34.92 to44.91 461 1.04%0.00%to0.90%24.11 %to25.22%
* - Less than 500.
31










STATUTORY-BASIS FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Columbus Life Insurance Company
Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
With Report of Independent Auditors


Columbus Life Insurance Company

Statutory-Basis Financial Statements

Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021



Contents
Report of Independent Auditors
Financial Statements    
Balance Sheets (Statutory-Basis)
Statements of Operations (Statutory-Basis)
Statements of Changes in Capital and Surplus (Statutory-Basis)
Statements of Cash Flow (Statutory-Basis)
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)





Report of Independent Auditors
The Board of Directors
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Opinion
We have audited the statutory-basis financial statements of Columbus Life Insurance Company (the Company), which comprise the balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related statements of operations, changes in capital and surplus and cash flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes to the financial statements (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”).
Unmodified Opinion on Statutory Basis of Accounting
In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the three years ended December 31, 2023, on the basis of accounting described in Note 1.
Adverse Opinion on U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
In our opinion, because of the significance of the matter described in the Basis for Adverse Opinion on U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles section of our report, the financial statements do not present fairly, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, or the results of its operations or its cash flows for the three years ended December 31, 2023.
Basis for Opinion
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to be independent of the Company and to meet our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with the relevant ethical requirements relating to our audits. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinions.
Basis for Adverse Opinion on U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
As described in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company prepared these financial statements using accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Ohio Department of Insurance, which is a basis of accounting other than accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The effects on the financial statements of the variances between these statutory accounting practices described
1

in Note 1 and accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, although not reasonably determinable, are presumed to be material and pervasive.
Responsibilities of Management for the Financial Statements
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Ohio Department of Insurance. Management is also responsible for the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the financial statements, management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.
Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not absolute assurance and therefore is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with GAAS will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. Misstatements are considered material if there is a substantial likelihood that, individually or in the aggregate, they would influence the judgment made by a reasonable user based on the financial statements.
In performing an audit in accordance with GAAS, we:
•Exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit.
•Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, and design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements.
•Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control. Accordingly, no such opinion is expressed.
•Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluate the overall presentation of the financial statements.
2

•Conclude whether, in our judgment, there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time.
We are required to communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit, significant audit findings, and certain internal control-related matters that we identified during the audit.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

April 17, 2024
3
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Balance Sheets (Statutory-Basis)
December 31
20232022
Admitted assets(In Thousands)
Cash and invested assets:
Debt securities$3,227,935 $3,263,540 
Preferred and common stocks161,653 132,479 
Mortgage loans470,567 504,571 
Policy loans91,206 78,555 
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments35,200 68,903 
Receivable for securities735 182 
Derivatives90,942 31,175 
Securities lending reinvested collateral assets11,411 4,563 
Other invested assets345,923 338,358 
Total cash and invested assets4,435,572 4,422,326 
Investment income due and accrued40,528 38,918 
Premiums deferred and uncollected11,575 11,995 
Current federal income taxes recoverable from parent4,539 5,271 
Other admitted assets10,087 7,787 
Separate account assets81,354 83,347 
Total admitted assets$4,583,655 $4,569,644 
Liabilities and capital and surplus
Liabilities:
Policy and contract liabilities:
Life and annuity reserves$3,337,341 $3,407,947 
Accident and health reserves369 429 
Liability for deposit-type contracts331,273 351,421 
Policy and contract claims39,586 42,990 
Dividends payable to policyholders9,348 9,817 
Premiums received in advance173 152 
Total policy and contract liabilities3,718,090 3,812,756 
General expense due and accrued209 49 
Transfer to (from) separate accounts due and accrued, net(2,056)(625)
Asset valuation reserve74,552 40,296 
Interest maintenance reserve7,778 11,633 
Other liabilities162,774 172,281 
Derivatives49,884 16,564 
Payable for securities lending81,478 63,639 
Separate account liabilities81,354 83,347 
Total liabilities4,174,063 4,199,940 
Capital and surplus:
Common stock, $1 par value, authorized 10,000 shares,
    issued and outstanding 10,000 shares		10,000 10,000 
Paid-in surplus506,779 506,779 
Accumulated surplus(107,187)(147,075)
Total capital and surplus409,592 369,704 
Total liabilities and capital and surplus$4,583,655 $4,569,644 
See accompanying notes.
4
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Statements of Operations (Statutory-Basis)

Year Ended December 31
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Premiums and other revenues:
Premiums and annuity considerations$264,129 $294,104 $273,634 
Net investment income188,658 178,608 220,142 
Considerations for supplementary contracts with life contingencies
681 1,542 892 
Amortization of the interest maintenance reserve852 1,669 1,675 
Fees from management of separate accounts1,491 1,454 1,522 
Other revenues970 648 685 
Total premiums and other revenues456,781 478,025 498,550 
Benefits paid or provided:
Death benefits133,151 161,833 161,564 
Annuity benefits29,794 29,212 32,835 
Disability and accident and health benefits813 780 851 
Surrender benefits216,536 119,655 113,415 
Payments on supplementary contracts with life contingencies
1,206 2,013 1,424 
Other benefits390 598 524 
Increase (decrease) in policy reserves and other policyholders’ funds
(55,872)46,057 85,547 
Total benefits paid or provided326,018 360,148 396,160 
Insurance expenses and other deductions:
Commissions50,554 63,521 66,422 
General expenses59,562 55,596 52,909 
Net transfers to (from) separate accounts(10,989)(6,056)(10,659)
Other deductions8,571 (1,255)5,514 
Total insurance expenses and other deductions107,698 111,806 114,186 
Gain (loss) from operations before dividends to policyholders, federal income tax expense, and net realized capital gains (losses)
23,065 6,071 (11,796)
Dividends to policyholders9,628 10,036 10,249 
Gain (loss) from operations before federal income tax expense and net realized capital gains (losses)
13,437 (3,965)(22,045)
Federal income tax expense (benefit), excluding tax on capital gains
(9,042)(14,295)(15,130)
Gain (loss) from operations before net realized capital gains (losses)
22,479 10,330 (6,915)
Net realized capital gains (losses) (excluding gains (losses) transferred to IMR and capital gains tax)
(7,140)(10,743)2,041 
Net income (loss)$15,339 $(413)$(4,874)
See accompanying notes.
5
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Statements of Changes in Capital and Surplus (Statutory-Basis)

Common
Stock		Paid-In
Surplus		Accumulated SurplusTotal Capital
and Surplus
(In Thousands)
Balance, January 1, 2021$10,000 $356,778 $(82,049)$284,729 
Net income (loss)— — (4,874)(4,874)
Change in net deferred income tax— — 3,936 3,936 
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments (net of deferred tax expense (benefit) of $3,936)— — 14,808 14,808 
Net change in nonadmitted assets and related items
— — (138)(138)
Change in asset valuation reserve— — (22,047)(22,047)
Capital contribution— 100,001 — 100,001 
Change in reserve on account of change in valuation basis
— — (2,371)(2,371)
Prior year reserve correction— — (1,603)(1,603)
Balance, December 31, 202110,000 456,779 (94,338)372,441 
Net income (loss)— — (413)(413)
Change in net deferred income tax— — (16,149)(16,149)
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments (net of deferred tax expense (benefit) of $(16,149))— — (60,752)(60,752)
Net change in nonadmitted assets and related items
— — (370)(370)
Change in asset valuation reserve— — 24,947 24,947 
Capital contribution— 50,000 — 50,000 
Balance, December 31, 202210,000 506,779 (147,075)369,704 
Net income (loss)— — 15,339 15,339 
Change in net deferred income tax— — 12,323 12,323 
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments (net of deferred tax expense (benefit) of $12,323)— — 46,357 46,357 
Net change in nonadmitted assets and related items
125 125 
Change in asset valuation reserve— — (34,256)(34,256)
Balance, December 31, 2023$10,000 $506,779 $(107,187)$409,592 
See accompanying notes.

6
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Statements of Cash Flow (Statutory-Basis)


Year Ended December 31
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Operating activities
Premiums collected net of reinsurance$265,391 $294,832 $274,364 
Net investment income received206,873 192,943 190,984 
Benefits paid(401,636)(324,642)(303,679)
Net transfers (to) from separate accounts9,557 11,620 7,551 
Commissions and expense paid(115,720)(122,751)(120,950)
Dividends paid to policyholders(10,097)(10,334)(10,754)
Federal income taxes recovered (paid)11,121 9,253 14,110 
Other, net2,947 2,077 2,181 
Net cash from (for) operations(31,564)52,998 53,807 
Investing activities
Proceeds from investments sold, matured or repaid:
Debt securities 377,053 453,288 409,415 
Preferred and common stocks 10,012 5,103 19,111 
Mortgage loans 34,004 66,181 18,200 
Other invested assets — — 10,000 
Net gains (losses) on cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
9 4 12 
Miscellaneous proceeds 139 7,847 16,003 
Net proceeds from investments sold, matured or repaid421,217 532,423 472,741 
Cost of investments acquired:
Debt securities (366,571)(499,120)(550,635)
Preferred and common stocks (10,791)(7,996)(37,978)
Mortgage loans — (62,677)(90,667)
Other invested assets (47,191)(31,593)(19,281)
Miscellaneous applications (41,735)(52,650)(10,937)
Total cost of investments acquired(466,288)(654,036)(709,498)
Net change in policy and other loans(12,652)(7,129)362 
Net cash from (for) investments(57,723)(128,742)(236,395)
Financing and miscellaneous activities
Capital and paid-in surplus, less treasury stock— 50,000 100,001 
Net deposits on deposit-type contract funds and other insurance liabilities
(20,148)10,143 29,113 
Other cash provided (applied)75,732 16,895 6,280 
Net cash from (for) financing and miscellaneous sources55,584 77,038 135,394 
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
(33,703)1,294 (47,194)
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments:
Beginning of year68,903 67,609 114,803 
End of year$35,200 $68,903 $67,609 
See accompanying notes.
7
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies
Columbus Life Insurance Company (the Company), a stock life insurance company, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company (Western and Southern), a stock life insurance company. The Company is domiciled in Ohio.
The Company offers individual life, universal life and annuity contracts through general and independent agents and affiliated broker-dealers. The Company is licensed in 49 states and the District of Columbia. For the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 49.3% of the gross premiums and annuity considerations for the Company were derived from California, Florida, Minnesota, Ohio, and Texas.
State regulatory authorities have powers relating to granting and revoking licenses to transact business, the licensing of agents, the regulation of premium rates and trade practices, the form and content of insurance policies, the content of advertising material, financial statements and the nature of permitted practices.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of statutory-basis financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying financial statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Ohio Department of Insurance (the Department). The National Association of Insurance Commissioners’ (NAIC) Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual (NAIC SAP or SSAP) has been adopted as a component of prescribed or permitted practices by the State of Ohio. These practices differ in some respects from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The more significant differences follow.
Investments
Investments in debt securities and mandatory redeemable preferred stocks are reported at amortized cost or fair value based on the NAIC’s rating; for GAAP, such fixed maturity investments are designated at purchase as held-to-maturity, trading or available-for-sale. Held-to-maturity fixed investments are reported at amortized cost, and the remaining fixed maturity investments are reported at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in the statement of operations for those designated as trading and as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss) for those designated as available-for-sale.
8
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
All single-class and multiclass mortgage-backed/asset-backed securities (e.g., CMOs) are adjusted for the effects of changes in prepayment assumptions on the related accretion of discount or amortization of premium of such securities using the retrospective method. The prospective method is used to determine amortized cost for securities that experience a decline that is deemed to be other-than-temporary. Securities that are in an unrealized loss position which the Company intends to sell, or does not have the intent and ability to hold until recovery, are written down to fair value as a realized loss. Securities that are in an unrealized loss position which the Company has the intent and ability to hold until recovery are written down to the extent the present value of expected future cash flows using the security’s effective yield is lower than the amortized cost. For GAAP purposes, all securities, purchased or retained, that represent beneficial interests in securitized assets (e.g., CMO, CBO, CDO, CLO, MBS and ABS securities), other than high credit quality securities, are adjusted using the prospective method when there is a change in estimated future cash flows. If it is determined that a decline in fair value is other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the security is written down to the extent the present value of expected future cash flows using the security’s effective yield is lower than the amortized cost. If high credit quality securities are adjusted, the retrospective method is used.
The Company monitors other investments to determine if there has been an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. Factors that management considers for each identified security include the following:
•The extent the fair value has been below the book/adjusted carrying value;
•The reasons for the decline in value;
•Specific credit issues related to the issuer and current economic conditions, including the current and future impact of any specific events;
•For structured investments (e.g., residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and other structured investments), factors such as overall deal structure and the Company’s position within the structure, quality of underlying collateral, delinquencies and defaults, loss severities, recoveries, prepayments and cumulative loss projections are considered;
•For all equity securities and other debt securities with credit-related declines in fair value, the Company’s intent and ability to hold the security long enough for it to recover its value to book/adjusted carrying value; and
•For all other debt securities with interest-related declines in fair value, the Company’s intent to sell the security before recovery of its book/adjusted carrying value.
If the decline is judged to be other-than-temporary, an impairment charge to fair value is recorded as a net realized capital loss in the period the determination is made. Under GAAP, if the decline is judged to be other-than-temporary because the Company has the intent to sell the debt security or is more likely than not to be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery, an impairment charge to fair value is recorded as a net realized capital loss. If the decline is judged to be other-than-temporary because the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security due to expected credit losses, an impairment charge is recorded to net realized capital loss as the difference between amortized cost and the net present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment.
Under a formula prescribed by the NAIC, the Company defers the portion of realized capital gains and losses on sales of fixed income investments, principally debt securities and mortgage loans, attributable to
9
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
changes in the general level of interest rates and amortizes those deferrals over the remaining period to maturity based on groupings of individual security sold in five-year bands. The net deferral is reported as the interest maintenance reserve (IMR) in the accompanying balance sheets. Realized capital gains and losses are reported in income net of federal income tax and transfers to the IMR. Under GAAP, realized capital gains and losses are reported in the statement of operations on a pretax basis in the period that the assets giving rise to the gains or losses are sold.
The asset valuation reserve (AVR) provides a valuation allowance for invested assets. The AVR is determined by an NAIC prescribed formula with changes reflected directly in capital and surplus. AVR is not recognized for GAAP.
Policy Acquisition Costs
The costs of acquiring and renewing business are expensed when incurred. Under GAAP, policy acquisition costs, related to traditional life insurance and certain long-duration accident and health insurance policies sold, to the extent recoverable from future policy revenues, would be deferred and amortized over the premium-paying period of the related policies using assumptions consistent with those used in computing policy benefit reserves; for universal life insurance and investment products, to the extent recoverable from future gross profits, deferred policy acquisition costs are amortized generally in proportion to the present value of expected gross profits from surrender charges and investments, mortality, and expense margins.
Nonadmitted Assets
Certain assets designated as “nonadmitted” (principally certain receivables balances), and other assets not specifically identified as admitted assets within the NAIC’s Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual, are excluded from the accompanying balance sheets and are charged directly to accumulated surplus. Under GAAP, such assets are included in the balance sheets.
Premiums and Benefits
Revenues for universal life and annuity policies with mortality or morbidity risk, except for guaranteed interest and group annuity contracts, consist of the entire premium received, and benefits incurred represent the total of death benefits paid and the change in policy reserves. Premiums received for annuity policies without mortality or morbidity risk and for guaranteed interest and group annuity contracts are recorded using deposit accounting, and credited directly to an appropriate policy reserve account, without recognizing premium income. Under GAAP, premiums received in excess of policy charges would not be recognized as premium revenue and benefits would represent the excess of benefits paid over the policy account value and interest credited to the account values.
Benefit Reserves
Certain policy reserves are calculated using statutorily prescribed interest and mortality assumptions rather than on estimated expected experience or actual account balances as would be required under GAAP.
10
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Reinsurance
A liability for reinsurance balances is required to be provided for unsecured policy reserves ceded to reinsurers not authorized to assume such business. Changes to those amounts are credited or charged directly to capital and surplus. Under GAAP, an allowance for amounts deemed uncollectible would be established through a charge to earnings.
Policy and contract liabilities ceded to reinsurers have been reported as reductions of the related reserves rather than as assets as would be required under GAAP. Commissions allowed by reinsurers on business ceded are reported as income when incurred rather than being deferred and amortized with policy acquisition costs as required under GAAP.
Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred tax assets are recorded for the amount of gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized in future years, and a valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets not meeting a more-likely-than-not realization threshold. Deferred tax assets are limited to 1) the amount of federal income taxes paid in prior years that can be recovered through loss carrybacks for existing temporary differences that reverse during a time frame corresponding with Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax loss carryback provisions, not to exceed three years, including amounts established in accordance with the provision of SSAP No. 5R, plus 2) for entities who meet the required realization threshold in SSAP No. 101, the lesser of the remaining gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized within three years of the balance sheet date or 15% of capital and surplus excluding any net deferred tax assets, electronic data processing equipment and operating software and any net positive goodwill, plus 3) the amount of remaining gross deferred tax assets that can be offset against existing gross deferred tax liabilities. The remaining deferred tax assets are nonadmitted. Under GAAP, a deferred tax asset is recorded for the amount of gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized in all future years, and a valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets not meeting a more-likely-than-not realization threshold.
Policyholder Dividends
Policyholder dividends are recognized when declared rather than over the term of the related policies.
Statements of Cash Flow
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments in the statements of cash flow represent cash balances and investments with initial maturities of one year or less. Under GAAP, the corresponding captions of cash and cash equivalents include cash balances and investments with initial maturities of three months or less.
Other significant statutory accounting practices follow.
11
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Restricted Assets
The Company has assets pledged as collateral, or otherwise not exclusively under control of the Company, totaling $666.1 million and $525.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These assets are primarily collateral pledged to the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB), collateral held in relation to the Company's securities lending program, and FHLB stock. These restricted assets are discussed in more detail in their relevant sections.
Investments
Debt securities, common stocks, preferred stocks, and short-term investments are stated at values prescribed by the NAIC, as follows:
Debt securities not backed by other loans are principally stated at amortized cost with amortization determined using the interest method.
Single-class and multiclass mortgage-backed/asset-backed securities are valued at amortized cost using the interest method including anticipated prepayments. Prepayment assumptions are obtained from Bloomberg and broker-dealer prepayment models or derived from empirical data and are based on the current interest rate and economic environment. The retrospective adjustment method is used to value all such securities except securities that are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired and securities that are principal-only or interest-only, which are valued using the prospective method.
Unaffiliated common stocks, other than FHLB stock, are unrestricted and reported at fair value utilizing publicly quoted prices from third-party pricing services and the related unrealized capital gains and losses are reported in capital and surplus along with any adjustment for federal income taxes. FHLB stock is carried at cost and is restricted. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company owned $15.5 million and $16.6 million, of FHLB stock, respectively. The FHLB stock is held in conjunction with the issuance of deposit contracts to the FHLB. See Note 9 for further description.
Redeemable preferred stocks that have characteristics of debt securities and are rated as medium quality or better are reported or amortized cost. All other redeemable preferred stocks are reported at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. Perpetual preferred stocks are valued at fair value, not exceeding any currently effective call price, utilizing publicly quoted prices from third-party pricing services and the related unrealized capital gains and losses are reported in capital and surplus along with any adjustment for federal income taxes.
Short-term investments include investments with remaining maturities of one year or less at the date of acquisition and are principally stated at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.
Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less and are principally stated at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.
Joint ventures, partnerships, and limited liability companies are carried at the Company’s interest in the underlying audited GAAP equity of the investee. Undistributed earnings allocated to the Company are reported in the change in net unrealized capital gains or losses. Distributions from earnings of the
12
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
investees are reported as net investment income when received. Because of the indirect nature of these investments, there is an inherent reduction in transparency and liquidity and increased complexity in valuing the underlying investments. As a result, these investments are actively managed by the Company’s management via detailed evaluation of the investment performance relative to risk.
Mortgage loans are reported at unpaid principal balances, less an allowance for impairment. A mortgage loan is considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all principal and interest amounts due according to the contractual terms of the mortgage agreement. When management determines foreclosure is probable, the impairment is other than temporary; the mortgage loan is written down to realizable value and a realized loss is recognized.
Policy loans are reported at unpaid principal balances.
Debt securities and other loan interest are credited to income as it accrues. Dividends are recorded as income on ex-dividend dates. To the extent income is uncertain, due and accrued income is excluded and treated as nonadmitted through surplus.
Realized capital gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method.
Premiums
Life and accident and health premiums are recognized as revenue when due. Premiums for annuity policies with mortality and morbidity risk, except for guaranteed interest and group annuity contracts, are also recognized as revenue when due. Premiums received for annuity policies without mortality or morbidity risk and for guaranteed interest and group annuity contracts are recorded using deposit accounting.
Policy Reserves
Life, annuity and accident and health disability benefit reserves are developed by actuarial methods and are determined based on published tables using statutorily specified interest rates and valuation methods that will provide, in the aggregate, reserves that are greater than or equal to the minimum or guaranteed policy cash values or the amounts required by the Department. The Company waives deduction of deferred fractional premiums on the death of life and annuity policy insureds and does return any premium beyond the date of death. Surrender values on policies do not exceed the corresponding benefit reserves. Policies issued subject to multiple table substandard extra premiums are valued on the standard reserve basis which recognizes the nonlevel incidence of the excess mortality costs. Additional reserves are established when the results of cash flow testing under various interest rate scenarios indicate the need for such reserves, or the net premiums exceed the gross premiums on any insurance in-force.
For policies issued in 2020 or after, life insurance reserves are developed using principle-based policyholder and asset assumptions with margins and floored at formulaic reserves based upon published tables using statutorily specified interest rates and valuation methods.

