UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)



☑	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

	For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2024

or

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

	For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-12154

Waste Management, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware	73-1309529
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

800 Capitol Street

Suite 3000

Houston, Texas 77002

(Address of principal executive offices)

(713) 512-6200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	WM	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer ☑		Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐		Smaller reporting company ☐
		Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The number of shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value, of the registrant outstanding as of April 22, 2024 was 401,083,098 (excluding treasury shares of 229,199,363).

PART I.

Item 1. Financial Statements.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In Millions, Except Share and Par Value Amounts)


	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	322	$	458
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $27 and $30, respectively		2,530		2,633
Other receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $5 and $4, respectively		155		237
Parts and supplies		189		173
Other assets		333		303
Total current assets		3,529		3,804
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and depletion of $23,144 and $22,826, respectively		17,044		16,968
Goodwill		9,246		9,254
Other intangible assets, net		728		759
Restricted funds		524		422
Investments in unconsolidated entities		589		606
Other assets		1,006		1,010
Total assets	$	32,666	$	32,823
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,617	$	1,709
Accrued liabilities		1,410		1,605
Deferred revenues		586		578
Current portion of long-term debt		336		334
Total current liabilities		3,949		4,226
Long-term debt, less current portion		15,762		15,895
Deferred income taxes		1,880		1,826
Landfill and environmental remediation liabilities		2,912		2,888
Other liabilities		1,085		1,092
Total liabilities		25,588		25,927
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)
Equity:
Waste Management, Inc. stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 1,500,000,000 shares authorized; 630,282,461 shares issued		6		6
Additional paid-in capital		5,352		5,351
Retained earnings		14,738		14,334
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income		(60)		(37)
Treasury stock at cost 228,979,512 and 228,827,218 shares, respectively		(12,954)		(12,751)
Total Waste Management, Inc. stockholders’ equity		7,082		6,903
Noncontrolling interests		(4)		(7)
Total equity		7,078		6,896
Total liabilities and equity	$	32,666	$	32,823

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In Millions, Except per Share Amounts)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating revenues	$	5,159	$	4,892
Costs and expenses:
Operating		3,140		3,086
Selling, general and administrative		491		476
Depreciation, depletion and amortization		514		505
Restructuring		—		3
(Gain) loss from divestitures, asset impairments and unusual items, net		(2)		(3)
		4,143		4,067
Income from operations		1,016		825
Other income (expense):
Interest expense, net		(130)		(120)
Equity in net losses of unconsolidated entities		(19)		(11)
Other, net		2		2
		(147)		(129)
Income before income taxes		869		696
Income tax expense		162		164
Consolidated net income		707		532
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		(1)		(1)
Net income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.	$	708	$	533
Basic earnings per common share	$	1.76	$	1.31
Diluted earnings per common share	$	1.75	$	1.30

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In Millions)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Consolidated net income	$	707	$	532
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Derivative instruments, net		—		5
Available-for-sale securities, net		1		5
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(24)		2
Post-retirement benefit obligations, net		—		—
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(23)		12
Comprehensive income		684		544
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		(1)		(1)
Comprehensive income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.	$	685	$	545

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In Millions)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Consolidated net income	$	707	$	532
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and amortization		514		505
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)		57		42
Interest accretion on landfill and environmental remediation liabilities		33		32
Provision for bad debts		10		9
Equity-based compensation expense		30		26
Net gain on disposal of assets		(10)		(10)
(Gain) loss from divestitures, asset impairments and other, net		(2)		(3)
Equity in net losses of unconsolidated entities, net of dividends		19		11
Change in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables		176		138
Other current assets		(45)		(51)
Other assets		(4)		22
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		(102)		(145)
Deferred revenues and other liabilities		(16)		(64)
Net cash provided by operating activities		1,367		1,044
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired		(11)		(34)
Capital expenditures		(668)		(660)
Proceeds from divestitures of businesses and other assets, net of cash divested		15		11
Other, net		(91)		(95)
Net cash used in investing activities		(755)		(778)
Cash flows from financing activities:
New borrowings		4,412		6,885
Debt repayments		(4,570)		(6,548)
Common stock repurchase program		(250)		(350)
Cash dividends		(307)		(289)
Exercise of common stock options		32		12
Tax payments associated with equity-based compensation transactions		(48)		(28)
Other, net		(6)		(1)
Net cash used in financing activities		(737)		(319)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents		(2)		—
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents		(127)		(53)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		552		445
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	425	$	392

Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	322	$	257
Restricted cash and cash equivalents included in other current assets		34		62
Restricted cash and cash equivalents included in restricted funds		69		73
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	425	$	392

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(In Millions, Except Shares in Thousands)

(Unaudited)


			Waste Management, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity
										Accumulated
						Additional				Other
			Common Stock			Paid-In		Retained		Comprehensive		Treasury Stock			Noncontrolling
	Total		Shares	Amounts		Capital		Earnings		(Loss) Income		Shares	Amounts		Interests
2024
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	6,896	630,282	$	6	$	5,351	$	14,334	$	(37)	(228,827)	$	(12,751)	$	(7)
Consolidated net income		707	—		—		—		708		—	—		—		(1)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(23)	—		—		—		—		(23)	—		—		—
Cash dividends declared of $0.75 per common share		(307)	—		—		—		(307)		—	—		—		—
Equity-based compensation transactions, net		51	—		—		(12)		3		—	1,075		60		—
Common stock repurchase program		(253)	—		—		10		—		—	(1,228)		(263)		—
Other, net		7	—		—		3		—		—	—		—		4
Balance, March 31, 2024	$	7,078	630,282	$	6	$	5,352	$	14,738	$	(60)	(228,980)	$	(12,954)	$	(4)

2023
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	6,864	630,282	$	6	$	5,314	$	13,167	$	(69)	(222,396)	$	(11,569)	$	15
Consolidated net income		532	—		—		—		533		—	—		—		(1)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		12	—		—		—		—		12	—		—		—
Cash dividends declared of $0.70 per common share		(289)	—		—		—		(289)		—	—		—		—
Equity-based compensation transactions, net		42	—		—		—		3		—	766		39		—
Common stock repurchase program		(353)	—		—		(70)		—		—	(1,862)		(283)		—
Other, net		—	—		—		—		—		—	1		—		—
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	6,808	630,282	$	6	$	5,244	$	13,414	$	(57)	(223,491)	$	(11,813)	$	14

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Basis of Presentation

The financial statements presented in this report represent the consolidation of Waste Management, Inc., a Delaware corporation; its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries; and certain variable interest entities for which Waste Management, Inc. or its subsidiaries are the primary beneficiaries as described in Note 11. Waste Management, Inc. is a holding company and all operations are conducted by its subsidiaries. When the terms “the Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” are used in this document, those terms refer to Waste Management, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities. When we use the term “WMI,” we are referring only to Waste Management, Inc., the parent holding company.

We are North America’s leading provider of comprehensive environmental solutions, providing services throughout the United States (“U.S.”) and Canada. We partner with our customers and the communities we serve to manage and reduce waste at each stage from collection to disposal, while recovering valuable resources and creating clean, renewable energy. Our business is operated and managed locally by our subsidiaries that focus on distinct geographic areas and provide collection, transfer, disposal, and recycling and resource recovery services. Through our subsidiaries including Waste Management Renewable Energy (“WM Renewable Energy”) business, we are also a leading developer, operator and owner of landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the U.S. and Canada that produce renewable electricity and renewable natural gas (“RNG”), which is a significant source of fuel that we allocate to our natural gas fleet.

Our senior management evaluates, oversees and manages the financial performance of our business through four reportable segments, referred to as (i) Collection and Disposal - East Tier (“East Tier”); (