13
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Formulaic policy reserves for life insurance and supplemental benefits are computed on the Commissioner’s Reserve Valuation Method. The following mortality tables and interest rates are used:
Percentage of Reserves
20232022
Life insurance:
1941 Commissioners Standard Ordinary, 2-1/2% - 3%0.5 %0.5 %
1958 Commissioners Standard Ordinary, 2-1/2% - 4-1/2%6.7 6.8 
1980 Commissioners Standard Ordinary, 4% - 6%20.1 21.0 
2001 Commissioners Standard Ordinary, 3-1/2% - 4-1/2%33.8 32.9 
2017 Commissioners Standard Ordinary, 3-1/2%19.7 16.9 
Annuities:
Various, 2-1/2% - 7-1/2%18.5 21.2 
Supplemental benefits:
Various, 2-1/2% - 7-1/2%0.6 0.6 
Other, 3% - 3-1/2%0.1 0.1 
100.0 %100.0 %
The mean reserve method is used to adjust the calculated terminal reserve to the appropriate reserve at December 31. Mean reserves are determined by computing the regular mean reserve for the plan at the rated age and holding, in addition, one-half of the extra premium charge for the year. Policies issued after July 1 for substandard lives, are charged an extra premium plus the regular premium for the true age. Mean reserves are based on appropriate multiples of standard rates of mortality. An asset is recorded for deferred premiums net of loading to adjust the reserve for modal premium payments.
For substandard table ratings, mean reserves are based on 125% to 500% of standard mortality rates. For flat extra ratings, mean reserves are based on the standard or substandard mortality rates increased by 1 to 25 deaths per thousand.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, reserves of $60.2 million and $73.0 million, respectively, were recorded on in-force amounts of $2,667.6 million and $2,680.5 million, respectively, for which gross premiums are less than the net premiums according to the standard of valuation required by the Department. The Company anticipates investment income as a factor in the premium deficiency calculation for all accident and health contracts.
Tabular interest, tabular less actual reserves released, and tabular cost have been determined by formula. Tabular interest on funds not involving life contingencies is calculated as one-hundredth of the product of such valuation rate of interest times the mean of the amount of funds subject to such valuation rate of interest held at the beginning and end of the year of valuation.
Contracts issued that do not incorporate mortality or morbidity risk, such as guaranteed interest contracts, are accounted for as deposit-type contracts. Amounts received as payments and amounts withdrawn on deposit-type contracts are recorded directly to the liability for deposit-type contracts.
14
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The establishment of appropriate reserves is an inherently uncertain process, and there can be no assurance that the ultimate liability will not exceed the Company’s policy reserves and have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. Due to the inherent uncertainty of estimating reserves, it has been necessary, and may over time continue to be necessary, to revise estimated future liabilities as reflected in the Company’s policy reserves.
Policyholders’ Dividends
The amount of policyholders’ dividends to be paid (including those on policies included in the Closed Block) is determined annually by the Company’s Board of Directors. The aggregate amount of policyholders’ dividends is related to actual interest, mortality, morbidity and expense experience for the year and judgment as to the appropriate level of statutory surplus to be retained by the Company.
Policy and Contract Claims
Policy and contract claims in process of settlement represent the estimated ultimate net cost of all reported and unreported claims incurred through December 31, 2023 and 2022. The reserves for unpaid claims are estimated using individual case-basis valuations and statistical analysis. These estimates are subject to the effects of trends in claim severity and frequency. Although considerable variability is inherent in such estimates, management believes that the reserves for claims are adequate. The estimates are continually reviewed and adjusted as necessary as experience develops or new information becomes known; such adjustments are included in current operations.
Reinsurance
Reinsurance premiums and benefits paid or provided are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts.
Securities Lending
At December 31, 2023, the Company has loaned $79.3 million (fair value) of various debt securities, preferred stocks and common stocks as part of a securities lending program administered by Deutsche Bank. At December 31, 2022, the Company has loaned $62.1 million (fair value) of various debt securities, preferred stocks and common stocks as part of a securities lending program administered by Deutsche Bank. The Company maintains effective control over all loaned securities and, therefore, continues to report such securities as invested assets in the balance sheets.
The Company requires at the initial transaction that the fair value of the cash collateral received must be equal to 102% of the fair value of the loaned securities. The Company monitors the ratio of the fair value of the collateral to loaned securities to ensure it does not fall below 100%. If the fair value of the collateral falls below 100% of the fair value of the securities loaned, the Company nonadmits that portion of the loaned security. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not nonadmit any portion of the loaned securities.
The Company reports all collateral on the balance sheet with an offsetting liability recognized for the obligation to return the collateral. Collateral for the securities lending program is either managed by an
15
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
affiliated agent of the Company or is managed by Deutsche Bank, an unaffiliated agent. Collateral managed by an affiliated agent, which approximated $69.5 million and $58.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, is invested primarily in investment-grade debt securities and cash equivalents and is included in the applicable amount on the balance sheets because the funds are available for the general use of the Company. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, collateral managed by an unaffiliated agent, which approximated $11.4 million and $4.6 million, respectively, was invested in cash equivalents and was included in securities lending reinvested collateral assets on the balance sheet.
At December 31, 2023, the collateral for all securities on loan could be requested to be returned on demand by the borrower. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of the total collateral is $80.9 million and $63.4 million, respectively.
The aggregate collateral broken out by maturity date is as follows at December 31, 2023:
Amortized CostFair
Value
(In Thousands)
Open$— $— 
30 days or less35,966 35,965 
31 to 60 days4,667 4,667 
61 to 90 days1,295 1,295 
91 to 120 days428 429 
121 to 180 days2,181 2,184 
181 to 365 days1,999 1,997 
1 to 2 years6,500 6,509 
2 to 3 years— — 
Greater than 3 years27,882 27,882 
Total collateral$80,918 $80,928 
At December 31, 2023, all of the collateral held for the securities lending program was invested in tradable securities that could be sold and used to pay for the $81.5 million in collateral calls that could come due under a worst-case scenario where all collateral was called simultaneously.
The Company does not accept collateral that is not permitted by contract or custom to sell or repledge. The Company does not have any securities lending transactions that extend beyond one year from the reporting date.
Separate Accounts
Separate account assets and liabilities reported in the accompanying balance sheets represent funds that are separately administered, principally for nonguaranteed variable universal life contracts and guaranteed market value adjustment annuity contracts. Assets held in the separate account supporting variable annuities are carried at fair value. Assets held in the separate account supporting market value adjusted annuities are carried at the general account basis. These separate account assets are considered legally
16
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
insulated from the general account. Surrender charges collectible by the general account in the event of annuity contract surrenders are reported as a negative liability rather than an asset. Policy-related activity involving cash flow, such as premiums and benefits, are reported in the accompanying statements of operations in separate line items combined with related general account amounts. Investment income and interest credited on deposits held in guaranteed separate accounts are included in the accompanying statements of operations as a net amount included in net transfers to (from) separate accounts. The Company receives administrative fees for managing the nonguaranteed separate account and other fees for assuming mortality and certain expense risks.
Federal Income Taxes
Western and Southern files a consolidated income tax return with its eligible subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Company. The provision for federal income taxes is allocated to the Company using a separate return method based upon a written tax-sharing agreement. The benefits from losses of subsidiaries and affiliates, which are utilized in the consolidated return, will be retained by the subsidiaries and affiliates under the tax-sharing agreement. Western and Southern pays all federal income taxes due for all members of the consolidated group. The Company will then charge or reimburse, as the case may be, the members of the group an amount consistent with the method described in the tax-sharing agreement.
The Company includes interest and penalties in the federal income tax line on the statements of operations.
Accounting Changes
There were no significant accounting changes in 2023.
Effective January 1, 2022, the Company discontinued use of a prescribed practice impacting the treatment of derivatives in the Statements of Operations and Statements of Capital and Surplus. Further detail can be found in the Basis of Presentation section of Note 1 and the Derivative Investments section of Note 2.
Effective January 1, 2021, the Company adopted a prescribed practice impacting the treatment of derivatives in the Statements of Operations and Statements of Capital and Surplus. Further detail can be found in the Basis of Presentation section of Note 1 and the Derivative Investments section of Note 2.
Effective January 1, 2021, the Company determined that its reserves related to a fixed indexed annuity product were understated due to an error in certain policies containing reserves for life riders. The Company has recorded a reserve correction in the amount of $1.6 million as a decrease directly to surplus through the Prior Year Reserve Correction line on the Statements of Changes in Capital and Surplus.
Effective January 1, 2021, the Company updated its valuation methodologies on certain reserves related to universal life policies. This resulted in a change of statutory reserve valuation that is required to be recorded directly to surplus rather than as a part of the reserve change recognized in the statements of operations. The Company has recorded $2.4 million as a decrease to surplus as a result of the change in valuation bases through the Change in Reserve on Account of Change in Valuation Basis line on the Statements of Changes in Capital and Surplus.
17
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Subsequent Events
The Company recognizes in the financial statements the effects of all subsequent events that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the balance sheet date. For nonrecognized subsequent events that must be disclosed to keep the financial statements from being misleading, the Company is required to disclose the nature of the event as well as an estimate of its financial effect, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. Management has evaluated subsequent events through the issuance of these financial statements on April 17, 2024.

18
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
2. Investments
The book/adjusted carrying value and fair value of the Company’s investments in debt securities are summarized as follows:
Book/ Adjusted Carrying ValueGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair
Value
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2023:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporation and agencies
$18,574 $75 $(253)$18,396 
Debt securities issued by states of the U.S. and political subdivisions of the states
13,790 165 (1,674)12,281 
Non-U.S. government securities98,045 602 (14,303)84,344 
Corporate securities2,491,080 68,849 (174,879)2,385,050 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities283,690 1,018 (16,432)268,276 
Residential mortgage-backed securities120,789 1,973 (7,429)115,333 
Asset-backed securities201,967 1,262 (6,817)196,412 
Total$3,227,935 $73,944 $(221,787)$3,080,092 
Book/ Adjusted Carrying ValueGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair
Value
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2022:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporation and agencies
$18,102 $77 $(354)$17,825 
Debt securities issued by states of the U.S. and political subdivisions of the states
16,805 278 (2,070)15,013 
Non-U.S. government securities97,476 166 (16,791)80,851 
Corporate securities2,453,124 38,012 (248,636)2,242,500 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities304,386 331 (20,318)284,399 
Residential mortgage-backed securities123,528 2,262 (9,301)116,489 
Asset-backed securities 250,119 619 (13,627)237,111 
Total $3,263,540 $41,745 $(311,097)$2,994,188 
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company held unrated or below-investment-grade corporate debt securities with a book/adjusted carrying value of $223.5 million and $228.0 million, respectively, and an aggregate fair value of $200.0 million and $196.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, those holdings amounted to 6.9% and 7.0%, respectively, of the Company’s investments in debt securities and 4.9% and 5.0%, respectively, of the Company’s total admitted assets. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of the issuers of these debt securities. The Company considers these evaluations in its overall investment strategy.
19
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Unrealized gains and losses on investments in unaffiliated common stocks and mutual funds are reported directly in capital and surplus and do not affect net income. The unrealized gains and unrealized losses on, and the cost and fair value of those investments and preferred stocks are as follows:
GrossGross
UnrealizedUnrealizedFair
CostGainsLossesValue
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2023:
Preferred stocks $20,208 $73 $(311)$19,970 
 
Common stocks, unaffiliated$102,813 $21,928 $(1,285)$123,456 
Common stocks, mutual funds15,935 2,533 (241)18,227 
$118,748 $24,461 $(1,526)$141,683 
GrossGross
UnrealizedUnrealizedFair
CostGainsLossesValue
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2022:
Preferred stocks $13,215 $— $(2,719)$10,496 
 
Common stocks, unaffiliated$100,491 $11,135 $(5,854)$105,772 
Common stocks, mutual funds16,975 1,078 (1,842)16,211 
$117,466 $12,213 $(7,696)$121,983 
20
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The following table shows unrealized losses and fair values, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.
Unrealized Losses Less
Than 12 Months		Unrealized Losses
Greater Than or
Equal to 12 Months
UnrealizedFairUnrealizedFair
LossesValueLossesValue
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$— $— $(253)$4,355 
Debt securities issued by states of the U.S. and political subdivisions of the states— — (1,674)5,216 
Non-U.S. government securities(294)4,206 (14,009)65,793 
Corporate securities(7,462)151,773 (167,417)1,266,668 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities(1)
(1,050)16,767 (15,382)211,186 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(1)
(398)19,356 (7,031)77,918 
Asset-backed securities(1)
(177)16,604 (6,640)135,737 
Total$(9,381)$208,706 $(212,406)$1,766,873 
Preferred stocks$(311)$14,592 $— $— 
Common stocks, unaffiliated$(1,285)$33,108 $— $— 
Common stocks, mutual funds— — (241)3,069 
Total$(1,285)$33,108 $(241)$3,069 
(1) Amounts relate to securities subject to SSAP 43R.
21
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021


Unrealized Losses Less
Than 12 Months		Unrealized Losses
Greater Than or
Equal to 12 Months
UnrealizedFairUnrealizedFair
LossesValueLossesValue
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$(182)$2,741 $(172)$1,486 
Debt securities issued by states of the U.S. and political subdivisions of the states
(1,158)2,842 (912)2,018 
Non-U.S. government securities
(10,562)59,849 (6,229)17,779 
Corporate securities
(206,980)1,526,941 (41,656)100,524 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities(1)
(11,744)197,053 (8,574)74,621 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(1)
(8,876)93,450 (425)1,829 
Asset-backed securities(1)
(10,782)176,498 (2,845)26,711 
Total$(250,284)$2,059,374 $(60,813)$224,968 
Preferred stocks
$(2,719)$10,496 $— $— 
Common stocks, unaffiliated
$(5,854)$29,599 $— $— 
Common stocks, mutual funds
(1,842)8,836 — — 
Total$(7,696)$38,435 $— $— 
(1) Amounts relate to securities subject to SSAP 43R.
Investments that are impaired at December 31, 2023 and 2022, for which other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized, consist mainly of corporate debt securities, asset-backed and residential mortgage-backed securities.
The aggregated unrealized loss is approximately 9.9% and 12.1% of the carrying value of securities considered temporarily impaired at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023, there were a total of 665 securities held that are considered temporarily impaired, 573 of which have been impaired for 12 months or longer. At December 31, 2022, there were a total of 820 securities held that are considered temporarily impaired, 80 of which have been impaired for 12 months or longer. The Company recorded other-than-temporary impairments on securities of $6.0 million, $1.3 million, and $0.3 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
22
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The following is a list of each loan-backed security with a recognized other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) for the year ended December 31, 2023, where the present value of future cash flows expected to be collected was less than the amortized cost basis of the securities.
CUSIPBook/Adj Carrying Value Amortized Cost Before Current Period OTTIPresent Value of Future Cash FlowsRecognized Other-Than- Temporary ImpairmentAmortized Cost After Other-Than-Temporary ImpairmentFair
Value		Date of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment
(In Thousands)
For the year ended, December 31, 2023:
12667G-7H-0$637 $633 $4 $633 $619 6/30/2023
12667G-BD-474 61 13 61 61 6/30/2023
52520Q-AG-9225 213 12 213 203 6/30/2023
52521H-AD-5389 385 4 385 360 6/30/2023
05604L-AJ-11,998 — 1,998 — 106 9/30/2023
TotalXXXXXX$2,031 XXXXXXXXX
The Company had no OTTI on loan-backed securities for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to the intent to sell the security or the inability or lack of intent to retain the investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to recover the amortized cost basis of the security.
A summary of the cost or amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s debt securities at December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity, is as follows:
Book/Adjusted Carrying ValueFair
Value
(In Thousands)
Years to maturity:
One or less$34,490 $34,472 
After one through five409,617 398,216 
After five through ten639,704 627,740 
After ten1,537,678 1,439,643 
Mortgage-backed securities/asset-backed securities 606,446 580,021 
Total$3,227,935 $3,080,092 

The expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities in the foregoing table because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties and because asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities (including floating-rate securities) provide for periodic payments throughout their lives.
23
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Proceeds from sales of investments in debt securities during 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $145.1 million, $209.4 million, and $137.0 million; gross gains of $1.3 million, $1.6 million, and $2.3 million and gross losses of $4.6 million, $6.0 million, and $0.6 million were realized on these sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Proceeds from sales of investments in equity securities during 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $3.8 million, $1.1 million, and $13.9 million; gross gains of $2.0 million, $0.5 million, and $3.6 million and gross losses of $0.0 million, $0.0 million, and $0.8 million, were realized on these sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Realized capital gains (losses) are reported net of federal income taxes and amounts transferred to the IMR as follows for the years ended December 31:
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Realized capital gains (losses)$(11,491)$(14,600)$6,866 
Less amount transferred to (from) IMR (net of related taxes (benefits) of $(798) in 2023, $(824) in 2022, and $583 in 2021)(3,003)(3,101)2,191 
Less federal income tax expense (benefit) of realized capital gains (losses)
(1,348)(756)2,634 
Net realized capital gains (losses)$(7,140)$(10,743)$2,041 

Net investment income was generated from the following for the years ended December 31:
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Debt securities$161,804 $149,296 $153,487 
Equity securities5,789 5,350 6,180 
Mortgage loans22,540 24,098 18,204 
Policy loans4,383 3,906 3,927 
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments1,808 516 84 
Other invested assets(5,055)(2,759)10,626 
Derivatives— — 30,216 
Other8 620 492 
Gross investment income191,277 181,027 223,216 
Investment expenses2,619 2,419 3,074 
Net investment income$188,658 $178,608 $220,142 

24
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The Company’s investments in mortgage loans principally involve commercial real estate. At December 31, 2023, 73.9% of such mortgages, or $347.8 million, involved properties located in Ohio, Indiana, and Florida. Such investments consist of primarily first-mortgage liens on completed income-producing properties. The aggregate mortgage outstanding to any one borrower does not exceed $73.8 million. During 2023, no loans were issued. At the issuance of a loan, the percentage of any one loan to value of security, exclusive of insured, guaranteed or purchase money mortgage did not exceed 80.0%. During 2023, the Company did not reduce interest rates on any outstanding mortgages.
The Company utilizes loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios as credit quality indicators for its mortgage loans. The Company updates and analyzes these indicators at least annually. 84.3% of the Company’s mortgage loans were less than 75% loan-to-value and the total portfolio’s debt-service coverage ratio was 2.20 at December 31, 2023, based on the most recent data available.
Low Income Housing Tax Credits
The Company invests in Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTCs) to maximize current tax benefits in the form of tax credits as well as to generate tax losses that may be used to reduce taxable income. The number of years remaining for the unexpired tax credits is 2 to 12 years. The mandatory holding period for the LIHTCs is 17 to 22 years. During 2023, the Company recognized LIHTCs and other tax benefits in the amount of $19.9 million. In 2022, the Company recognized LIHTCs and other tax benefits in the amount of $7.7 million. The book adjusted carry value, less encumbrances, of the Company’s LIHTCs is $126.1 million as of December 31, 2023, and $136.2 million as of December 31, 2022. Annual regulatory reviews are in place to ensure each property qualifies for the tax credits. The company recognized an impairment of $0.7 million in 2023.
See note 8 for discussion on future commitments to provide capital to the LIHTCs.
Derivative Instruments
The Company invests in derivatives as risk management for its equity indexed products. The exposure to credit risk on its interest rate floors and option positions is the risk of loss from a counterparty failing to perform according to the terms of the contract. That exposure includes settlement risk (i.e., the risk that the counterparty defaults after the Company has delivered funds or securities under terms of the contract) that would result in an accounting loss and replacement cost risk (i.e., the cost to replace the contract at current market rates should the counterparty default prior to settlement date). To limit exposure associated with counterparty nonperformance on its option positions, the Company limits its exposure to individual counterparties to 2% of admitted assets.
25
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
In 2021, pursuant to the adoption of OAC 3901-1-67 (discussed in Note 1, Basis of Presentation), the Company changed the reporting for product hedging derivatives by electing to record changes in, and settlement of, eligible derivatives through net investment income; previously, the Company had recorded changes in, and settlement of, eligible derivatives through unrealized gains/losses and realized gains/losses, respectively. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company received approval from the Ohio Department of Insurance to discontinue use of the prescribed practice and reclassify the 2022 year-to-date net investment income effects of the prescribed practice to the unrealized and realized capital gains (losses) associated with these derivative transactions in accordance with NAIC SAP. The following paragraph presents activity for 2023 and 2022 in accordance with NAIC SAP and 2021 in accordance with the prescribed practice.
The Company markets equity indexed annuities and universal life policies. The risk associated with these products is that the ultimate benefit paid could be higher than the return earned from the underlying assets. The Company utilizes custom and exchange-traded call options to economically hedge the S&P 500 index and Goldman Sachs Multi-Asset Equity index exposure embedded in these products with a net notional amount of $192.2 million and $195.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company purchases and writes call options to correlate with changes in the annuity and universal life features due to movements in the S&P 500 and Goldman Sachs Multi-Asset Equity index. At the beginning of these contracts, a premium is either paid or received for transferring the related risk. The Company retains basis risk and risk associated with actual versus expected assumptions for mortality and lapse rates. The Company does not apply hedge accounting treatment to these call options. The Company recognizes changes in the fair value of these call options through unrealized gains/losses and the related gains/losses from terminations, maturities or expirations through realized capital gains/losses. The change in fair value was $23.0 million, $(27.0) million, and $0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The net gain/(loss) recognized through net income within realized gains and losses was $(3.0) million, $(9.9) million, and $0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. In 2021, the Company did not recognize realized or unrealized capital gains or losses due to the adoption of OAC 3901-1-67 (discussed in Note 1, Basis of Presentation). Changes in the fair value of these call options and the related gains/losses from terminations, maturities or expirations were all recognized through net investment income. The amount recognized in net investment income was $30.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The Company has entered into a collateral agreement with the counterparty whereby under certain conditions the counterparty is required to post assets on the Company’s behalf. The posted amount is equal to the difference between the net positive fair value of the option and the agreed upon thresholds that are based on the credit rating of the counterparty. Inversely, if the net fair value of the option is negative, then the Company may be required to post assets using similar thresholds. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, $36.3 million and $8.5 million, respectively, of cash collateral has been posted to the Company. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, $0.0 million and $0.0 million, respectively, of cash collateral has been posted by the Company.
26
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Information related to the Company’s derivative instruments as described above and the effects of offsetting on the balance sheet consisted of the following for the years ended December 31:
20232022
(In Thousands)
Derivative assets:
Gross amount of recognized assets$90,942 $31,175 
Gross amounts offset— — 
Net amount of assets$90,942 $31,175 
Derivative liabilities:
Gross amount of recognized liabilities$(49,884)$(16,564)
Gross amounts offset— — 
Net amount of liabilities$(49,884)$(16,564)

27
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
3. Fair Values of Financial Instruments
Included in various investment-related line items in the financial statements are certain financial instruments carried at fair value. Other financial instruments are periodically measured at fair value such as when impaired or, for certain bonds and preferred stocks, when carried at the lower of cost or market.
The Company uses fair value measurements to record the fair value of certain assets and liabilities and to estimate the fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value but required to be disclosed at fair value. Certain financial instruments, particularly policyholder liabilities other than investment-type contracts, are excluded from this fair value discussion.
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company’s financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value have been classified, for disclosure purposes, based on the following hierarchy that prioritizes inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers in and transfers out of levels at the beginning of the quarterly reporting period.
•Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets and liabilities primarily include exchange-traded equity securities and mutual funds, including those which are part of the Company’s separate account assets.
•Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. The Company’s Level 2 assets and liabilities primarily include call options, stock warrants, preferred stock, NAIC 6 rated industrial and miscellaneous bonds, and foreign government bonds. The fair values of these instruments are determined through the use of third-party pricing services utilizing market observable inputs.
•Level 3 - Significant unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The Company’s Level 3 assets and liabilities primarily include certain call options. The fair values of these positions are determined through the use of valuation models that utilize significant unobservable inputs.
Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument, including discount rates, estimates of timing, amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of the issuer. Such estimates do not consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses.
For Level 3 investments, the fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets. In addition, the disclosed fair value may not be realized in the immediate settlement of the financial instrument.
28
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
As described below, certain fair values are determined through the use of third-party pricing services. Management does not adjust prices received from third parties; however, the Company does analyze the third-party pricing services’ valuation methodologies and related inputs and performs additional evaluation to determine the appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy. The Company performs annual due diligence of third-party pricing services, which includes assessing the vendor’s valuation qualifications, control environment, analysis of asset class-specific valuation methodologies and understanding of market observable assumptions and unobservable assumptions, if any, employed in the valuation methodology. Care should be exercised in deriving conclusions about the Company’s business, its value or financial position based on the fair value information of financial instruments presented below. The following discussion describes the valuation methodologies utilized by the Company for assets and liabilities measured or disclosed at fair value.
Debt and Equity Securities
The fair values of debt securities and asset/mortgage-backed securities have been determined through the use of third-party pricing services utilizing market observable inputs. Private placement securities trading in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information are valued using either broker quotes or by discounting the expected cash flows using current market-consistent rates applicable to the yield, credit quality and maturity of each security.
The fair values of actively traded equity securities and exchange traded funds (including exchange traded funds with debt like characteristics) have been determined utilizing publicly quoted prices obtained from third-party pricing services. The fair values of certain equity securities for which no publicly quoted prices are available have been determined through the use of third-party pricing services utilizing market observable inputs. Actively traded mutual funds are valued using the net asset values of the funds.
Mortgage Loans
The fair values for mortgage loans, consisting principally of commercial real estate loans, are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using interest rates currently being offered for similar loans collateralized by properties with similar investment risk. The fair values for mortgage loans in default are established at the lower of the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell or the carrying amount of the loan.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments
The fair values of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are based on quoted market prices or stated amounts.
Derivative Instruments
The fair values of free-standing derivative positions, primarily call options, are determined through the use of third-party pricing services utilizing market observable inputs or valuation models incorporating significant unobservable inputs, including projected cash flows, applicable swap curves and implied volatilities. The fair value of the stock warrants have been determined through the use of third-party pricing services utilizing market observable inputs.
29
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Securities Lending Reinvested Collateral Assets
The fair values of securities lending reinvested collateral assets are determined through the use of third-party sources utilizing publicly quoted prices.
Other Invested Assets
Other invested assets primarily include surplus debentures for which fair values have been determined through the use of third-party pricing services utilizing market observable inputs.
Assets Held in Separate Accounts
Assets held in separate accounts include debt securities and mutual funds. The fair values of these assets have been determined using the same methodologies as similar assets held in the general account.
Life and Annuity Reserves for Investment-Type Contracts and Deposit Fund Liabilities and Fixed-Indexed Annuity Contracts
The fair value of liabilities for investment-type contracts is based on the present value of estimated liability cash flows, which are discounted using rates that incorporate risk-free rates and margins for the Company’s own credit spread and the riskiness of cash flows. Key assumptions to the cash flow model include the timing of policyholder withdrawals and the level of interest credited to contract balances. Fair values for insurance reserves are not required to be disclosed. However, the estimated fair values of all insurance reserves and investment contracts are taken into consideration in the Company’s overall management of interest rate risk.
The fair value of liabilities for fixed indexed annuities is based on embedded derivatives that have been bifurcated from the host contract. The fair value of embedded derivatives is calculated based on actuarial and capital market assumptions reflecting the projected cash flows over the life of the contract and incorporating expected policyholder behavior. The host is adjusted for acquisition costs with revised accretion rates.
Cash Collateral Payable
The payable represents the obligation to return cash collateral the Company has received relating to derivative instruments. The fair value is based upon the stated amount.
Securities Lending Liability
The liability represents the Company’s obligation to return collateral related to securities lending transactions. The liability is short-term in nature and therefore, the fair value of the obligation approximates the carrying amount.
30
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Separate Account Liabilities
Certain separate account liabilities are classified as investment contracts and are carried at an amount equal to the related separate account assets. Carrying value is a reasonable estimate of the fair value as it represents the exit value as evidenced by withdrawal transactions between contract holders and the Company.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are outlined below:
Assets/(Liabilities) Measured at Fair ValueFair Value Hierarchy Level
Level 1Level 2Level 3
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2023
Assets:
Bonds, industrial and misc.$582 $— $582 $— 
Bonds, exchange traded funds2,898 2,898 — — 
Common stocks, unaffiliated107,910 107,910 — — 
Common stocks, mutual funds18,227 18,227 — — 
Preferred stock19,970 — 19,970 — 
Derivative assets90,942 — 88,424 2,518 
Separate account assets*44,623 44,623 — — 
Total assets$285,152 $173,658 $108,976 $2,518 
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities$(49,884)$— $(49,884)$— 
* Separate account assets measured at fair value in this table do not include assets backing market value adjusted annuities, which are held at amortized cost, with the exception of securities rated NAIC 6 where the security’s fair value is below amortized cost.

31
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Assets/(Liabilities) Measured at Fair ValueFair Value Hierarchy Level
Level 1Level 2Level 3
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2022
Assets:
Bonds, foreign government$69 $— $69 $— 
Bonds, exchange traded funds2,738 2,738 — — 
Common stocks, unaffiliated89,195 89,195 — — 
Common stocks, mutual funds16,211 16,211 — — 
Preferred stock10,496 — 10,496 — 
Derivative assets31,175 — 29,457 1,718 
Separate account assets*38,845 38,845 — — 
Total assets$188,729 $146,989 $40,022 $1,718 
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities$(16,564)$— $(16,564)$— 
* Separate account assets measured at fair value in this table do not include assets backing market value adjusted annuities, which are held at amortized cost, with the exception of securities rated NAIC 6 where the security’s fair value is below amortized cost.
The reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2023, is as follows:
Beginning Asset/(Liability) as of January 1, 2023Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in:Purchases, Sales, Issuances and SettlementsTransfers Into Level 3Transfers Out of Level 3Ending Asset/(Liability) as of December 31, 2023
Net IncomeSurplus
(In Thousands)
Assets:
Derivative assets$1,718 $(1,040)$719 $1,121$—$— $2,518



32
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The gross purchases, issuances, sales and settlements included in the reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2023, is as follows:
PurchasesIssuancesSalesSettlementsNet Purchases, Issuances, Sales and Settlements
(In Thousands)
Assets:
Derivative assets$1,504 $— $— $(383)$1,121 
The reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2022, is as follows:
Beginning Asset/(Liability) as of January 1, 2022Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in:Purchases, Sales, Issuances and SettlementsTransfers Into Level 3Transfers Out of Level 3Ending Asset/(Liability) as of December 31, 2022
Net IncomeSurplus
(In Thousands)
Assets:
Derivative assets$4,791 $(559)$(2,648)$134$—$— $1,718

33
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The gross purchases, issuances, sales and settlements included in the reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2022, is as follows:
PurchasesIssuancesSalesSettlementsNet Purchases, Issuances, Sales and Settlements
(In Thousands)
Assets:
Derivative assets$1,921 $— $— $(1,787)$134 
The following table provides a summary of the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements developed by the Company or reasonably available to the Company of Level 3 assets and liabilities at (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
Security TypeFair ValueValuation TechniqueUnobservable InputInput
   
Derivative assets$2,518 
Black-Scholes-Merton Model
Implied Volatility7-28.7%
December 31, 2022
Security TypeFair ValueValuation TechniqueUnobservable InputInput
   
Derivative assets$1,718 
Black-Scholes-Merton Model
Implied Volatility7-25.5%
In isolation, significant increases (decreases) in the implied volatility would typically result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement for Level 3 derivative assets and Level 3 derivative liabilities.
The Company did not have any significant assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

34
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s significant financial instruments follow:
December 31, 2023
Carrying AmountFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Assets:(In Thousands)
Bonds$3,227,935 $3,080,092 $8,197 $3,041,219 $30,676 
Common stock:
Unaffiliated**123,456 123,456 123,456 — — 
Mutual funds18,227 18,227 18,227 — — 
Preferred stock19,970 19,970 — 19,970 — 
Mortgage loans470,567 436,200 — — 436,200 
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
35,200 35,203 35,203 — — 
Other invested assets, surplus notes78,636 76,749 — 76,749 — 
Securities lending reinvested collateral assets
11,411 11,411 11,411 — — 
Derivative assets90,942 90,942 — 88,424 2,518 
Separate account assets81,354 77,925 45,070 32,855 — 
Liabilities:
Life and annuity reserves for investment-type contracts and deposit fund liabilities
$(709,241)$(697,630)$— $— $(697,630)
Fixed-indexed annuity contracts
(179,443)(173,395)— — (173,395)
Derivative liabilities
(49,884)(49,884)— (49,884)— 
Cash collateral payable
(36,250)(36,250)— (36,250)— 
Securities lending liability
(81,478)(81,478)— (81,478)— 
Separate account liabilities*
(35,020)(34,195)— — (34,195)
* Variable universal life contracts are considered insurance contracts and therefore, are not included in separate account liabilities for purposes of this disclosure.
** Includes FHLB common stock, which is held at cost.
35
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
December 31, 2022
Carrying AmountFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Assets:(In Thousands)
Bonds
$3,263,540 $2,994,188 $7,909 $2,973,945 $12,334 
Common stock:
Unaffiliated**105,772 105,772 105,772 — — 
Mutual funds 16,211 16,211 16,211 — — 
Preferred stock
10,496 10,496 — 10,496 — 
Mortgage loans
504,571 465,847 — — 465,847 
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
68,903 68,904 68,904 — — 
Other invested assets, surplus notes
78,848 73,997 — 73,997 — 
Securities lending reinvested collateral assets
4,563 4,563 4,563 — — 
Derivative assets
31,175 31,175 — 29,457 1,718 
Separate account assets
83,347 78,956 40,135 38,821 — 
Liabilities:
Life and annuity reserves for investment-type contracts and deposit fund liabilities
$(832,867)$(814,204)$— $— $(814,204)
Fixed-indexed annuity contracts
(180,581)(173,443)— — (173,443)
Derivative liabilities
(16,564)(16,564)— (16,564)— 
Cash collateral payable
(8,470)(8,470)— (8,470)— 
Securities lending liability
(63,639)(63,639)— (63,639)— 
Separate account liabilities*
(44,170)(42,760)— — (42,760)
        
* Variable universal life contracts are considered insurance contracts and therefore, are not included in separate account liabilities for purposes of this disclosure.
** Includes FHLB common stock, which is held at cost.
4. Related-Party Transactions
The Company received payments of principal and interest under mortgage financing arrangements in the amount of $9.6 million, $6.5 million, and $5.2 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on behalf of certain partnerships in which Western and Southern has an equity interest. The principal balance of the mortgage financing arrangements was $102.4 million and $105.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $122.8 million and $108.2 million, respectively, invested in various private debt funds managed by Fort Washington Investment Advisors, Inc., an indirect subsidiary of Western and Southern.
In December 2022, the Company received a $50.0 million capital contribution from Western and Southern. The contribution was in the form of cash.
36
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
In March 2021, the Company received a $100.0 million capital contribution from Western and Southern. The contribution was in the form of cash.
The Company did not have any amounts receivable from parent, subsidiaries and affiliates as of December 31, 2023 or 2022. The Company had $6.1 million and $5.3 million payable to parent, subsidiaries and affiliates as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The terms of the settlement generally require that these amounts be settled in cash within 30 days.
The Company has entered into a reinsurance agreement with Western and Southern. See Note 5 for further description.
Western and Southern guarantees the payment of the Company’s policyholder obligations. In the unlikely event the guarantee would be triggered, Western and Southern may be permitted to take control of the Company’s assets to recover all or a portion of the amounts paid under the guarantee.
5. Reinsurance
Certain premiums and benefits are assumed from and ceded to other insurance companies under various reinsurance agreements. The ceded reinsurance agreements provide the Company with increased capacity to write larger risks and maintain its exposure to loss within its capital resources.
On July 1, 1986, the Company entered into an agreement (the agreement) with Western and Southern where the Company reinsured the liabilities of, and began servicing and administering the former business of, Columbus Mutual Life Insurance Company (Columbus Mutual), a former affiliate of Western and Southern that merged with Western and Southern. The agreement is anticipated to last until all obligations for policies issued by Columbus Mutual are settled. Reserves reflected on the Company’s balance sheets for policies and contracts included under the agreement are:
December 31
20232022
(In Thousands)
Life and annuity reserves$421,094 $443,359 
Accident and health reserves376 438 
37
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The effects of reinsurance on premiums, annuity considerations and deposit-type funds are as follows for the years ended December 31:

202320222021
(In Thousands)
Direct premiums$308,613 $340,103 $320,507 
Assumed premiums:
Affiliates— — — 
Nonaffiliates— — — 
Ceded premiums:
Affiliates— — — 
Nonaffiliates(44,484)(45,999)(46,873)
Net premiums$264,129 $294,104 $273,634 

The Company’s ceded reinsurance arrangements impacted certain other items in the accompanying financial statements by the following amounts as of and for the years ended December 31:

202320222021
(In Thousands)
Policy and contract claims:
Affiliates$— $— $— 
Nonaffiliates47,224 43,962 66,754 
Policy and contract liabilities:
Affiliates— — — 
Nonaffiliates69,866 66,600 81,107 
Amounts recoverable on reinsurance contracts:
Affiliates— — — 
Nonaffiliates6,793 3,916 4,183 
In 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not commute any ceded reinsurance nor did it enter into or engage in any agreement that reinsures policies or contracts that were in-force or had existing reserves as of the effective date of such agreements that had a significant impact on the financial statements.
At December 31, 2023, the Company has no significant reserves ceded to unauthorized reinsurers. Amounts payable or recoverable for reinsurance on policy and contract liabilities are not subject to periodic or maximum limits.
Neither the Company nor any of its related parties, control directly or indirectly, any reinsurers with whom the Company conducts business. No policies issued by the Company have been reinsured with a foreign company, which is controlled, either directly or indirectly, by a party not primarily engaged in the business of insurance. The Company does not have any reinsurance agreements in effect under which the reinsurer may unilaterally cancel the agreement. At December 31, 2023, there are no reinsurance agreements in effect such that the amount of losses paid or accrued exceed the total direct premium
38
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
collected. The Company remains obligated for amounts ceded in the event that the reinsurers do not meet their obligations.
There would be no reduction in surplus at December 31, 2023, if all reinsurance agreements were cancelled.
6. Federal Income Taxes
The Company is included in the consolidated income tax return of Western and Southern. The Company had a net receivable (payable) from (to) Western and Southern in the amount of $4.5 million and $5.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The tax years 2014 through 2022 remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions.
The amount of federal income taxes incurred that will be available for recoupment at December 31, 2023, in the event of future capital losses is $0.0 million, $0.0 million, and $9.1 million from 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The components of the net deferred tax asset (liability) at December 31 are as follows:

12/31/2023
(In Thousands)
(1)(2)(3)
  (Col 1+2)
OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Gross deferred tax assets$75,171 $3,677 $78,848 
(b)Statutory valuation allowance adjustments61,182 — 61,182 
(c)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (a - b)13,989 3,677 17,666 
(d)Deferred tax assets nonadmitted— — — 
(e)Subtotal net admitted deferred tax assets (c - d)13,989 3,677 17,666 
(f)Deferred tax liabilities10,135 7,531 17,666 
(g)Net admitted deferred tax asset/(net deferred tax liability) (e - f)$3,854 $(3,854)$— 
   
12/31/2022
(In Thousands)
(4)(5)(6)
  (Col 4+5)
OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Gross deferred tax assets$78,035 $3,627 $81,662 
(b)Statutory valuation allowance adjustments73,065 — 73,065 
(c)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (a - b)4,970 3,627 8,597 
(d)Deferred tax assets nonadmitted(2,724)2,724 — 
(e)Subtotal net admitted deferred tax assets (c - d)7,694 903 8,597 
(f)Deferred tax liabilities7,694 903 8,597 
(g)Net admitted deferred tax asset/(net deferred tax liability) (e - f)$— $— $— 
39
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Change
(In Thousands)
(7)(8)(9)
  (Col 7+8)
OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Gross deferred tax assets$(2,864)$50 $(2,814)
(b)Statutory valuation allowance adjustments(11,883)— (11,883)
(c)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (a - b)9,019 50 9,069 
(d)Deferred tax assets nonadmitted2,724 (2,724)— 
(e)Subtotal net admitted deferred tax assets (c - d)6,295 2,774 9,069 
(f)Deferred tax liabilities2,441 6,628 9,069 
(g)Net admitted deferred tax asset/(net deferred tax liability) (e - f)$3,854 $(3,854)$— 
   
12/31/2023
(In Thousands)
(1)(2)(3)
  (Col 1+2)
Admission Calculation Components SSAP No. 101OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Federal income taxes paid in prior years recoverable through loss carrybacks$— $— $— 
(b)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) above) after application of the threshold limitation (the lesser of (b)1 and (b)2 below)— — — 
1. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized following the balance sheet date.— — — 
2. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets allowed per limitation threshold. XXX XXX72,529 
(c)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) and (b) above) offset by gross deferred tax liabilities13,989 3,677 17,666 
(d)Deferred tax assets admitted as the result of application of SSAP No. 101 Total ((a) + (b) + (c))$13,989 $3,677 $17,666 
12/31/2022
(In Thousands)
(4)(5)(6)
  (Col 4+5)
Admission Calculation Components SSAP No. 101OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Federal income taxes paid in prior years recoverable through loss carrybacks$— $— $— 
(b)
Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) above) after application of the threshold limitation (the lesser of (b)1 and (b)2 below)
— — — 
1. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized following the balance sheet date.— — — 
2. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets allowed per limitation threshold. XXX XXX55,306 
(c)
Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) and (b) above) offset by gross deferred tax liabilities
7,694 903 8,597 
(d)
Deferred tax assets admitted as the result of application of SSAP No. 101 Total ((a) + (b) + (c))
$7,694 $903 $8,597 
40
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Change
(In Thousands)
(7)(8)(9)
  (Col 7+8)
Admission Calculation Components SSAP No. 101OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Federal income taxes paid in prior years recoverable through loss carrybacks$— $— $— 
(b)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) above) after application of the threshold limitation (the lesser of (b)1 and (b)2 below)— — — 
1. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized following the balance sheet date.— — — 
2. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets allowed per limitation threshold. XXX XXX17,223 
(c)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) and (b) above) offset by gross deferred tax liabilities6,295 2,774 9,069 
(d)Deferred tax assets admitted as the result of application of SSAP No. 101 Total ((a) + (b) + (c))$6,295 $2,774 $9,069 
20232022
(a)
Ratio percentage used to determine recovery period and threshold limitation amount
878%732%
12/31/2023
(1)(2)
  
Impact of tax planning strategiesOrdinaryCapital
(In Thousands)
(a)Adjusted gross DTAs amount$13,989$3,677
(b)
Percentage of adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies.
—%20.82%
(c)Net Admitted Adjusted Gross DTAs amount$13,989$3,677
(d)
Percentage of net admitted adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies.
—%20.82%
12/31/2022
(3)(4)
  
Impact of tax planning strategiesOrdinaryCapital
(In Thousands)
(a)Adjusted gross DTAs amount$4,970$3,627
(b)
Percentage of adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies.
—%—%
(c)
Net Admitted Adjusted Gross DTAs amount
$7,694$903
(d)
Percentage of net admitted adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies.
—%—%
41
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Change
(5)(6)
  
Impact of tax planning strategiesOrdinaryCapital
(In Thousands)
(a)Adjusted gross DTAs amount$9,019$50
(b)
Percentage of adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies.
—%20.82%
(c)
Net admitted adjusted gross DTAs amount
$6,295$2,774
(d)
Percentage of net admitted adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies.
—%20.82%
The Company’s tax planning strategies do not include the use of reinsurance.

42
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Current income taxes incurred consist of the following major components:
12/31/202312/31/202212/31/2021
(In Thousands)
(1)Current income tax
(a)Federal$(9,042)$(14,295)$(15,130)
(b)Foreign— — — 
(c)Subtotal(9,042)(14,295)(15,130)
(d)Federal income tax on net capital gains(1,348)(756)2,634 
(e)Utilization of capital loss carryforwards— — — 
(f)Other— — — 
(g)Federal and foreign income taxes incurred$(10,390)$(15,051)$(12,496)
(1)(2)(3)
  (Col 1-2)
(2)Deferred tax assets:12/31/202312/31/2022Change
(a)Ordinary(In Thousands)
(1) Discounting of unpaid losses$— $— $— 
(2) Unearned premium revenue— — — 
(3) Policyholder reserves38,198 40,602 (2,404)
(4) Investments— 1,715 (1,715)
(5) Deferred acquisition costs29,450 26,948 2,502 
(6) Policyholder dividends accrual1,116 2,060 (944)
(7) Fixed assets— — — 
(8) Compensation and benefits accrual5,124 5,453 (329)
(9) Pension accrual— — 
(10) Receivables - nonadmitted918 892 26 
(11) Net operating loss carryforward— — — 
(12) Tax credit carryforward— — — 
(13) Other365 365 — 
(99) Subtotal75,171 78,035 (2,864)
(b)Statutory valuation allowance adjustment61,182 73,065 (11,883)
(c)Nonadmitted— (2,724)2,724 
(d)Admitted ordinary deferred tax assets (2a99 - 2b - 2c)13,989 7,694 6,295 
(e)Capital
(1) Investments3,677 3,627 50 
(2) Net capital loss carryforward— — — 
(3) Real estate— — — 
(4) Other— — — 
(99) Subtotal3,677 3,627 50 
(f)Statutory valuation allowance adjustment— — — 
(g)Nonadmitted— 2,724 (2,724)
(h)Admitted capital deferred tax assets (2e99- 2f - 2g)3,677 903 2,774 
(i)Admitted deferred tax assets (2d + 2h)$17,666 $8,597 $9,069 
43
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(1)(2)(3)
  (Col 1-2)
12/31/202312/31/2022Change
(3)Deferred tax liabilities:(In Thousands)
(a)Ordinary
(1) Investments$6,255 $3,147 $3,108 
(2) Fixed assets— — — 
(3) Deferred and uncollected premium2,359 2,376 (17)
(4) Policyholder reserves1,521 2,171 (650)
(5) Other— — — 
(99) Subtotal10,135 7,694 2,441 
(b)Capital
(1) Investments7,531 903 6,628 
(2) Real estate— — — 
(3) Other— — — 
(99) Subtotal7,531 903 6,628 
(c)Deferred tax liabilities (3a99 + 3b99)$17,666 $8,597 $9,069 
(4)Net deferred tax assets/liabilities (2i - 3c) $— $— $— 
Among the more significant book-to-tax adjustments were the following:
12/31/2023Effective
Tax Rate		12/31/2022Effective
Tax Rate		12/31/2021Effective
Tax Rate
(In Thousands)(In Thousands)(In Thousands)
Provision computed at statutory rate
$1,039 21.00 %$(3,896)21.00 %$(3,187)21.00 %
Dividends received deduction
(361)(7.30)(454)2.45 (269)1.77 
Tax credits(10,394)(210.01)(6,623)35.70 (4,358)28.72 
Other invested assets and nonadmitted changes
1,608 32.50 103 (0.56)(24)0.16 
Statutory valuation allowance
(11,883)(240.09)12,141 (65.45)(7,446)49.06 
Other(2,722)(55.00)(173)0.94 (1,148)7.55 
Total statutory income taxes$(22,713)(458.90)%$1,098 (5.92)%$(16,432)108.26 %
Federal taxes incurred$(10,390)(209.92)%$(15,051)81.13 %$(12,496)82.33 %
Change in net deferred income taxes
(12,323)(248.98)16,149 (87.05)(3,936)25.93 
Total statutory income taxes$(22,713)(458.90)%$1,098 (5.92)%$(16,432)108.26 %
At December 31, 2023, the Company had $0.0 million of net operating loss carryforwards, net capital loss carryforwards and tax credit carry forwards; the company had $0.0 million of deferred tax liabilities that are not recognized.
The Inflation Reduction Act (the “IRA”) was enacted on August 16, 2022, and included a provision for a new Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (CAMT), effective in 2023, that is based on the adjusted financial statement income set forth on the applicable financial statement of an “applicable corporation.” The controlled group of corporations of which the reporting entity is a member has determined that it is not an “applicable corporation” for purposes of CAMT during the reporting period, and is not liable for the CAMT.
44
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
7. Capital and Surplus
The Company is required by statutory regulations to meet minimum risk-based capital standards. Risk-based capital is a method of measuring the minimum amount of capital appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations in consideration of its size and risk profile. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company exceeded the minimum risk-based capital.
Ohio insurance law limits the amount of dividends that can be paid to a parent in a holding company structure without prior approval of the regulators to the greater of 10% of statutory surplus or statutory net income as of the preceding December 31 less any dividends paid in the preceding 12 months, but only to the extent of earned surplus as of the preceding December 31. Based on these limitations, the Company is unable to pay dividends in 2024 without seeking prior regulatory approval due to having no earned surplus as of December 31, 2023.

8. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is named as a defendant in various legal actions arising principally from claims made under insurance policies and contracts. The Company believes the resolution of these actions will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
At December 31, 2023, the Company does not have any material lease agreements as a lessee for office space or equipment.
At December 31, 2023, excluding those related to Low Income Housing Tax Credits, the Company has future commitments to provide additional capital contributions of $1.8 million to investments in joint ventures, limited partnerships and limited liability companies. Additionally, the Company has commitments to fund $10.0 million of debt capital.
At December 31, 2023, the Company has future commitments to provide additional capital contributions of $77.4 million to joint ventures, limited partnerships and limited liability companies investing in Low Income Housing Tax Credit properties.

45
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
9. Life and Annuity Reserves and Deposit-Type Contract Liabilities
At December 31, 2023, the Company’s general and separate account annuity reserves and deposit-type contract liabilities that are subject to discretionary withdrawal (with adjustment), subject to discretionary withdrawal (without adjustment), and not subject to discretionary withdrawal provisions are summarized as follows:
Individual AnnuitiesGeneral AccountSeparate Account
With Guarantees		Separate Account
Non-guaranteed		TotalPercent
(In Thousands)
Subject to discretionary withdrawal:
With market value adjustment$— $35,020 $— $35,020 5.3 %
At book value less current surrender charge of 5% or more
106,864 — — 106,864 16.2 
At fair value— — — — — 
Total with adjustment or at fair value106,864 35,020 — 141,884 21.5 
Subject to discretionary withdrawal at book value without adjustment (minimal or no charge or adjustment)
485,354 — — 485,354 73.6 
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal
32,399 — — 32,399 4.9 
Total individual annuity reserves (before reinsurance)
624,617 35,020 — 659,637 100.0 %
Reinsurance ceded
— — — — 
Net individual annuity reserves
$624,617 $35,020 $— $659,637 
Amount subject to greater than a 5% surrender charge that will be subject to minimal or no surrender charge after the statement date
$34,952 $— $— $34,952 
46
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Group AnnuitiesGeneral AccountSeparate Account
With Guarantees		Separate Account
Non-guaranteed		TotalPercent
(In Thousands)
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal
$2,388 $— $— $2,388 100.0 %
Total group annuity reserves (before reinsurance)
2,388 — — 2,388 100.0 %
Reinsurance ceded
— — — — 
Net group annuity reserves
$2,388 $— $— $2,388 
Deposit-type contracts (no life contingencies)General AccountSeparate Account
With Guarantees		Separate Account
Non-guaranteed		TotalPercent
(In Thousands)
Subject to discretionary withdrawal at book value without adjustment (minimal or no charge or adjustment)
$34,765 $— $— $34,765 10.5 %
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal
296,508 — — 296,508 89.5 
Total deposit-type contract liability (before reinsurance)
331,273 — — 331,273 100.0 %
Reinsurance ceded
— — — — 
Total deposit-type contract liability
$331,273 $— $— $331,273 
Interest rate changes may have temporary effects on the sale and profitability of annuity products offered by the Company. Although the rates offered by the Company are adjustable in the long-term, in the short-term they may be subject to contractual and competitive restrictions, which may prevent timely adjustment. The Company’s management constantly monitors interest rates with respect to a spectrum of product durations and sells annuities that permit flexible responses to interest rate changes as part of the Company’s management of interest spreads. However, adverse changes in investment yields on invested assets will affect the earnings on those products with a guaranteed return.
47
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
At December 31, 2023, the Company's general and separate account life insurance account values, cash value, and reserves for policies subject to discretionary withdrawal, not subject to discretionary withdrawal, or with no cash value are summarized as follows:
General AccountSeparate Account - Nonguaranteed
Account ValueCash ValueReserveAccount ValueCash ValueReserve
(In Thousands)
Subject to discretionary withdrawal, surrender values, or policy loans:
Term policies with cash value$— $— $— $— $— $— 
Universal life387,477 387,440 400,620 — — — 
Universal life with secondary guarantees
501,350 450,333 1,209,737 — — — 
Indexed universal life— — — — — — 
Indexed universal life with secondary guarantees
699,267 582,701 608,198 — — — 
Indexed life— — — — — — 
Other permanent cash value life insurance
— 347,761 362,038 — — — 
Variable life— — — — — — 
Variable universal life2,940 2,933 5,218 44,623 44,510 44,282 
Miscellaneous reserves— — — — — — 
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal or no cash values:
Term policies without cash valueXXXXXX161,682 XXXXXX— 
Accidental death benefitsXXXXXX60 XXXXXX— 
Disability - active livesXXXXXX2,967 XXXXXX— 
Disability - disabled livesXXXXXX8,987 XXXXXX— 
Miscellaneous reservesXXXXXX— XXXXXX— 
Total life reserves (before reinsurance)1,591,034 1,771,168 2,759,507 44,623 44,510 44,282 
Reinsurance Ceded— — 49,172 — — — 
Net life reserves$1,591,034 $1,771,168 $2,710,335 $44,623 $44,510 $44,282 
Federal Home Loan Bank
The Company is a member of the FHLB of Cincinnati. Through its membership, the Company has conducted business activity (borrowings) with the FHLB. It is part of the Company’s strategy to utilize these funds to increase profitability. The Company has determined the actual/estimated maximum borrowing capacity as $370.0 million. The Company calculated this amount after a review of its pledgeable assets (both pledged and unpledged) and after applying the respective FHLB borrowing haircuts.
48
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
FHLB Capital Stock - General Account:
December 31
20232022
(In Thousands)
Membership stock - Class A (not eligible for redemption)$3,656 $3,703 
Membership stock - Class B— — 
Activity stock11,154 11,941 
Excess stock736 933 
Aggregate total$15,546 $16,577 
Actual or estimated borrowing capacity as determined by the insurer$370,000 $330,000 
Collateral Pledged to FHLB - General Account:
20232022
   Borrowed   Borrowed
  Aggregateat Time of  Aggregateat Time of
Fair Carrying Total MaximumFair Carrying Total Maximum
ValueValueBorrowingCollateralValueValueBorrowingCollateral
(In Thousands)
Total as of reporting date
$528,991 $565,001 $262,111 XXX$407,892 $441,109 $279,611  XXX
Maximum during reporting period
513,665 567,814 XXX281,064 407,892 441,109  XXX279,611 
Borrowing from FHLB - General Account:
20232022
 ReservesMaximum Reserves
AtEstablishedAmountAtEstablished
Reportingat ReportingDuringReportingat Reporting
DateDatePeriodDateDate
(In Thousands)
Funding agreements$262,111 $262,051 $264,464 $279,611 $278,489 
Debt— XXX32,000 —  XXX
Aggregate total$262,111 $262,051 $296,464 $279,611 $278,489 
The Company does not have any prepayment obligations under these FHLB borrowing arrangements.

49
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
10. Separate Accounts
The Company’s guaranteed separate account consists of non-indexed, guaranteed rate options that include market value adjustments. The guaranteed rate options are sold in a fixed annuity product. These options carry a minimum interest guarantee based on the guarantee period selected by the policyholder. The fixed annuity product provides a death benefit equal to the account value.
The Company’s nonguaranteed separate account consists of subaccounts available through variable universal life insurance policies. The net investment experience of each subaccount is credited directly to the variable universal life policyholders and can be positive or negative. The death benefit and cash value under the variable universal life insurance policies may vary with the investment performance of the underlying investments in the separate account.

Information regarding the separate account of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, is as follows:
Nonindexed Guaranteed Less Than/ Equal to 4%Nonguaranteed Separate AccountTotal
(In Thousands)
 
Premiums, considerations or deposits$339 $1,181 $1,520 
 
Reserves for separate accounts with assets at:
Fair value$— $44,282 $44,282 
Amortized cost35,020 — 35,020 
Total reserves$35,020 $44,282 $79,302 
 
Reserves for separate accounts by withdrawal characteristics:
Subject to discretionary withdrawal:
With fair value adjustment$35,020 $— $35,020 
At book value without fair value adjustment and with current surrender charge of 5% or more
— — — 
At fair value— 44,282 44,282 
At book value without fair value adjustment and with current surrender charge of less than 5%
— — — 
Subtotal35,020 44,282 79,302 
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal— — — 
Total separate accounts reserves$35,020 $44,282 $79,302 
50
Columbus Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
A reconciliation of the amounts transferred to and from the separate accounts for the year ended December 31, 2023, is presented below:
2023
(In Thousands)
Transfers as reported in the Summary of Operations of the Separate Accounts Statement:
Transfers to separate accounts$1,520 
Transfers from separate accounts12,627 
Net transfers to (from) separate accounts (11,107)
 
Reconciling adjustments:
Policy deductions and other expenses119 
Other account adjustments(1)
Transfers as reported in the Summary of Operations of the Company$(10,989)

11. Premium and Annuity Considerations Deferred and Uncollected
Deferred and uncollected life insurance premiums and annuity considerations at December 31, 2023, were as follows:
GrossNet of Loading
(In Thousands)
Ordinary new business$442 $41 
Ordinary renewal8,828 11,534 
Total$9,270 $11,575 

51









STATUTORY-BASIS FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
With Report of Independent Auditors



The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company

Statutory-Basis Financial Statements

Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021



Contents
Report of Independent Auditors
Financial Statements
Balance Sheets (Statutory-Basis)
Statements of Operations (Statutory-Basis)
Statements of Changes in Capital and Surplus (Statutory-Basis)
Statements of Cash Flow (Statutory-Basis)
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)







Report of Independent Auditors

The Board of Directors
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company

Opinion

We have audited the statutory-basis financial statements of The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company (the Company), which comprise the balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related statements of operations, changes in capital and surplus and cash flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes to the financial statements (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”).
Unmodified Opinion on Statutory Basis of Accounting
In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the three years ended December 31, 2023, on the basis of accounting described in Note 1.
Adverse Opinion on U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
In our opinion, because of the significance of the matter described in the Basis for Adverse Opinion on U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles section of our report, the financial statements do not present fairly, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, or the results of its operations or its cash flows for the three years ended December 31, 2023.

Basis for Opinion

We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to be independent of the Company and to meet our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with the relevant ethical requirements relating to our audits. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinions.
Basis for Adverse Opinion on U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
As described in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company prepared these financial statements using accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Ohio Department of Insurance, which is a basis of accounting other than accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The effects on the financial statements of the variances between these statutory accounting practices described
1

in Note 1 and accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, although not reasonably determinable, are presumed to be material and pervasive.

Responsibilities of Management for the Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Ohio Department of Insurance. Management is also responsible for the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the financial statements, management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.

Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not absolute assurance and therefore is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with GAAS will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. Misstatements are considered material if there is a substantial likelihood that, individually or in the aggregate, they would influence the judgment made by a reasonable user based on the financial statements.
In performing an audit in accordance with GAAS, we:
•Exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit.
•Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, and design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements.
•Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control. Accordingly, no such opinion is expressed.
•Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluate the overall presentation of the financial statements.
2

•Conclude whether, in our judgment, there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time.
We are required to communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit, significant audit findings, and certain internal control-related matters that we identified during the audit.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
April 17, 2024

3
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Balance Sheets (Statutory-Basis)
December 31
20232022
Admitted assets(In Thousands)
Cash and invested assets:
Debt securities$2,844,267 $2,769,710 
Preferred and common stocks635,714 902,050 
Investments in common stocks of subsidiaries4,798,724 4,592,609 
Mortgage loans54,659 55,841 
Policy loans142,732 142,493 
Real estate:
Properties held for the production of income817 833 
Properties occupied by the Company24,182 24,705 
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments153,730 22,479 
Receivable for securities2,114 3,296 
Derivatives — 196 
Securities lending reinvested collateral assets30,767 17,779 
Other invested assets2,438,680 2,471,001 
Total cash and invested assets11,126,386 11,002,992 
Investment income due and accrued37,542 38,913 
Premiums deferred and uncollected46,707 47,582 
Current federal income taxes recoverable102,121 36,220 
Receivables from parent, subsidiaries and affiliates64,239 50,439 
Other admitted assets12,657 15,104 
Separate account assets1,137,428 1,131,631 
Total admitted assets$12,527,080 $12,322,881 
Liabilities and capital and surplus
Liabilities:
Policy and contract liabilities:
Life and annuity reserves$2,831,496 $2,795,292 
Accident and health reserves144,794 143,743 
Liability for deposit-type contracts174,161 183,197 
Policy and contract claims49,917 53,974 
Dividends payable to policyholders31,187 33,995 
Premiums received in advance2,754 2,953 
Total policy and contract liabilities3,234,309 3,213,154 
General expense due and accrued51,754 44,050 
Net deferred income tax liability7,984 10,799 
Transfer to (from) separate accounts due and accrued, net(22)(9)
Asset valuation reserve327,391 370,006 
Interest maintenance reserve49,848 57,350 
Other liabilities515,377 419,442 
Liability for postretirement benefits other than pensions93,081 94,468 
Payable for securities lending76,738 80,925 
Separate account liabilities1,137,428 1,131,631 
Total liabilities5,493,888 5,421,816 
Capital and surplus:
Common stock, $1 par value, authorized 2,500 shares,
     issued and outstanding 2,500 shares		2,500 2,500 
Surplus Notes995,644 995,499 
Paid-in surplus757,103 607,103 
Accumulated surplus5,277,945 5,295,963 
Total capital and surplus7,033,192 6,901,065 
Total liabilities and capital and surplus$12,527,080 $12,322,881 
See accompanying notes.
4
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Statements of Operations (Statutory-Basis)
Year Ended December 31
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Premiums and other revenues:
Premiums and annuity considerations$212,486 $214,967 $220,346 
Net investment income590,763 481,052 542,715 
Considerations for supplementary contracts with life contingencies— 31 8 
Amortization of the interest maintenance reserve6,812 6,802 6,688 
Commissions and expenses on reinsurance ceded1,075 1,061 1,055 
Other revenues336 209 339 
Total premiums and other revenues811,472 704,122 771,151 
Benefits paid or provided:
Death benefits129,169 143,821 153,175 
Annuity benefits117,163 52,603 51,804 
Disability and accident and health benefits11,899 10,903 17,541 
Surrender benefits46,428 40,283 41,512 
Payments on supplementary contracts with life contingencies202 237 276 
Other benefits3,489 2,537 6,246 
Increase in policy reserves and other policyholders’ funds42,911 (91,642)33,034 
Total benefits paid or provided351,261 158,742 303,588 
Insurance expenses and other deductions:
Commissions16,784 14,795 13,563 
General expenses158,625 146,735 197,470 
Net transfers to (from) separate account(117,344)(52,808)(51,774)
Reserve adjustments on reinsurance assumed(74)48 — 
Other deductions42,720 (52,197)60,850 
Total insurance expenses and other deductions100,711 56,573 220,109 
Gain (loss) from operations before dividends to policyholders, federal income tax expense, and net realized capital gains (losses)
359,500 488,807 247,454 
Dividends to policyholders41,140 47,950 43,535 
Gain (loss) from operations before federal income tax expense and net realized capital gains (losses)
318,360 440,857 203,919 
Federal income tax expense (benefit), excluding tax on capital gains
(47,089)34,062 30,313 
Gain (loss) from operations before net realized capital gains (losses)
365,449 406,795 173,606 
Net realized capital gains (losses) (excluding gains (losses) transferred to IMR and capital gains tax)
(16,061)(3,985)(74,945)
Net income (loss)$349,388 $402,810 $98,661 
See accompanying notes.
5
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Statements of Changes in Capital and Surplus (Statutory-Basis)
Common
Stock		Surplus Notes and Paid-In
Surplus		Accumulated SurplusTotal Capital
and Surplus
(In Thousands)
Balance, January 1, 2021$2,500 $914,707 $4,740,533 $5,657,740 
Net income (loss)— — 98,661 98,661 
Change in net deferred income tax— — 30,231 30,231 
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments (net of deferred tax expense (benefit) of $111,301)— — 625,648 625,648 
Change in net unrealized foreign exchange capital gain (loss)— — (2,287)(2,287)
Change in surplus notes— 497,750 — 497,750 
Net change in nonadmitted assets and related items— — 67,456 67,456 
Change in asset valuation reserve— — (258,434)(258,434)
Dividends to stockholder— — (50,000)(50,000)
Change in unrecognized post retirement benefit obligation— — 89,365 89,365 
Balance, December 31, 20212,500 1,412,457 5,341,173 6,756,130 
Net income (loss)— — 402,810 402,810 
Change in net deferred income tax— — (44,085)(44,085)
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments (net of deferred tax expense (benefit) of ($53,721))— — (569,358)(569,358)
Change in net unrealized foreign exchange capital gain (loss)
— — 208 208 
 Change in surplus notes— 145 — 145 
Net change in nonadmitted assets and related items— — (89,828)(89,828)
Change in asset valuation reserve— — 133,839 133,839 
Change in unrecognized post retirement benefit obligation
— — 121,204 121,204 
Capital contribution
— 190,000 — 190,000 
Balance, December 31, 20222,500 1,602,602 5,295,963 6,901,065 
Net income (loss)— — 349,388 349,388 
Change in net deferred income tax— — (11,576)(11,576)
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on investments (net of deferred tax expense (benefit) of ($21,887))— — (162,717)(162,717)
Change in net unrealized foreign exchange capital gain (loss)
— — 913 913 
Change in surplus notes— 145 — 145 
Net change in nonadmitted assets and related items— — (19,841)(19,841)
Change in asset valuation reserve— — 42,615 42,615 
Dividends to stockholder— — (245,000)(245,000)
Change in unrecognized post retirement benefit obligation
— — 28,200 28,200 
Capital contribution
— 150,000 — 150,000 
Balance, December 31, 2023$2,500 $1,752,747 $5,277,945 $7,033,192 
See accompanying notes.
6
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Statements of Cash Flow (Statutory-Basis)
Year Ended December 31
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Operating activities
Premiums collected net of reinsurance$213,828 $216,066 $221,565 
Net investment income received488,006 361,478 453,781 
Benefits paid(317,916)(258,418)(275,261)
Net transfers from (to) separate accounts117,331 52,812 51,778 
Commissions and expense paid(169,178)(218,473)(158,324)
Dividends paid to policyholders(43,947)(46,770)(47,553)
Federal income taxes recovered (paid)(18,157)(75,259)2,619 
Other, net1,409 1,269 1,394 
Net cash from (for) operations271,376 32,705 249,999 
Investing activities
Proceeds from investments sold, matured or repaid:
Debt securities179,708 561,910 236,424 
Preferred and common stocks325,142 396,955 315,580 
Mortgage loans1,182 1,107 970 
Real estate— — 771 
Other invested assets392,898 291,307 528,139 
Net gains (losses) on cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
(34)(18)(30)
Miscellaneous proceeds2,004 19,350 44,383 
Net proceeds from investments sold, matured or repaid900,900 1,270,611 1,126,237 
Cost of investments acquired:
Debt securities(124,749)(462,989)(347,164)
Preferred and common stocks(379,334)(816,114)(807,957)
Real estate(2,456)(5,348)(4,228)
Other invested assets(439,178)(563,986)(533,987)
Miscellaneous applications(12,988)(830)(6,291)
Total cost of investments acquired(958,705)(1,849,267)(1,699,627)
Net change in policy and other loans(239)2,815 7,002 
Net cash from (for) investments(58,044)(575,841)(566,388)
Financing activities
Surplus notes, capital notes145 — 497,635 
Capital and paid in surplus, less treasury stock150,000 190,000 — 
Borrowed funds60,666 48,967 — 
Net deposits on deposit-type contract funds and other insurance liabilities
(9,036)(6,171)(8,197)
Dividends paid to stockholder
(245,000)— (50,000)
Other cash provided (applied)(38,856)(25,207)(91,150)
Net cash from (for) financing and miscellaneous sources(82,081)207,589 348,288 
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments131,251 (335,547)31,899 
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments:
Beginning of year22,479 358,026 326,127 
End of year$153,730 $22,479 $358,026 
Cash flow information for noncash transactions:
Dividend from Integrity Life Insurance Company in the form of common stock$50,000 $— $— 
Capital contribution to Western-Southern Life Assurance Company in the form of common stock$(50,000)$— $— 
See accompanying notes.
7
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

1. Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company (the Company) is a stock life insurance company that offers primarily individual traditional and whole life insurance policies. The Company is licensed in 46 states and the District of Columbia. For the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 68.8% of the gross premiums and annuity considerations for the Company were derived from California, Illinois, Indiana, North Carolina, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The Company is domiciled in Ohio. The Company is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Western & Southern Mutual Holding Company (Mutual Holding), a mutual holding company formed pursuant to the insurance regulations of the State of Ohio. Ohio law requires Mutual Holding to hold at least a majority voting interest in the Company. Currently, Mutual Holding indirectly holds 100% of the voting interest through Western & Southern Financial Group, Inc. (WSFG), its wholly-owned subsidiary. The Company wholly owns the following insurance entities: Western-Southern Life Assurance Company (WSLAC), Columbus Life Insurance Company (Columbus Life), Integrity Life Insurance Company (Integrity) and Gerber Life Insurance Company (Gerber Life). Integrity Life Insurance Company wholly owns National Integrity Life Insurance Company (National).
State regulatory authorities have powers relating to granting and revoking licenses to transact business, the licensing of agents, the regulation of premium rates and trade practices, the form and content of insurance policies, the content of advertising material, financial statements and the nature of permitted practices.
Included within the financial statements, the Company has established and operates a closed block for the benefit of holders of most participating individual ordinary and weekly industrial life insurance policies issued on or before the formation of Mutual Holding in 2000 (the Closed Block). Assets have been allocated to the Closed Block in an amount that is expected to produce cash flows which, together with anticipated revenue from the policies included in the Closed Block, are reasonably expected to be sufficient to support the Closed Block policies, the continuation of policyholder dividends, in aggregate, in accordance with the 2000 dividend scale if the experience underlying such scale continues, and for appropriate adjustments in the dividend scale if the experience changes. Invested assets allocated to the Closed Block consist primarily of high-quality debt securities, mortgage loans, policy loans, short-term investments, other invested assets, and securities lending reinvested collateral. Invested assets of $1,801.4 million and $1,828.7 million were allocated to the Closed Block as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The assets allocated to the Closed Block inure solely for the benefit of the Closed Block policyholders and will not revert to the benefit of the Company. The purpose of the Closed Block is to protect the policy dividend expectations of these policies after the formation of Mutual Holding. The Closed Block will continue in effect until the last policy in the Closed Block is no longer in force.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of statutory-basis financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
8
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying financial statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Ohio Department of Insurance (the Department). The National Association of Insurance Commissioners’ (NAIC) Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual (NAIC SAP or SSAP) has been adopted as a component of prescribed or permitted practices by the State of Ohio. These practices differ in some respects from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The more significant differences follow.
Investments
Investments in debt securities and mandatory redeemable preferred stocks are reported at amortized cost or fair value based on the NAIC’s rating; for GAAP, such fixed maturity investments are designated at purchase as held-to-maturity, trading or available-for-sale. Held-to-maturity fixed investments are reported at amortized cost, and the remaining fixed maturity investments are reported at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in the statement of operations for those designated as trading and as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss) for those designated as available-for-sale.
All single-class and multiclass mortgage-backed/asset-backed securities (e.g., CMOs) are adjusted for the effects of changes in prepayment assumptions on the related accretion of discount or amortization of premium of such securities using the retrospective method. The prospective method is used to determine amortized cost for securities that experience a decline that is deemed to be other-than-temporary. Securities that are in an unrealized loss position which the Company intends to sell, or does not have the intent and ability to hold until recovery, are written down to fair value as a realized loss. Securities that are in an unrealized loss position which the Company has the intent and ability to hold until recovery are written down to the extent the present value of expected future cash flows using the security’s effective yield is lower than the amortized cost. For GAAP purposes, all securities, purchased or retained, that represent beneficial interests in securitized assets (e.g., CMO, CBO, CDO, CLO, MBS and ABS securities), other than high credit quality securities, are adjusted using the prospective method when there is a change in estimated future cash flows. If it is determined that a decline in fair value is other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the security is written down to the extent the present value of expected future cash flows using the security’s effective yield is lower than the amortized cost. If high credit quality securities are adjusted, the retrospective method is used.
The Company monitors other investments to determine if there has been an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. Factors that management considers for each identified security include the following:
•The extent the fair value has been below the book/adjusted carrying value;
•The reasons for the decline in value;
•Specific credit issues related to the issuer and current economic conditions, including the current and future impact of any specific events;
•For structured investments (e.g., residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and other structured investments), factors such as overall deal structure and the Company’s position within the structure, quality of underlying collateral, delinquencies and defaults, loss severities, recoveries, prepayments and cumulative loss projections are considered;
9
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
•For all equity securities and other debt securities with credit-related declines in fair value, the Company’s intent and ability to hold the security long enough for it to recover its value to book/adjusted carrying value; and
•For all other debt securities with interest-related declines in fair value, the Company’s intent to sell the security before recovery of its book/adjusted carrying value.
If the decline is judged to be other-than-temporary, an impairment charge to fair value is recorded as a net realized capital loss in the period the determination is made. Under GAAP, if the decline is judged to be other-than-temporary because the Company has the intent to sell the debt security or is more likely than not to be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery, an impairment charge to fair value is recorded as a net realized capital loss. If the decline is judged to be other-than-temporary because the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security due to expected credit losses, an impairment charge is recorded to net realized capital loss as the difference between amortized cost and the net present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment.
Investments in real estate are reported net of required obligations rather than on a gross basis as for GAAP. Real estate owned and occupied by the Company is included in investments rather than reported as an operating asset as under GAAP, and investment income and operating expenses include rent for the Company’s occupancy of those properties.
Under a formula prescribed by the NAIC, the Company defers the portion of realized capital gains and losses on sales of fixed income investments, principally debt securities and mortgage loans, attributable to changes in the general level of interest rates and amortizes those deferrals over the remaining period to maturity based on groupings of individual security sold in five-year bands. The net deferral is reported as the interest maintenance reserve (IMR) in the accompanying balance sheets. Realized capital gains and losses are reported in income net of federal income tax and transfers to the IMR. Under GAAP, realized capital gains and losses are reported in the statement of operations on a pretax basis in the period that the assets giving rise to the gains or losses are sold.
The asset valuation reserve (AVR) provides a valuation allowance for invested assets. The AVR is determined by an NAIC prescribed formula with changes reflected directly in capital and surplus. AVR is not recognized for GAAP.
Subsidiaries
The accounts and operations of the Company’s subsidiaries are not consolidated with the accounts and operations of the Company as would be required under GAAP.
10
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Policy Acquisition Costs
The costs of acquiring and renewing business are expensed when incurred. Under GAAP, policy acquisition costs, related to traditional life insurance and certain long-duration accident and health insurance policies sold, to the extent recoverable from future policy revenues, would be deferred and amortized over the premium-paying period of the related policies using assumptions consistent with those used in computing policy benefit reserves; for universal life insurance and investment products, to the extent recoverable from future gross profits, deferred policy acquisition costs are amortized generally in proportion to the present value of expected gross profits from surrender charges and investments, mortality, and expense margins.
Nonadmitted Assets
Certain assets designated as “nonadmitted” (principally investments in unaudited subsidiaries and controlled and affiliated entities, the pension asset, and a trademark license agreement), and other assets not specifically identified as admitted assets within the NAIC’s Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual, are excluded from the accompanying balance sheets and are charged directly to accumulated surplus. Under GAAP, such assets are included in the balance sheets.
Premiums and Benefits
Revenues for universal life and annuity policies with mortality or morbidity risk, except for guaranteed interest and group annuity contracts, consist of the entire premium received, and benefits incurred represent the total of death benefits paid and the change in policy reserves. Premiums received for annuity policies without mortality or morbidity risk and for guaranteed interest and group annuity contracts are recorded using deposit accounting, and credited directly to an appropriate policy reserve account, without recognizing premium income. Under GAAP, premiums received in excess of policy charges would not be recognized as premium revenue and benefits would represent the excess of benefits paid over the policy account value and interest credited to the account values.
Benefit Reserves
Certain policy reserves are calculated using statutorily prescribed interest and mortality assumptions rather than on estimated expected experience or actual account balances as would be required under GAAP.
Reinsurance
A liability for reinsurance balances is required to be provided for unsecured policy reserves ceded to reinsurers not authorized to assume such business. Changes to those amounts are credited or charged directly to capital and surplus. Under GAAP, an allowance for amounts deemed uncollectible would be established through a charge to earnings.
Policy and contract liabilities ceded to reinsurers have been reported as reductions of the related reserves rather than as assets as would be required under GAAP. Commissions allowed by reinsurers on business ceded are reported as income when incurred rather than being deferred and amortized with policy acquisition costs as required under GAAP.
11
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Employee Benefits
For purposes of calculating the Company’s pension and postretirement benefit obligations, vested participants, non-vested participants and current retirees are included in the valuation. The prepaid pension asset resulting from the excess of the fair value of plan assets over the benefit obligation, which is nonadmitted under statutory accounting rules, is included in other comprehensive income under GAAP.
Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred tax assets are recorded for the amount of gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized in future years, and a valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets not meeting a more-likely-than-not realization threshold. Deferred tax assets are limited to 1) the amount of federal income taxes paid in prior years that can be recovered through loss carrybacks for existing temporary differences that reverse during a time frame corresponding with Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax loss carryback provisions, not to exceed three years, including amounts established in accordance with the provision of SSAP No. 5R, plus 2) for entities who meet the required realization threshold in SSAP No. 101, the lesser of the remaining gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized within three years of the balance sheet date or 15% of capital and surplus excluding any net deferred tax assets, electronic data processing equipment and operating software and any net positive goodwill, plus 3) the amount of remaining gross deferred tax assets that can be offset against existing gross deferred tax liabilities. The remaining deferred tax assets are nonadmitted. Under GAAP, a deferred tax asset is recorded for the amount of gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized in all future years, and a valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets not meeting a more-likely-than-not realization threshold.
Policyholder Dividends
Policyholder dividends are recognized when declared rather than over the term of the related policies.
Surplus Notes
Surplus Notes are classified as a component of equity rather than as long-term debt.
Statements of Cash Flow
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments in the statements of cash flow represent cash balances and investments with initial maturities of one year or less. Under GAAP, the corresponding captions of cash and cash equivalents include cash balances and investments with initial maturities of three months or less.
Other significant statutory accounting practices follow.
12
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Restricted Assets
The Company has assets pledged as collateral, or otherwise not exclusively under control of the Company, totaling $106.2 million and $147.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These assets are primarily collateral held in relation to the Company's securities lending program. These restricted assets are discussed in more detail in their relevant section.
Investments
Debt securities, common stocks, preferred stocks, and short-term investments are stated at values prescribed by the NAIC, as follows:
Debt securities not backed by other loans are principally stated at amortized cost using the interest method.
Single-class and multiclass mortgage-backed/asset-backed securities are valued at amortized cost using the interest method including anticipated prepayments. Prepayment assumptions are obtained from Bloomberg and broker-dealer prepayment models or derived from empirical data and are based on the current interest rate and economic environment. The retrospective adjustment method is used to value all such securities except securities that are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired and securities that are principal-only or interest-only, which are valued using the prospective method.
Unaffiliated common stocks are reported at fair value utilizing publicly quoted prices from third-party pricing services and the related unrealized capital gains and losses are reported in capital and surplus along with any adjustment for federal income taxes.
Redeemable preferred stocks that have characteristics of debt securities and are rated as medium quality or better are reported or amortized cost. All other redeemable preferred stocks are reported at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. Perpetual preferred stocks are valued at fair value, not exceeding any currently effective call price, utilizing publicly quoted prices from third-party pricing services and the related unrealized capital gains and losses are reported in capital and surplus along with any adjustment for federal income taxes.
There are no restrictions on unaffiliated common or preferred stocks.
Short-term investments include investments with remaining maturities of one year or less at the date of acquisition and are principally stated at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.
Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less and are principally stated at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.
The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are reported at their underlying audited statutory equity. The Company’s noninsurance subsidiaries are reported based on underlying audited GAAP equity. The net change in the subsidiaries’ equity is included in capital and surplus.
13
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Joint ventures, partnerships, and limited liability companies are carried at the Company’s interest in the underlying audited GAAP equity of the investee. Undistributed earnings allocated to the Company are reported in the change in net unrealized capital gains or losses. Distributions from earnings of the investees are reported as net investment income when received. Because of the indirect nature of these investments, there is an inherent reduction in transparency and liquidity and increased complexity in valuing the underlying investments. As a result, these investments are actively managed by the Company’s management via detailed evaluation of the investment performance relative to risk.
Mortgage loans are reported at unpaid principal balances, less an allowance for impairment. A mortgage loan is considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all principal and interest amounts due according to the contractual terms of the mortgage agreement. When management determines foreclosure is probable, the impairment is other than temporary; the mortgage loan is written down to realizable value and a realized loss is recognized.
Policy loans are reported at unpaid principal balances.
Real estate occupied by the Company and real estate held for the production of income are reported at depreciated cost net of related obligations. Real estate that the Company has the intent to sell is reported at the lower of depreciated cost or fair value, net of related obligations. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the properties.
Property acquired in the satisfaction of debt is recorded at the lower of cost less accumulated depreciation or fair market value.
Debt securities and other loan interest are credited to income as it accrues. Dividends are recorded as income on ex-dividend dates. To the extent income is uncertain, due and accrued income is excluded and treated as nonadmitted through surplus.
The Company utilizes customized call and put options to hedge market volatility related to the S&P 500 index . At the beginning of these contracts, a premium is either paid or received for transferring the related risk. The options are not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes and are carried at fair value on the balance sheet with changes in fair value recorded in surplus. The related gains and losses from terminations or expirations are recorded in realized capital gains and losses.
Realized capital gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method.
Premiums
Life and accident and health premiums are recognized as revenue when due. Premiums for annuity policies with mortality and morbidity risk, except for guaranteed interest and group annuity contracts, are also recognized as revenue when due. Premiums received for annuity policies without mortality or morbidity risk and for guaranteed interest and group annuity contracts are recorded using deposit accounting.
14
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Policy Reserves
Life, annuity and accident and health disability benefit reserves are developed by actuarial methods and are determined based on published tables using statutorily specified interest rates and valuation methods that will provide, in the aggregate, reserves that are greater than or equal to the minimum or guaranteed policy cash values or the amounts required by the Department. The Company waives deduction of deferred fractional premiums on the death of life and annuity policy insureds and does return any premium beyond the date of death. Surrender values on policies do not exceed the corresponding benefit reserves. Policies issued subject to multiple table substandard extra premiums are valued on the standard reserve basis which recognizes the nonlevel incidence of the excess mortality costs. Additional reserves are established when the results of cash flow testing under various interest rate scenarios indicate the need for such reserves, or the net premiums exceed the gross premiums on any insurance in-force.
For policies issued in 2020 or after, life insurance reserves are developed using principle-based policyholder and asset assumptions with margins and floored at formulaic reserves based upon published tables using statutorily specified interest rates and valuation methods.

Formulaic policy reserves for life insurance and supplemental benefits are computed on the Commissioner’s Reserve Valuation Method. The following mortality tables and interest rates are used:
Percentage of Reserves
20232022
Life insurance:
1941 Commissioners Standard Ordinary, 2-1/4% - 3-1/2%5.7 %6.1 %
1941 Standard Industrial, 2-1/2% - 3-1/2%8.6 8.8 
1958 Commissioners Standard Ordinary, 2-1/2% - 6%15.4 16.3 
1980 Commissioners Standard Ordinary, 4% - 6%40.6 39.8 
2001 Commissioners Standard Ordinary, 3-1/2% - 4-1/2%26.8 23.7 
2017 Commissioners Standard Ordinary, 3-1/2%1.1 — 
Other, 2-1/2% - 6%0.9 4.3 
99.1 99.0 
Other benefits (including annuities):
Various, 2-1/2% - 8-1/4%0.9 1.0 
100.0 %100.0 %
The mean reserve method is used to adjust the calculated terminal reserve to the appropriate reserve at December 31. Mean reserves are determined by computing the regular mean reserve for the plan at the rated age and holding, in addition, one-half of the extra premium charge for the year. Policies issued after July 1 for substandard lives, are charged an extra premium plus the regular premium for the true age. Mean reserves are based on appropriate multiples of standard rates of mortality. An asset is recorded for deferred premiums net of loading to adjust the reserve for modal premium payments.
For substandard table ratings, mean reserves are based on 125% to 500% of standard mortality rates. For flat extra ratings, mean reserves are based on the standard or substandard mortality rates increased by 1 to 25 deaths per thousand.
15
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, reserves of $13.2 million and $13.7 million, respectively, were recorded on in-force amounts of $774.5 million and $803.7 million, respectively, for which gross premiums are less than the net premiums according to the standard of valuation required by the Department. The Company anticipates investment income as a factor in the premium deficiency calculation for all accident and health contracts.
Tabular interest, tabular less actual reserves released, and tabular cost have been determined by formula. Tabular interest on funds not involving life contingencies is calculated as one-hundredth of the product of such valuation rate of interest times the mean of the amount of funds subject to such valuation rate of interest held at the beginning and end of the year of valuation.
The establishment of appropriate reserves is an inherently uncertain process, and there can be no assurance that the ultimate liability will not exceed the Company’s policy reserves and have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. Due to the inherent uncertainty of estimating reserves, it has been necessary, and may over time continue to be necessary, to revise estimated future liabilities as reflected in the Company’s policy reserves.
Policyholders’ Dividends
The amount of policyholders’ dividends to be paid (including those on policies included in the Closed Block) is determined annually by the Company’s Board of Directors. The aggregate amount of policyholders’ dividends is related to actual interest, mortality, morbidity and expense experience for the year and judgment as to the appropriate level of statutory surplus to be retained by the Company.
Policy and Contract Claims
Policy and contract claims in process of settlement represent the estimated ultimate net cost of all reported and unreported claims incurred through December 31, 2023 and 2022. The reserves for unpaid claims are estimated using individual case-basis valuations and statistical analysis. These estimates are subject to the effects of trends in claim severity and frequency. Although considerable variability is inherent in such estimates, management believes that the reserves for claims are adequate. The estimates are continually reviewed and adjusted as necessary as experience develops or new information becomes known; such adjustments are included in current operations.
Reinsurance
Reinsurance premiums and benefits paid or provided are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts.
Securities Lending
At December 31, 2023, the Company had loaned various debt securities, preferred stocks and common stocks as part of a securities lending program administered by Deutsche Bank, of which the fair value was $74.5 million and $23.4 million in the general and separate account, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the Company had loaned various debt securities, preferred stocks and common stocks as part of a securities lending program administered by Deutsche Bank, of which the fair value was $78.7 million and
16
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
$59.7 million in the general and separate account, respectively. The Company maintains effective control over all loaned securities and, therefore, continues to report such securities as invested assets in the balance sheets. The general account collateral is managed by both an affiliated and unaffiliated agent. The separate account is managed by an unaffiliated agent.
The Company requires at the initial transaction that the fair value of the cash collateral received must be equal to 102% of the fair value of the loaned securities. The Company monitors the ratio of the fair value of the collateral to loaned securities to ensure it does not fall below 100%. If the fair value of the collateral falls below 100% of the fair value of the securities loaned, the Company nonadmits that portion of the loaned security. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not nonadmit any portion of the loaned securities.
The Company reports all collateral on the balance sheet with an offsetting liability recognized for the obligation to return the collateral. Collateral for the securities lending program is either managed by an affiliated agent of the Company or is managed by Deutsche Bank, an unaffiliated agent. Collateral managed by an affiliated agent, which approximated $45.5 million and $62.6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, is invested primarily in investment-grade debt securities and cash equivalents and is included in the applicable amount on the balance sheets because the funds are available for the general use of the Company. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, collateral managed by an unaffiliated agent, which approximated $30.8 million and $17.8 million respectively, was invested in cash equivalents and was included in securities lending reinvested collateral assets on the balance sheet.
At December 31, 2023, the collateral for all securities on loan could be requested to be returned on demand by the borrower. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value of the total collateral in the general account was $76.3 million and $80.4 million, respectively. The fair value of the total collateral in the separate account was $24.1 million and $61.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which was all managed by an unaffiliated agent.
The aggregate collateral broken out by maturity date is as follows at December 31, 2023:

Amortized CostFair
Value
(In Thousands)
Open$— $— 
30 days or less45,348 45,348 
31 to 60 days1,469 1,469 
61 to 90 days747 747 
91 to 120 days266 266 
121 to 180 days— — 
181 to 365 days1,999 1,997 
1 to 2 years5,600 5,607 
2 to 3 years— — 
Greater than 3 years20,826 20,826 
Total collateral$76,255 $76,260 
17
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
At December 31, 2023, all of the collateral held for the securities lending program was invested in tradable securities that could be sold and used to pay for the $76.7 million and $24.1 million in the general and separate accounts, respectively, in collateral calls that could come due under a worst-case scenario where all collateral was called simultaneously.
The Company does not accept collateral that is not permitted by contract or custom to sell or repledge. The Company does not have any securities lending transactions that extend beyond one year from the reporting date.
Separate Account
The Company maintains a separate account, which holds all of the Company’s pension plan assets. The assets of the separate account consist primarily of marketable securities, which are recorded at fair value. These assets are considered legally insulated from the general accounts.
There are no separate account liabilities that are guaranteed by the general account. (See Note 10 for further discussion on the general account’s responsibility as it relates to the obligations of the Company’s pension plan).
The activity within the separate account, including realized and unrealized gains or losses on its investments, has no effect on net income or capital and surplus of the Company. The Company’s statements of operations reflect annuity payments to pension plan participants and other expenses of the separate account, as well as the reimbursement of such expenses from the separate account.
Federal Income Taxes
The Company files a consolidated income tax return with its eligible subsidiaries and affiliates. The provision for federal income taxes is allocated to the individual companies using a separate return method based upon a written tax-sharing agreement. Under the agreement, the benefits from losses of subsidiaries and affiliates are retained by the subsidiary and affiliated companies. The Company pays all federal income taxes due for all members of the group. The Company then immediately charges or reimburses, as the case may be, the members of the group an amount consistent with the method described in the tax-sharing agreement.
The Company includes interest and penalties in the federal income tax line on the statements of operations.
Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions
The Company accounts for its postretirement benefits other than pensions on an accrual basis. The postretirement benefit obligation for current retirees and fully eligible employees is measured by estimating the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be received at retirement using explicit assumptions.
Actuarial and investment gains and losses arising from differences between assumptions and actual experience upon subsequent remeasurement of the obligation may be recognized as a component of the
18
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
net periodic benefit cost in the current period or amortized. The net gain or loss will be included as a component of net postretirement benefit cost for a year if, as of the beginning of the year, the unrecognized net gain or loss exceeds 10% of the postretirement benefit obligation. That gain or loss, if not recognized immediately, will be amortized over the average life expectancy of the employer’s fully vested and retiree group.
Accounting Changes
There were no material accounting changes in 2023, 2022, or 2021.
Business Combinations
On December 31, 2018, the Company purchased 100% of the common stock of Gerber Life from Nestlé S.A. ("Nestlé"). Gerber Life is an insurer that operates primarily in the juvenile life insurance and medical stop-loss insurance markets. Gerber Life is New York-domiciled and is licensed in 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and certain Canadian provinces. The cost of the acquired entity was $1,257.3 million. The original goodwill balance was $945.5 million, of which $528.1 million was admitted, based on an admission limit of 10% of adjusted company surplus as of the last reported period..
The transaction was accounted for as a statutory purchase and reflects the following:
YearAdmitted Goodwill at Reporting DateGoodwill Amortized in Period Book Value of AcquisitionAdmitted Goodwill as a % of Admitted Acquisition
(In Thousands)
2023$472,774 $94,555 $1,121,475 42.2 %
2022567,328 94,555 1,149,908 49.3 
20232022
(In Thousands)
Company Surplus as of September 30$6,672,215 $6,532,219 
Less September 30 electronic data processing10,441 10,318 
Less September 30 net deferred tax assets38,823 51,157 
Less September 30 net positive goodwill496,412 590,967 
Adjusted Company surplus as of September 30$6,126,539 $5,879,777 
Admitted goodwill as a percentage of adjusted surplus7.7 %9.6 %


19
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Subsequent Events
The Company recognizes in the financial statements the effects of all subsequent events that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the balance sheet date. For nonrecognized subsequent events that must be disclosed to keep the financial statements from being misleading, the Company is required to disclose the nature of the event as well as an estimate of its financial effect, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. Management has evaluated subsequent events through the issuance of these financial statements on April 17, 2024.
Note 4 describes events that occurred subsequent to the December 31, 2023, financial statement date; the Company sold equity and fixed income securities to two subsidiaries, received an ordinary dividend from a subsidiary, and paid an ordinary dividend to its parent.

20
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
2. Investments
The book/adjusted carrying value and fair value of the Company’s investments in debt securities are summarized as follows:
Book/ Adjusted Carrying ValueGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair
Value
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2023:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporation and agencies
$18,882 $— $(287)$18,595 
Debt securities issued by states of the U.S. and political subdivisions of the states
9,810 401 — 10,211 
Non-U.S. government securities
61,405 1,069 (12,055)50,419 
Corporate securities
2,516,971 94,263 (172,694)2,438,540 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
22,356 42 (4,483)17,915 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
109,326 2,867 (10,142)102,051 
Asset-backed securities
105,517 2,356 (4,585)103,288 
Total$2,844,267 $100,998 $(204,246)$2,741,019 
At December 31, 2022:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporation and agencies
$23,341 $314 $(394)$23,261 
Debt securities issued by states of the U.S. and political subdivisions of the states
9,805 341 — 10,146 
Non-U.S. government securities
77,002 23 (12,656)64,369 
Corporate securities
2,385,532 62,279 (235,690)2,212,121 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
22,852 32 (4,447)18,437 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
120,923 3,874 (11,603)113,194 
Asset-backed securities
130,255 1,844 (8,123)123,976 
Total$2,769,710 $68,707 $(272,913)$2,565,504 
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company held unrated or below-investment-grade corporate debt securities with a book/adjusted carrying value of $185.7 million and $90.7 million, respectively, and an aggregate fair value of $177.2 million and $78.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, such holdings amounted to 6.5% and 3.3%, respectively, of the Company’s investments in debt securities and 1.5% and 0.7%, respectively, of the Company’s total admitted assets. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of the issuers of these debt securities. The Company considers these evaluations in its overall investment strategy.
21
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Unrealized gains and losses on investments in unaffiliated common stocks, mutual funds and common stocks of subsidiaries are reported directly in capital and surplus and do not affect net income. The unrealized gains and unrealized losses on, and the cost and fair value of those investments and preferred stocks are as follows:



CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair
Value
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2023:
Preferred stocks$53,381 $1,804 $(406)$54,779 
Common stocks, unaffiliated$206,721 $163,213 $(1,346)$368,588 
Common stocks, mutual funds190,611 21,865 (129)212,347 
Common stocks, subsidiaries4,024,050 942,652 (167,978)4,798,724 
$4,421,382 $1,127,730 $(169,453)$5,379,659 

CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesFair
Value
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2022:
Preferred stocks$44,868 $2,453 $(4,807)$42,514 
Common stocks, unaffiliated$290,425 $212,017 $(8,987)$493,455 
Common stocks, mutual funds390,433 1,629 (25,981)366,081 
Common stocks, subsidiaries3,843,604 956,870 (207,865)4,592,609 
$4,524,462 $1,170,516 $(242,833)$5,452,145 
22
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The following table shows unrealized losses and fair values, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.
Unrealized Losses Less
Than 12 Months		Unrealized Losses Greater Than or Equal to 12 Months
Unrealized Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized LossesFair
Value
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2023:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$— $— $(287)$5,574 
Debt securities issued by states of the U.S. and political subdivisions of the states
— — — — 
Non-U.S. government securities
— — (12,055)39,135 
Corporate securities
(1,056)70,371 (171,638)1,143,248 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities(1)
— — (4,483)16,622 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(1)
(118)5,364 (10,024)76,108 
Asset-backed securities(1)
(105)4,776 (4,480)66,938 
Total$(1,279)$80,511 $(202,967)$1,347,625 
Preferred stocks$(406)$11,144 $— $— 
Common stocks, unaffiliated$(1,346)$22,807 $— $— 
Common stocks, mutual funds(129)5,865 — 
Total$(1,475)$28,672 $— $— 
(1) Amounts relate to securities subject to SSAP 43R.
23
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Unrealized Losses Less
Than 12 Months		Unrealized Losses Greater Than or Equal to 12 Months
Unrealized Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized LossesFair
Value
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2022:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
$(316)$4,746 $(78)$722 
Debt securities issued by states of the U.S. and political subdivisions of the states
— — — — 
Non-U.S. government securities
(8,514)49,059 (4,142)14,328 
Corporate securities
(205,116)1,258,582 (30,574)83,859 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities(1)
(2,573)9,681 (1,874)7,117 
Residential mortgage-backed securities(1)
(11,331)89,104 (272)2,028 
Asset-backed securities(1)
(6,719)70,775 (1,404)16,583 
Total$(234,569)$1,481,947 $(38,344)$124,637 
Preferred stocks$(4,807)$26,923 $— $— 
Common stocks, unaffiliated$(8,987)$42,253 $— $— 
Common stocks, mutual funds(25,981)327,028 — — 
Total$(34,968)$369,281 $— $— 
(1) Amounts relate to securities subject to SSAP 43R.
Investments that are impaired at December 31, 2023 and 2022, for which other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized, consist mainly of corporate debt securities, asset-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities and unaffiliated common stocks.
The aggregated unrealized loss is approximately 12.3% and 13.5% of the carrying value of securities considered temporarily impaired at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023, there were a total of 424 securities held that are considered temporarily impaired, 346 of which have been impaired for 12 months or longer. At December 31, 2022, there were a total of 570 securities held that were considered temporarily impaired, 29 of which had been impaired for 12 months or longer. The Company recorded other-than-temporary impairments on securities of $20.1 million, $12.4 million and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
24
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The following is a list of each loan-backed security held at December 31, 2023, with a recognized other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) for the year ended December 31, 2023, where the present value of future cash flows expected to be collected was less than the amortized cost basis of the securities.
CUSIPBook/Adj Carrying Value Amortized Cost Before Current Period OTTIPresent Value of Future Cash FlowsRecognized Other-
Than- Temporary Impairment		Amortized Cost After Other-Than-Temporary ImpairmentFair
Value		Date of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment
(In Thousands)
For the year ended, December 31, 2023:
52521H-AJ-2$423 $422 $1 $422 $391 06/30/2023
Total              XXX        XXX$1            XXX       XXXXXX
The Company had no OTTI on loan-backed securities for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to the intent to sell the security or the inability or lack of intent to retain the investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to recover the amortized cost basis of the security.
A summary of the cost or amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s debt securities at December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity, is as follows:
Book/Adjusted Carrying ValueFair
Value
(In Thousands)
Years to maturity:
One or less$22,031 $21,943 
After one through five315,795 320,525 
After five through ten436,766 449,543 
After ten1,832,476 1,725,754 
Mortgage-backed securities/asset-backed securities237,199 223,254 
Total$2,844,267 $2,741,019 
The expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities in the foregoing table because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties and because asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities (including floating-rate securities) provide for periodic payments throughout their lives.
25
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Proceeds from sales of investments in debt securities during 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $60.6 million, $248.3 million, and $33.6 million; gross gains of $0.6 million, $5.1 million, and $1.0 million and gross losses of $1.5 million, $1.0 million, and $0.0 million were realized on these sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Proceeds from the sales of investments in equity securities during 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $357.2 million, $372.1 million, and $284.5 million; gross gains of $80.7 million, $67.6 million, and $45.3 million and gross losses of $12.4 million, $22.3 million, and $4.1 million were realized on these sales in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Realized capital gains (losses) are reported net of federal income taxes and amounts transferred to the IMR as follows for the years ended December 31:
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Realized capital gains (losses)$(17,404)$10,230 $(78,811)
Less amount transferred to IMR (net of related taxes (benefits) of $(183) in 2023, $1,327 in 2022, and $248 in 2021)(689)4,993 932 
Less federal income tax expense (benefit) of realized capital gains (losses)
(654)9,222 (4,798)
Net realized capital gains (losses)$(16,061)$(3,985)$(74,945)
Net investment income was generated from the following for the years ended December 31:
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Debt securities$145,319 $141,466 $158,760 
Equity securities294,929 107,536 32,007 
Mortgage loans2,273 2,318 2,363 
Real estate10,536 9,982 12,377 
Policy loans10,582 10,704 11,067 
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments2,588 1,567 688 
Other invested assets195,684 274,692 390,541 
Other621 252 (785)
Gross investment income662,532 548,517 607,018 
Investment expenses71,769 67,465 64,303 
Net investment income$590,763 $481,052 $542,715 
The Company’s investments in mortgage loans principally involve commercial real estate. At December 31, 2023, 79.7% of such mortgages, or $43.6 million, involved properties located in Ohio, Washington, and South Carolina. Such investments consist of primarily first-mortgage liens on completed income-producing properties. The aggregate mortgage outstanding to any one borrower does not exceed $21.2 million. During 2023, there were no loans issued. At the issuance of a loan, the percentage of any one loan to value of security, exclusive of insured, guaranteed or purchase money mortgage did not exceed 80.0%. During 2023, the Company did not reduce interest rates on any outstanding mortgages.
26
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Derivative Instruments
The Company entered into an equity hedge program designed to hedge the market value risks associated with the broad equity market. Hedging this risk reduces the economic sensitivity to price declines. At the beginning of these contracts, a premium is either paid or received for transferring the related risk. The options are not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes and are carried at fair value on the balance sheet with changes in fair value recorded in surplus. The related gains and losses from terminations or expirations are recorded in realized capital gains and losses. The change in fair value was $0.0 million, $0.0 million, and $50.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The net gain/(loss) recognized through net income within realized gains and losses was $0.0 million, $0.0 million, and $(97.2) million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The Company closed the hedge in the first quarter of 2021.
Information related to the Company’s derivative instruments as described above and the effects of offsetting on the balance sheet consisted of the following for the years ended December 31:
20232022
(In Thousands)
Derivative assets:
Gross amount of recognized assets$— $196 
Gross amounts offset— — 
Net amount of assets$— $196 
Derivative liabilities:
Gross amount of recognized liabilities$— $— 
Gross amounts offset— — 
Net amount of liabilities$— $— 

3. Fair Values of Financial Instruments
Included in various investment-related line items in the financial statements are certain financial instruments carried at fair value. Other financial instruments are periodically measured at fair value such as when impaired or, for certain bonds and preferred stocks, when carried at the lower of cost or market.
The Company uses fair value measurements to record the fair value of certain assets and liabilities and to estimate the fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value but required to be disclosed at fair value. Certain financial instruments, particularly policyholder liabilities other than investment-type contracts, are excluded from this fair value discussion.
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company’s financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value have been classified, for disclosure purposes, based on the following hierarchy that prioritizes inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. The
27
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Company’s policy is to recognize transfers in and transfers out of levels at the beginning of the quarterly reporting period.
•Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets and liabilities primarily include exchange-traded equity securities and mutual funds, including those which are part of the Company’s separate account assets.
•Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. The Company’s Level 2 assets and liabilities primarily include debt securities within the Company’s separate account for which public quotations are not available, but that are priced by third-party pricing services or internal models using observable inputs. Also included in Level 2 assets and liabilities are preferred stock, fixed income residual tranches, and stock warrants. The fair value of these instruments is determined through the use of third-party pricing services or models utilizing market observable inputs.
•Level 3 - Significant unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The Company’s Level 3 assets and liabilities primarily include private real estate funds within the Company’s separate account that are priced utilizing significant unobservable inputs. Also included in Level 3 assets and liabilities are common and preferred stocks being priced by broker quotes or utilizing recent financing for similar securities.
Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument, including discount rates, estimates of timing, amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of the issuer. Such estimates do not consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses.
For Level 3 investments, the fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets. In addition, the disclosed fair value may not be realized in the immediate settlement of the financial instrument.
Certain investments utilize net asset value (NAV) as a practical expedient for fair value. These investments are reported separately from the hierarchy. Investments utilizing NAV consist mainly of equity interest in limited partnerships and limited liabilities in the separate account. These investments contain fixed income, common stock, and real estate characteristics. The interests in these partnerships can be sold or transferred with prior consent from the general partner. The average remaining life of the investments is 16.7 years. The Company's unfunded commitment for these investments is $74.5 million. In addition, a collective trust in the separate account utilizing NAV is primarily investing in domestic fixed income securities. Shares in the trust can be redeemed at their net asset value. The NAV for this investment is $10.91. The Company does not intend to sell any investments utilizing NAV.
As described below, certain fair values are determined through the use of third-party pricing services. Management does not adjust prices received from third parties; however, the Company does analyze the third-party pricing services’ valuation methodologies and related inputs and performs additional evaluation to determine the appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy. The Company performs annual due diligence of third-party pricing services, which includes assessing the vendor’s valuation qualifications, control environment, analysis of asset class-specific valuation methodologies and
28
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
understanding of market observable assumptions and unobservable assumptions, if any, employed in the valuation methodology. Care should be exercised in deriving conclusions about the Company’s business, its value or financial position based on the fair value information of financial instruments presented below. The following discussion describes the valuation methodologies utilized by the Company for assets and liabilities measured or disclosed at fair value.
Debt and Equity Securities
The fair values of debt securities and asset/mortgage-backed securities have been determined through the use of third-party pricing services utilizing market observable inputs. Private placement securities trading in less liquid or illiquid markets with limited or no pricing information are valued using either broker quotes or by discounting the expected cash flows using current market-consistent rates applicable to the yield, credit quality and maturity of each security.
The fair values of actively traded equity securities and exchange traded funds (including exchange traded funds with debt like characteristics) have been determined utilizing publicly quoted prices obtained from third-party pricing services. The fair values of certain equity securities for which no publicly quoted prices are available have been determined through the use of third-party pricing services utilizing market observable inputs. Actively traded mutual funds are valued using the net asset values of the funds. The fair value of equity securities included in Level 3 has been determined by utilizing broker quotes or recent financing for similar securities.
Mortgage Loans
The fair values for mortgage loans, consisting principally of commercial real estate loans, are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using interest rates currently being offered for similar loans collateralized by properties with similar investment risk. The fair values for mortgage loans in default are established at the lower of the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell or the carrying amount of the loan.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments
The fair values of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are based on quoted market prices or stated amounts.
Securities Lending Reinvested Collateral Assets
The fair values of securities lending reinvested collateral assets are determined through the use of third-party sources utilizing publicly quoted prices.
Other Invested Assets
Other invested assets primarily include surplus debentures and fixed income residual tranches for which fair values have been determined through the use of third-party pricing services utilizing market observable inputs.
29
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Derivative Instruments
The fair values of free-standing derivative instruments, primarily stock warrants, are determined through the use of third-party pricing services or models utilizing market observable inputs.
Assets Held in Separate Accounts
Assets held in separate accounts include debt securities, equity securities, mutual funds, surplus notes, private equity, and private debt fund investments. The fair values of debt securities, equity securities and mutual funds have been determined using the same methodologies as similar assets held in the general account. The fair values of private equity and private debt fund investments have been determined utilizing the net asset values of the funds. The fair values of the private real estate funds have been determined by significant unobservable inputs.
Life and Annuity Reserves for Investment-Type Contracts and Deposit Fund Liabilities
The fair value of liabilities for investment-type contracts is based on the present value of estimated liability cash flows, which are discounted using rates that incorporate risk-free rates and margins for the Company’s own credit spread and the riskiness of cash flows. Key assumptions to the cash flow model include the timing of policyholder withdrawals and the level of interest credited to contract balances. Fair values for insurance reserves are not required to be disclosed. However, the estimated fair values of all insurance reserves and investment contracts are taken into consideration in the Company’s overall management of interest rate risk.
Securities Lending Liability
The liability represents the Company’s obligation to return collateral related to securities lending transactions. The liability is short-term in nature and therefore, the fair value of the obligation approximates the carrying amount.

30
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are outlined below:
Assets/(Liabilities) Measured at Fair ValueFair Value Hierarchy Level
Level 1Level 2Level 3NAV
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2023
Assets:
Bonds, exchange traded funds$151,108 $151,108 $— $— $— 
Common stocks, unaffiliated368,588 348,596 — 17,110 2,882 
Common stocks, mutual funds212,347 212,347 — — — 
Preferred stocks54,779 — 40,161 14,618 — 
Other invested assets, fixed income residual tranche28,626 — 28,626 — — 
Separate account assets1,137,428 731,114 125,126 23,734 257,454 
Total assets$1,952,876 $1,443,165 $193,913 $55,462 $260,336 
Assets/(Liabilities) Measured at Fair ValueFair Value Hierarchy Level
Level 1Level 2Level 3NAV
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2022
Assets:
Common stocks, unaffiliated$493,455 $467,200 $— $23,394 $2,861 
Common stocks, mutual funds366,081 366,081 — — — 
Preferred stocks42,514 — 26,917 15,597 — 
Other invested assets, fixed income residual tranche28,701 — 28,701 — 
Derivative assets196 — 196 — — 
Separate account assets1,131,631 709,833 134,147 — 287,651 
Total assets$2,062,578 $1,543,114 $189,961 $38,991 $290,512 

31
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2023 are as follows:
Beginning Asset/(Liability) as of January 1, 2023Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in:Purchases, Sales, Issuances and SettlementsTransfers Into Level 3**Transfers Out of Level 3Ending Asset/ (Liability) as of December 31,
2023
Net IncomeSurplusOther*
(In Thousands)
Assets:
Common stocks, unaffiliated
$23,394 $— $(6,284)$— $— $— $— $17,110 
Preferred stocks
15,597 — (1,979)— 1,000 — — 14,618 
Separate account assets
— — — — — 23,734 — 23,734 
Total assets$38,991 $— $(8,263)$— $1,000 $23,734 $— $55,462 
* Gains and losses for assets held in separate accounts do not impact net income or surplus as the change in value of assets held in separate accounts is offset by a change in value of liabilities related to separate accounts.
** Transfers into Level 3 are due to using a pricing source with unobservable inputs.
The gross purchases, issuances, sales and settlements included in the reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2023, are as follows:
PurchasesIssuancesSalesSettlementsNet Purchases, Issuances, Sales and Settlements
(In Thousands)
Assets:
Common stocks, unaffiliated$— $— $— $— $— 
Preferred stocks1,000 — — — 1,000 
Separate account assets— — — — — 
Total assets$1,000 $— $— $— $1,000 

32
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2022, is as follows:
Beginning Asset/(Liability )as of January 1, 2022Total Realized/Unrealized Gains (Losses) Included in:Purchases, Sales, Issuances and SettlementsTransfers Into Level 3*Transfers Out of Level 3Ending Asset/ (Liability) as of December 31, 2022
Net IncomeSurplusOther
(In Thousands)
Assets:
Common stocks, unaffiliated
$21,416 $—$848$— $— $1,130$— $23,394 
Preferred stocks
4,227 —2,370— 9,000 —— 15,597 
Total assets$25,643 $—$3,218$— $9,000 $1,130$— $38,991 
* Transfers into Level 3 are due to changes in the price source.
The gross purchases, issuances, sales and settlements included in the reconciliation for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2022, are as follows:
PurchasesIssuancesSalesSettlementsNet Purchases, Issuances, Sales and Settlements
(In Thousands)
Assets:
Common stocks, unaffiliated$— $—$—$— $— 
Preferred stocks9,000 ——— 9,000 
Total Assets$9,000 $—$—$— $9,000 

The Company did not have any significant assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

33
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s significant financial instruments follow:
December 31, 2023
Carrying AmountFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3NAV
(In Thousands)
Assets:
Bonds$2,844,267 $2,741,019 $156,682 $2,577,577 $6,760 $— 
Common stock:
Unaffiliated368,588 368,588 348,596 — 17,110 2,882 
Mutual funds212,347 212,347 212,347 — — — 
Preferred stock54,779 54,779 — 40,161 14,618 — 
Mortgage loans54,659 49,978 — — 49,978 — 
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
153,730 153,733 153,733 — — — 
Other invested assets:
Surplus notes38,977 37,495 — 37,495 — — 
Fixed income residual tranche28,626 28,626 — 28,626 — — 
Securities lending reinvested collateral assets
30,767 30,767 30,767 — — — 
Separate account assets1,137,428 1,137,428 731,114 125,126 23,734 257,454 
Liabilities:
Life and annuity reserves for investment-type contracts and deposit fund liabilities
$(2,476)$(2,417)$— $— $(2,417)$— 
Securities lending liability(76,738)(76,738)— (76,738)— — 

34
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
December 31, 2022
Carrying AmountFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3NAV
(In Thousands)
Assets:
Bonds$2,769,710 $2,565,504 $8,887 $2,553,262 $3,355 $— 
Common stock:
Unaffiliated493,455 493,455 467,200 — 23,394 2,861 
Mutual funds366,081 366,081 366,081 — — — 
Preferred stock42,514 42,514 — 26,917 15,597 — 
Mortgage loans55,841 50,158 — — 50,158 — 
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
22,479 22,479 22,479 — — — 
Other invested assets:
Surplus notes39,025 35,761 — 35,761 — — 
Fixed income residual tranche28,701 28,701 — 28,701 — — 
Securities lending reinvested collateral assets
17,779 17,779 17,779 — — — 
Derivative assets196 196 — 196 — 
Separate account assets1,131,631 1,131,631 709,833 134,147 — 287,651 
Liabilities:
Life and annuity reserves for investment-type contracts and deposit fund liabilities
$(2,823)$(2,733)$— $— $(2,733)$— 
Securities lending liability(80,925)(80,925)— (80,925)— — 

35
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
4. Related-Party Transactions
The Company owns a 100% interest in Integrity and WSLAC, whose carrying values based on underlying statutory surplus at December 31, 2023, are $1.3 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively. The accounting policies of Integrity and WSLAC are the same as those of the Company described in Note 1. The summary financial data for Integrity and WSLAC follows:
20232022
(In Thousands)
Integrity:
Admitted Assets$9,057,180 $9,377,215 
Liabilities7,729,686 8,081,440 
Statutory Surplus$1,327,494 $1,295,775 
Net Income$28,010 $5,477 
WSLAC:
Admitted Assets$30,938,412 $25,363,432 
Liabilities28,998,249 23,586,209 
Statutory Surplus$1,940,163 $1,777,223 
Net Income$(62,605)$(84,549)
The Company has an equity interest in certain partnerships that made payments of principal and interest under mortgage financing arrangements to subsidiaries in the amount of $26.0 million, $18.1 million, and $39.0 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The principal balance of the mortgage financing arrangements with subsidiaries was $259.9 million and $267.3 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $294.7 million and $275.7 million, respectively, invested in the Touchstone Funds, which are exchange traded and mutual funds administered by Touchstone Advisors, Inc., an indirect subsidiary of the company.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $630.6 million and $709.4 million, respectively, invested in fixed income residual tranches and various private equity and private debt funds managed by Fort Washington Investment Advisors, Inc., an indirect subsidiary of the Company.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $1,255.8 million and $1,214.0 million, respectively, invested in WS Real Estate Holdings, LLC, which is a holding company managed by Eagle Realty Group, LLC, an indirect subsidiary of the Company.
36
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
In April 2024, the Company sold $62.9 million of equity securities in exchange for cash to National, which was referenced in Note 1, Subsequent Events.
In March 2024, the Company paid a $155.0 million ordinary dividend to WSFG, which was referenced in Note 1, Subsequent Events. The dividend was in the form of cash.
In March 2024, the Company received a $155.0 million ordinary dividend from WSLAC, which was referenced in Note 1, Subsequent Events. The dividend was in the form of cash.
In March 2024, the Company sold $50.0 million of fixed income securities in exchange for cash to Gerber Life, which was referenced in Note 1, Subsequent Events.
In December 2023, the Company received a $150.0 million capital contribution from WSFG. The contribution was in the form of cash.
In December 2023, the Company paid a $275.0 million capital contribution to WSLAC. The contribution was in the form of $225.0 million and $50.0 million in cash and equity securities, respectively.
In December 2023, the Company received a $125.0 million ordinary dividend from Integrity. The dividend was in the form of $75.0 million and $50.0 million in cash and equity securities, respectively.
In August 2023, the Company entered into a Pension Risk Transfer agreement with WSLAC. Refer to Note 10 for more detail.
In June and July 2023, the Company sold $25.0 million and $24.0 million of equity securities, respectively, in exchange for cash to Gerber Life.
In March 2023, the Company paid a $245.0 million ordinary dividend to WSFG. The dividend was in the form of cash.
In March 2023, the Company received a $150.0 million ordinary dividend from WSLAC. The dividend was in the form of cash.
In the the first quarter of 2023, the Company sold $80.0 million of equity securities in exchange for cash to National.
The Company has an outstanding loan issued January 6, 2023, in the amount of $72.2 million due to WSLAC. Any outstanding principal is due January 6, 2033.
In December 2022, the Company received a $190.0 million capital contribution from WSFG. The contribution was in the form of cash.
In December 2022, the company paid a $320.0 million capital contribution to WSLAC. The contribution was in the form of cash.
37
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
In December 2022, the Company paid a $50.0 million capital contribution to Columbus Life. The contribution was in the form of cash.
In December 2022, the Company received an $80.0 million ordinary dividend from Integrity. The dividend was in the form of cash.
In December 2021, the company paid a $250.0 million capital contribution to WSLAC. The contribution was in the form of cash.
In November 2021, the Company paid a $50.0 million ordinary dividend to WSFG. The dividend was in the form of cash.
In March 2021, the Company paid a $100.0 million capital contribution to Columbus Life. The contribution was in the form of cash.    
The Company had $64.2 million and $50.4 million receivable from parent, subsidiaries and affiliates as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company had $0.3 million and $0.5 million payable to parent, subsidiaries and affiliates as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The terms of the settlement generally require that these amounts be settled in cash within 30 days.
The Company has entered into multiple reinsurance agreements with affiliated entities. See Note 5 for further description.

5. Reinsurance
Certain premiums and benefits are assumed from and ceded to other insurance companies under various reinsurance agreements. The ceded reinsurance agreements provide the Company with increased capacity to write larger risks and maintain its exposure to loss within its capital resources.
The Company has a ceded reinsurance agreement with Columbus Life. Under the reinsurance agreement, Columbus Life reinsures the former liabilities of Columbus Mutual, a former affiliate, which was merged into the Company. Life and accident and health reserves ceded from the Company to Columbus Life totaled $421.5 million and $443.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
In 2006, the Company entered into a yearly renewable term reinsurance agreement with Lafayette Life, an affiliated entity, whereby the Company provides reinsurance coverage on certain life products and associated riders as this coverage is recaptured by Lafayette Life from unaffiliated reinsurers. Life reserves ceded from Lafayette Life to the Company under this agreement totaled $0.8 million and $0.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Certain premiums and benefits are ceded to other unaffiliated insurance companies under various reinsurance agreements. The majority of the ceded business is due to ceding substandard business to reinsurers (facultative basis).
38
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The effects of reinsurance on premiums, annuity considerations and deposit-type funds are as follows for the years ended December 31:
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Direct premiums$218,455 $220,548 $225,660 
Assumed premiums:
Affiliates1,074 1,185 1,203 
Nonaffiliates— — — 
Ceded premiums:
Affiliates— — — 
Nonaffiliates(7,043)(6,766)(6,517)
Net premiums$212,486 $214,967 $220,346 
The Company’s ceded reinsurance arrangements impacted certain other items in the accompanying financial statements by the following amounts as of and for the years ended December 31:
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Policy and contract claims:
Affiliates$— $— $— 
Nonaffiliates3,846 2,401 4,696 
Policy and contract liabilities:
Affiliates421,470 443,797 460,048 
Nonaffiliates33,465 30,758 28,786 
Amounts recoverable on reinsurance contracts:
Affiliates— — — 
Nonaffiliates118 221 303 
In 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not commute any ceded reinsurance nor did it enter into or engage in any agreement that reinsures policies or contracts that were in-force or had existing reserves as of the effective date of such agreements.
At December 31, 2023, the Company has no significant reserves ceded to unauthorized reinsurers. Amounts payable or recoverable for reinsurance on policy and contract liabilities are not subject to periodic or maximum limits.
Neither the Company nor any of its related parties, control directly or indirectly, any reinsurers with whom the Company conducts business. No policies issued by the Company have been reinsured with a foreign company, which is controlled, either directly or indirectly, by a party not primarily engaged in the business of insurance. The Company does not have any reinsurance agreements in effect under which the reinsurer may unilaterally cancel the agreement. At December 31, 2023, there are no reinsurance
39
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
agreements in effect such that the amount of losses paid or accrued exceed the total direct premium collected. The Company remains obligated for amounts ceded in the event that the reinsurers do not meet their obligations.
There would be no reduction in surplus at December 31, 2023, if all reinsurance agreements were cancelled.

6. Federal Income Taxes
The Company and its eligible subsidiaries and affiliates file a consolidated federal income tax return. Amounts due (to)/from the Internal Revenue Service for federal income taxes, net of the amounts due (to)/from subsidiaries and affiliates, were $102.1 million and $36.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The tax years 2014 through 2022 remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions.
The amount of federal income taxes incurred that will be available for recoupment at December 31, 2023, in the event of future capital losses is $0.0 million, $27.6 million, and $61.2 million from 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The components of the net deferred tax asset (liability) at December 31 are as follows:

12/31/2023
(In Thousands)
(1)(2)(3)
  (Col 1+2)
OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Gross deferred tax assets$203,714 $8,217 $211,931 
(b)Statutory valuation allowance adjustments— — — 
(c)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (a - b)203,714 8,217 211,931 
(d)Deferred tax assets nonadmitted— — — 
(e)Subtotal net admitted deferred tax assets (c - d)203,714 8,217 211,931 
(f)Deferred tax liabilities168,514 51,401 219,915 
(g)Net admitted deferred tax asset/(net deferred tax liability) (e - f)$35,200 $(43,184)$(7,984)
40
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
12/31/2022
(In Thousands)
(4)(5)(6)
  (Col 4+5)
OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Gross deferred tax assets$180,314 $13,498 $193,812 
(b)Statutory valuation allowance adjustments— — — 
(c)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (a - b)180,314 13,498 193,812 
(d)Deferred tax assets nonadmitted— — — 
(e)Subtotal net admitted deferred tax assets (c - d)180,314 13,498 193,812 
(f)Deferred tax liabilities167,632 36,979 204,611 
(g)Net admitted deferred tax asset/(net deferred tax liability) (e - f)$12,682 $(23,481)$(10,799)
Change
(In Thousands)
(7)(8)(9)
  (Col 7+8)
OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Gross deferred tax assets$23,400 $(5,281)$18,119 
(b)Statutory valuation allowance adjustments— — — 
(c)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (a - b)23,400 (5,281)18,119 
(d)Deferred tax assets nonadmitted— — — 
(e)Subtotal net admitted deferred tax assets (c - d)23,400 (5,281)18,119 
(f)Deferred tax liabilities882 14,422 15,304 
(g)Net admitted deferred tax asset/(net deferred tax liability) (e - f)$22,518 $(19,703)$2,815 
12/31/2023
(In Thousands)
(1)(2)(3)
  (Col 1+2)
Admission Calculation Components SSAP No. 101OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Federal income taxes paid in prior years recoverable through loss carrybacks$— $8,217 $8,217 
(b)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) above) after application of the threshold limitation (the lesser of (b)1 and (b)2 below)20,977 — 20,977 
1. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized following the balance sheet date20,977 — 20,977 
2. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets allowed per limitation threshold. XXX XXX934,023 
(c)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) and (b) above) offset by gross deferred tax liabilities182,737 — 182,737 
(d)Deferred tax assets admitted as the result of application of SSAP No. 101 Total ((a) + (b) + (c))$203,714 $8,217 $211,931 
41
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
12/31/2022
(In Thousands)
(4)(5)(6)
  (Col 4+5)
Admission Calculation Components SSAP No. 101OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Federal income taxes paid in prior years recoverable through loss carrybacks$— $13,498 $13,498 
(b)
Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) above) after application of the threshold limitation (the lesser of (b)1 and (b)2 below)
39,349 — 39,349 
1. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized following the balance sheet date
39,349 — 39,349 
2. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets allowed per limitation threshold. XXX XXX982,746 
(c)
Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) and (b) above) offset by gross deferred tax liabilities
140,965 — 140,965 
(d)
Deferred tax assets admitted as the result of application of SSAP No. 101 Total ((a) + (b) + (c))
$180,314 $13,498 $193,812 
Change
(In Thousands)
(7)(8)(9)
  (Col 7+8)
Admission Calculation Components SSAP No. 101OrdinaryCapitalTotal
(a)Federal income taxes paid in prior years recoverable through loss carrybacks$— $(5,281)$(5,281)
(b)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) above) after application of the threshold limitation (the lesser of (b)1 and (b)2 below)(18,372)— (18,372)
1. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets expected to be realized following the balance sheet date(18,372)— (18,372)
2. Adjusted gross deferred tax assets allowed per limitation threshold. XXX XXX(48,723)
(c)Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (excluding the amount of deferred tax assets from (a) and (b) above) offset by gross deferred tax liabilities41,772 — 41,772 
(d)Deferred tax assets admitted as the result of application of SSAP No. 101 Total ((a) + (b) + (c))$23,400 $(5,281)$18,119 
20232022
Ratio percentage used to determine recovery period and threshold limitation amount879%848%
12/31/2023
(1)(2)
Impact of tax planning strategiesOrdinaryCapital
(In Thousands)
(a)Adjusted gross DTAs amount$203,714$8,217
(b)Percentage of adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies11.28%3.88%
(c)Net admitted adjusted gross DTAs amount$203,714$8,217
(d)Percentage of net admitted adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies11.28%3.88%
42
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
12/31/2022
(3)(4)
Impact of tax planning strategiesOrdinaryCapital
(In Thousands)
(a)Adjusted gross DTAs amount$180,314$13,498
(b)
Percentage of adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies
11.99%6.96%
(c)
Net admitted adjusted gross DTAs amount
$180,314$13,498
(d)
Percentage of net admitted adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies
11.99%6.96%
Change
(5)(6)
Impact of tax planning strategiesOrdinaryCapital
(In Thousands)
(a)Adjusted gross DTAs amount$23,400$(5,281)
(b)Percentage of adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies(0.71)%(3.08)%
(c)Net admitted adjusted gross DTAs amount$23,400$(5,281)
(d)Percentage of net admitted adjusted gross DTAs by tax character attributable to the impact of tax planning strategies(0.71)%(3.08)%
The Company's tax planning strategies include the use of reinsurance.
Current income taxes incurred consist of the following major components:
12/31/202312/31/202212/31/2021
(In Thousands)
(1)Current income tax
(a)Federal$(47,285)$33,781 $30,114 
(b)Foreign196 281 199 
(c)Subtotal(47,089)34,062 30,313 
(d)Federal income tax on net capital gains(654)9,222 (4,798)
(e)Utilization of capital loss carryforwards— — — 
(f)Other— — — 
(g)Federal and foreign income taxes incurred$(47,743)$43,284 $25,515 
43
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(1)(2)(3)
  (Col 1-2)
(2)Deferred tax assets:12/31/202312/31/2022Change
(a)Ordinary(In Thousands)
(1) Discounting of unpaid losses$— $— $— 
(2) Unearned premium revenue— — — 
(3) Policyholder reserves31,053 30,684 369 
(4) Investments26,058 28,658 (2,600)
(5) Deferred acquisition costs19,527 18,992 535 
(6) Policyholder dividends accrual3,133 3,596 (463)
(7) Fixed assets— — — 
(8) Compensation and benefits accrual45,514 50,512 (4,998)
(9) Pension accrual— — — 
(10) Receivables - nonadmitted74,438 43,517 30,921 
(11) Net operating loss carryforward— — — 
(12) Tax credit carryforward— — — 
(13) Other3,991 4,355 (364)
(99) Subtotal203,714 180,314 23,400 
(b)Statutory valuation allowance adjustment— — — 
(c)Nonadmitted— — — 
(d)Admitted ordinary deferred tax assets (2a99 - 2b - 2c)203,714 180,314 23,400 
(e)Capital
(1) Investments8,217 13,498 (5,281)
(2) Net capital loss carryforward— — — 
(3) Real estate— — — 
(4) Other— — — 
(99) Subtotal8,217 13,498 (5,281)
(f)Statutory valuation allowance adjustment— — — 
(g)Nonadmitted— — — 
(h)Admitted capital deferred tax assets (2e99- 2f - 2g)8,217 13,498 (5,281)
(i)Admitted deferred tax assets (2d + 2h)$211,931 $193,812 $18,119 
44
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(1)(2)(3)
  (Col 1-2)
12/31/202312/31/2022Change
(3)Deferred tax liabilities:(In Thousands)
(a)Ordinary
(1) Investments$153,049 $153,707 $(658)
(2) Fixed assets6,054 4,578 1,476 
(3) Deferred and uncollected premium7,264 7,585 (321)
(4) Policyholder reserves1,095 1,762 (667)
(5) Other1,052 — 1,052 
(99) Subtotal168,514 167,632 882 
(b)Capital
(1) Investments51,401 36,979 14,422 
(2) Real estate— — — 
(3) Other— — — 
(99) Subtotal51,401 36,979 14,422 
(c)Deferred tax liabilities (3a99 + 3b99)219,915 204,611 15,304 
(4)Net deferred tax assets/liabilities (2i - 3c) $(7,984)$(10,799)$2,815 
Among the more significant book-to-tax adjustments were the following:
12/31/2023Effective
Tax Rate		12/31/2022Effective
Tax Rate		12/31/2021Effective
Tax Rate
(In Thousands)(In Thousands)(In Thousands)
Provision computed at statutory rate$63,345 21.00 %$94,728 21.00 %$26,273 21.00 %
Dividends received deduction(2,781)(0.93)(3,577)(0.79)(2,613)(2.09)
Tax credits(195)(0.06)652 0.14 (1,227)(0.98)
Other invested assets and nonadmitted change39,127 12.97 2,072 0.46 (19,292)(15.42)
Affiliated income(57,750)(19.15)— — — — 
Nonadmitted pension asset(34,098)(11.30)— — — — 
Other(43,815)(14.52)(6,506)(1.44)(7,857)(6.28)
Total statutory income taxes$(36,167)(11.99)%$87,369 19.37 %$(4,716)(3.77)%
Federal and foreign taxes incurred
$(47,743)(15.83)%$43,284 9.60 %$25,515 20.39 %
Change in net deferred income taxes
11,576 3.84 44,085 9.77 (30,231)(24.16)
Total statutory income taxes$(36,167)(11.99)%$87,369 19.37 %$(4,716)(3.77)%
At December 31, 2023, the Company had $0.0 million of net operating loss carryforwards, net capital loss carryforwards and tax credit carry forwards; the company had $0.0 million of deferred tax liabilities that are not recognized.
The Inflation Reduction Act (the “IRA”) was enacted on August 16, 2022, and included a provision for a new Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (CAMT), effective in 2023, that is based on the adjusted financial statement income set forth on the applicable financial statement of an “applicable corporation.”
45
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The controlled group of corporations of which the reporting entity is a member has determined that it is not an “applicable corporation” for purposes of CAMT during the reporting period, and is not liable for the CAMT.

7. Capital and Surplus
The Company is required by statutory regulations to meet minimum risk-based capital standards. Risk-based capital is a method of measuring the minimum amount of capital appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations in consideration of its size and risk profile. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company exceeded the minimum risk-based capital.
Ohio insurance law limits the amount of dividends that can be paid to a parent in a holding company structure without prior approval of the regulators to the greater of 10% of statutory surplus or statutory net income as of the preceding December 31 less any dividends paid in the preceding 12 months, but only to the extent of earned surplus as of the preceding December 31. Based on these limitations, the Company is able to pay dividends of up to $703.3 million by the end of 2024 without seeking prior regulatory approval based on capital and surplus of $7,033.2 million at December 31, 2023.
The Company currently has the following outstanding surplus notes:

20232022
(In Thousands)
2019 Notes, 5.15% interest rate, due 2049$497,861 $497,775 
2021 Notes, 3.75% interest rate, due 2061497,783 497,724 
Total carrying value of surplus notes$995,644 $995,499 

On January 23, 2019, the Company issued $500.0 million in surplus notes (the “2019 Notes”) due January 15, 2049, at a discount of $2.6 million. The entire balance was received in cash, none of which came from related parties. Interest on the 2019 Notes is fixed at 5.15% and payable semiannually on January 15 and July 15 of each year. The 2019 Notes and are administered by The Bank of New York Mellon. Subject to the approval of the Ohio Director of Insurance (the “Director”), the Company has the option to redeem the 2019 Notes (i) in whole within 90 days after the occurrence of a “Tax Event” where the Company receives an opinion of tax counsel that there is a more than insubstantial risk that interest payable on the 2019 Notes is not deductible by the Company, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount of the 2019 Notes to be redeemed (the ‘‘Par Value Redemption Price’’), (ii) in whole or in part, on or after January 23, 2024 but prior to July 15, 2048, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (a) the Par Value Redemption Price or (b) the sum of the present value of the remaining scheduled principal and interest payments on the 2019 Notes from the redemption date to July 15, 2048, discounted to the redemption date on a semi-annual basis at an adjusted treasury rate plus 35 basis points or (iii) in whole or in part, on or after July 15, 2048, at the Par Value Redemption Price, plus, in each case of (i), (ii) and (iii), accrued and unpaid interest payments on the 2019 Notes to be redeemed to the redemption date.
On April 28, 2021, the Company issued $500.0 million in surplus notes (the “2021 Notes”) due April 28, 2061 at a discount of $2.4 million. The entire balance was received in cash, none of which came from related parties. Interest on the 2021 Notes is fixed at 3.75% and payable semiannually on April 28 and
46
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
October 28 of each year. The 2021 Notes are administered by The Bank of New York Mellon. Subject to the approval of the Director, the Company has the option to redeem the 2021 Notes (i) in whole within 90 days after the occurrence of a “Tax Event” where the Company receives an opinion of tax counsel that there is a more than insubstantial risk that interest payable on the 2021 Notes is not deductible by the Company, at a redemption price equal to the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed (the ‘‘Par Value Redemption Price’’), (ii) in whole or in part, prior to October 28, 2060, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (a) the Par Value Redemption Price or (b) the sum of the present value of the remaining scheduled principal and interest payments on the 2021 Notes from the redemption date to October 28, 2060, discounted to the redemption date on a semi-annual basis at an adjusted treasury rate plus 25 basis points or (iii) in whole or in part, on or after October 28, 2060, at the Par Value Redemption Price, plus, in each case of (i), (ii) and (iii), accrued and unpaid interest payments on the 2021 Notes to be redeemed to the redemption date.
The 2019 Notes and 2021 Notes (collectively the “Notes”) do not have payments that are contractually linked nor are any of the payments subject to administrative offsetting provisions. Additionally, proceeds from the Notes were not used to purchase an asset directly from the holders. The Notes were issued pursuant to Rule 144A as defined by the Securities Act of 1933. The Notes are unsecured and subordinated to all present and future indebtedness, policy claims and “prior claims” (those claims referred to in classes 1 through 7 of Section 3903.42 of the Ohio Revised Code) against the Company. Under Ohio insurance laws, the Notes are not part of the legal liabilities of the Company. Each payment of principal of, interest on or redemption price with respect to the Notes, may be made only with the prior approval of the Director, and only out of surplus earnings.
Interest expense of $44.5 million and $44.5 million was recognized from the Notes in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Life-to-date interest expense recognized December 31, 2023, was $175.1 million. There has been no principal paid as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, there was unapproved interest of $3.2 million related to 2023 that will come due in 2024. In the event the Company was subject to a liquidation event, the Notes would have preference over the common shareholders. No affiliates of the Company hold any of the Notes. As of the closing, Guggenheim Partners was the only holder of more than 10% of the outstanding Notes on record at the Depository Trust Company.

8. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is named as a defendant in various legal actions arising principally from claims made under insurance policies and contracts. The Company believes the resolution of these actions will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
At December 31, 2023, the Company does not have any material lease agreements as a lessee for office space or equipment.
At December 31, 2023, the Company has future commitments to provide additional capital contributions of $723.6 million to investments in joint ventures, limited partnerships and limited liability companies.
The Company guarantees the payment of all policyholder obligations of each of the following wholly-owned subsidiaries: WSLAC, Columbus Life and Integrity. In addition, the Company guarantees all
47
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
policyholder obligations of National and The Lafayette Life Insurance Company (Lafayette Life), an affiliated entity which is wholly-owned by WSFG. Guarantees on behalf of wholly-owned subsidiaries or on behalf of related parties that are considered to be unlimited (as in the case of the guarantee on behalf of Lafayette Life) are exempt from the initial liability recognition criteria and therefore no liability has been recognized in the financial statements. Due to the unlimited nature of the guarantees, the Company is unable to estimate the maximum potential amount of future payments under the guarantees. In the unlikely event the guarantees would be triggered, the Company may be permitted to take control of the underlying assets to recover all or a portion of the amounts paid under the guarantees.
The Company has guaranteed one mortgage loan in which the borrower is an affiliated limited liability company involved in development of real estate. This guarantee has a maximum exposure to the Company of $12.8 million for 506 Phelps Holdings, LLC, in the event the real estate collateral of the affiliated limited liability company is not sufficient to cover the payment of the loan. The fair value of the real estate collateral at December 31, 2023, was approximately $33.1 million. This loan matured in February 2024.
48
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
9. Life and Annuity Reserves and Deposit-Type Contract Liabilities
At December 31, 2023, the Company’s general and separate account annuity reserves and deposit-type contract liabilities that are subject to discretionary withdrawal (with adjustment), subject to discretionary withdrawal (without adjustment), and not subject to discretionary withdrawal provisions are summarized as follows:
Individual AnnuitiesGeneral AccountSeparate Account
With Guarantees		Separate Account
Non-guaranteed		TotalPercent
(In Thousands)
Subject to discretionary withdrawal at book value without adjustment (minimal or no charge or adjustment)
$60,064 $— $— $60,064 95.9 %
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal
2,541 — — 2,541 4.1 
Total individual annuity reserves (before reinsurance)
62,605 — — 62,605 100.0 %
Reinsurance ceded
58,796 — — 58,796 
Net individual annuity reserves
$3,809 $— $— $3,809 
Group AnnuitiesGeneral AccountSeparate Account
With Guarantees		Separate Account
Non-guaranteed		TotalPercent
(In Thousands)
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal
$2,388 $— $1,113,295 $1,115,683 100.0 %
Total group annuity reserves (before reinsurance)
2,388 — 1,113,295 1,115,683 100.0 %
Reinsurance ceded
2,388 — — 2,388 
Net group annuity reserves
$— $— $1,113,295 $1,113,295 
Deposit-type contracts (no life contingencies)General AccountSeparate Account
With Guarantees		Separate Account
Non-guaranteed		TotalPercent
(In Thousands)
Subject to discretionary withdrawal at book value without adjustment (minimal or no charge or adjustment)
$191,472 $— $— $191,472 98.6 %
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal
2,812 — — 2,812 1.4 
Total deposit-type contract liability (before reinsurance)
194,284 — — 194,284 100.0 %
Reinsurance ceded
20,123 — — 20,123 
Total deposit-type contract liability
$174,161 $— $— $174,161 
Interest rate changes may have temporary effects on the sale and profitability of annuity products offered by the Company. Although the rates offered by the Company are adjustable in the long-term, in the short-term they may be subject to contractual and competitive restrictions, which may prevent timely
49
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
adjustment. The Company’s management constantly monitors interest rates with respect to a spectrum of product durations and sells annuities that permit flexible responses to interest rate changes as part of the Company’s management of interest spreads. However, adverse changes in investment yields on invested assets will affect the earnings on those products with a guaranteed return.
At December 31, 2023, the Company's general and separate account life insurance account values, cash value, and reserves for policies subject to discretionary withdrawal, not subject to discretionary withdrawal, or with no cash value are summarized as follows:
General AccountSeparate Account - Guaranteed and Nonguaranteed
Account ValueCash ValueReserveAccount ValueCash ValueReserve
(In Thousands)
Subject to discretionary withdrawal, surrender values, or policy loans:
Term policies with cash value$— $— $— $— $— $— 
Universal life— — — — — — 
Universal life with secondary guarantees
— — — — — — 
Indexed universal life— — — — — — 
Indexed universal life with secondary guarantees
— — — — — — 
Indexed life— — — — — — 
Other permanent cash value life insurance
— 2,804,330 3,142,811 — — — 
Variable life— — — — — — 
Variable universal life— — — — — — 
Miscellaneous reserves— — — — — — 
Not subject to discretionary withdrawal or no cash values:
Term policies without cash valueXXXXXX— XXXXXX— 
Accidental death benefitsXXXXXX3,538 XXXXXX— 
Disability - active livesXXXXXX4,021 XXXXXX— 
Disability - disabled livesXXXXXX18,536 XXXXXX— 
Miscellaneous reservesXXXXXX— XXXXXX— 
Total life reserves (before reinsurance)— 2,804,330 3,168,906 — — — 
Reinsurance Ceded— — 341,220 — — — 
Net life reserves$— $2,804,330 $2,827,686 $— $— $— 

10. Employee Retirement Benefits
The Company has a noncontributory pension plan under a deposit administration group annuity contract covering substantially all employees and field representatives that meet eligibility requirements while working for the Company and attaining normal retirement age. In addition, the Company provides certain health care and life insurance benefits for certain retired employees or their beneficiaries. Substantially all of the Company’s employees and field representatives may become eligible for those benefits when they reach normal retirement age while working for the Company.
50
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for all plans.
A summary of assets, obligations and assumptions of the pension and other postretirement benefit plans at December 31, are as follows:
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Medical
2023202220232022
(In Thousands)
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year$883,366 $1,208,163 $94,468 $154,087 
Service cost20,373 33,641 79 163 
Interest cost45,899 29,615 4,719 2,921 
Contribution by plan participants— — 4,457 4,626 
Actuarial (gain) loss42,624 (334,481)1,648 (55,388)
Benefits paid(54,372)(53,572)(12,312)(11,941)
Plan amendments— — — — 
Settlements(63,026)— — — 
Benefit obligation at end of year$874,864 $883,366 $93,059 $94,468 
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year
$1,070,044 $1,284,221 $— $— 
Actual return on plan assets160,648 (160,605)— — 
Employer contribution— — 7,854 7,315 
Plan participants’ contributions— — 4,457 4,626 
Benefits paid(54,371)(53,572)(12,311)(11,941)
Settlements(63,026)— — — 
Fair value of plan assets at end of year$1,113,295 $1,070,044 $— $— 
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Medical
2023202220232022
(In Thousands)
Funded status:
Overfunded (underfunded) obligation$238,431 $186,678 $(93,059)$(94,468)
Unrecognized net (gain) or loss— — — — 
Unrecognized prior service cost— — — — 
Net amount recognized*$238,431 $186,678 $(93,059)$(94,468)
Accumulated benefit obligation for vested employees and partially vested employees to the extent vested
$796,625 $817,582 $93,059 $94,468 
*Nonadmitted if overfunded
51
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Pension Benefits
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost$20,373 $33,641 $35,815 
Interest cost45,899 29,615 25,031 
Expected return on plan assets(75,560)(91,126)(83,066)
Amount of recognized gains and losses4,173 9,867 22,281 
Amount of prior service cost recognized531 476 (579)
Total net periodic benefit cost (benefit)$(4,584)$(17,527)$(518)
Postretirement Medical
202320222021
(In Thousands)
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost$79 $163 $248 
Interest cost4,719 2,921 2,927 
Amount of recognized gains and losses(11,306)(6,777)(1,838)
Amount of prior service cost recognized— (1,392)(1,392)
Total net periodic benefit cost (benefit)$(6,508)$(5,085)$(55)
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Medical
2023202220232022
(In Thousands)
Amounts in unassigned funds (surplus) recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost:
Items not yet recognized as a component of net periodic cost - prior year
$149,145 $242,238 $(75,546)$(28,326)
Net transition asset or obligation recognized
— — — — 
Net prior service cost or credit arising during the period
— — — — 
Net prior service cost or credit recognized
(531)(476)— 1,392 
Net gain and loss arising during the period
(42,464)(82,750)1,647 (55,388)
Net gain and loss recognized
(4,173)(9,867)11,306 6,777 
Items not yet recognized as a component of net periodic cost - current year
$101,977 $149,145 $(62,593)$(75,545)
52
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the year ended December 31:
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Medical
2023202220232022
Discount rate5.46%3.00%5.43%2.88%
Rate of compensation increase4.60%4.60%N/AN/A
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets
7.25%7.25%N/AN/A

Assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation at December 31:
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Medical
2023202220232022
Discount rate5.13%5.46%5.07%5.43%
Rate of compensation increase4.60%4.60%N/AN/A
The Company's non-admitted pension asset was $238.4 million and $186.7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company utilizes a full yield curve approach in the estimation of liabilities, service cost, and interest cost for pension and postretirement benefits by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. The yield curve utilized in the cash flow analysis is comprised of highly rated (Aaa or Aa) corporate bonds. The discount rate was decreased from 5.46% at December 31, 2022, to 5.13% at December 31, 2023. This resulted in a $34.2 million increase in the pension benefit obligation in 2023. The discount rate was increased from 3.00% at December 31, 2021, to 5.46% at December 31, 2022. This resulted in a $327.6 million decrease in the pension benefit obligation in 2022.
The Company employs a prospective building block approach in determining the long-term expected rate of return for plan assets. Historical returns are determined by asset class. The historical relationships between equities, fixed income securities, and other assets are reviewed. The Company applies long-term asset return estimates to the plan’s target asset allocation to determine the weighted-average long-term return. The Company’s long-term asset allocation was determined through modeling long-term returns and asset return volatilities and is guided by an investment policy statement created for the plan.
53
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The asset allocation for the defined benefit pension plan at the end of 2023 and 2022, and the target allocation for 2023 by asset category, are as follows:
Target Allocation PercentagePercentage of
Plan Assets
202320232022
Asset category:
Equity securities
60 %65 %64 %
Fixed income securities
13 11 12 
Short-term investments
2 — — 
Other
25 24 24 
Total100 %100 %100 %
The plan employs a total return investment approach whereby a mix of fixed income and equity investments are used to maximize the long-term return of plan assets for a prudent level of risk. Risk tolerance is established through careful consideration of plan liabilities, plan funded status, and corporate financial condition. The total portfolio is structured with multiple sub-portfolios, each with a specific fixed income or equity asset management discipline. Each sub-portfolio is subject to individual limitations and performance benchmarks as well as limitations at the consolidated portfolio level. Quarterly asset allocation meetings are held to evaluate portfolio asset allocations and to establish the optimal mix of assets given current market conditions and risk tolerance. Investment mix is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through regular investment reviews, annual liability measurements, and periodic asset/liability studies.
The Company’s pension plan assets consist primarily of debt and equity securities, mutual funds and private equity funds, all of which are carried at fair value.
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels.
•Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets primarily include exchange-traded equity securities and mutual funds.
•Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. The Company’s Level 2 assets include certain debt securities for which public price quotations are not available, but that use other market observable inputs from third-party pricing service quotes or internal valuation models using observable inputs. Level 2 assets also include private funds that invest primarily in domestic debt securities where the Company has the right to redeem its interest at net asset values. The underlying debt securities within these funds employ similar valuation methodologies as the Company’s other investments in debt securities.
•Level 3 - Significant unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The Company's Level 3 assets primarily include private real estate funds.
54
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Debt Securities
The fair values of actively traded debt securities have been determined through the use of third-party pricing services utilizing market observable inputs.
Equity Securities
The fair values of actively traded equity securities have been determined utilizing publicly quoted prices from third-party pricing services.
Mutual Funds
The fair values of mutual funds have been determined utilizing the net asset values of the funds.
Private Equity and Fixed Income Funds
The fair values of private equity and fixed income funds have been determined utilizing the net asset values of the funds. The fair values of the private real estate funds have been determined by utilizing significant unobservable inputs.
Other Assets
Other assets primarily include securities lending reinvested collateral and cash equivalents. The fair value of securities lending reinvested collateral assets are from third-party sources utilizing publicly quoted prices. The fair value of the cash equivalents are based on quoted market prices.

55
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
The fair value of the pension plan’s assets by asset category is as follows:
Assets Measured at Fair ValueFair Value Hierarchy Level
Level 1Level 2*Level 3
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2023:
Debt securities:
Debt securities issued by states of the U.S. and political subdivisions of the states
$2,209 $— $2,209 $— 
Corporate securities
103,856 — 103,856 — 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
701 — 701 — 
Asset-backed securities
10,936 — 10,936 — 
Equity securities:
Common equity
604,439 560,335 44,104 — 
Mutual funds
116,393 116,393 — — 
Preferred stock
2,765 — 2,765 — 
Other invested assets:
Private equity and fixed income funds
213,350 — 213,350 — 
Surplus notes
2,711 — 2,711 — 
Real estate
23,734 — — 23,734 
Other assets
56,334 54,386 1,948 — 
Total plan assets
$1,137,428 $731,114 $382,580 $23,734 
* Includes investments using net asset value (NAV) as a practical expedient.
56
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
Assets Measured at Fair ValueFair Value Hierarchy Level
Level 1Level 2*Level 3
(In Thousands)
At December 31, 2022:
Debt securities:
Debt securities issued by states of the U.S. and political subdivisions of the states
$2,040 $— $2,040 $— 
Corporate securities
112,201 — 112,201 — 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
777 — 777 — 
Asset-backed securities
11,843 — 11,843 — 
Equity securities:
Common equity
555,090 513,330 41,760 — 
Mutual funds
123,560 123,560 — — 
Preferred stock
2,597 — 2,597 — 
Other invested assets:
Private equity and fixed income funds
225,570 — 225,570 — 
Surplus notes
2,542 — 2,542 — 
Real estate
20,321 — 20,321 — 
Other assets
75,090 72,943 `2,147 — 
Total plan assets
$1,131,631 $709,833 $421,798 $— 
* Includes investments using net asset value (NAV) as a practical expedient.
For measurement purposes of the postretirement benefit obligation at December 31, 2023, a 5.275 percent annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits is assumed for 2024. The rate was assumed to decrease gradually to 4.75 percent for 2031 and remain at that level thereafter.
At December 31, 2023, the assets of the Company’s pension include approximately $52.7 million invested in the Touchstone Family of Funds, which are administered by the Company, and $240.7 million invested in private equity and fixed income funds managed by Fort Washington Investment Advisors, Inc. At December 31, 2022, the assets of the Company’s pension include approximately $67.0 million invested in the Touchstone Family of Funds, which are administered by the Company, $251.4 million invested in private equity and fixed income funds managed by Fort Washington Investment Advisors, Inc.
57
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
As of December 31, 2023, future benefit payments for the pension plan are expected as follows (in millions):
2024$53.4 
202554.1 
202654.6 
202755.4 
202856.3 
Five years thereafter295.2 

Future benefit payments for the postretirement medical plan, net of amounts contributed by plan participants, are expected as follows (in millions):
2024$7.7 
20257.6 
20267.3 
20277.1 
20286.9 
Five years thereafter32.6 
The Company did not make any contributions to the pension plan in 2023 and 2022. The Company does not expect to make contributions to the pension plan during 2024.
In 2023, the Company entered into a group annuity contract with WSLAC to transfer risk and administration costs associated with its pension benefit obligations in the amount of $54.6 million, which is included in the Settlements line in the change in projected benefits obligation table.
The Company made contributions to the postretirement medical plan of $7.9 million in 2023 and expects to contribute $69.1 million between 2024 and 2033, inclusive. The Company received no subsidies in 2023. The Company’s postretirement medical plan did not collect the Medicare Part D Subsidy for claims activity occurring after January 1, 2013.
The Company sponsors a contributory employee retirement savings plan covering substantially all eligible, full-time employees. This plan is subject to the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). The Company’s contributions to the plan are based on a combination of the employee’s contributions to the plan and a percentage of the employee’s earnings for the year. The total of the Company’s contributions to the defined contribution plan were $5.7 million, $5.0 million, and $4.8 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
58
The Western and Southern Life Insurance Company
Notes to Financial Statements (Statutory-Basis)
December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
11. Premium and Annuity Considerations Deferred and Uncollected
Deferred and uncollected life insurance premiums and annuity considerations at December 31, 2023, were as follows:
GrossNet of Loading
(In Thousands)
Ordinary new business$3,585 $270 
Ordinary renewal63,673 45,719 
Accident and health renewal389 324 
Assumed investment type-contracts394 394 
Total$68,041 $46,707 

59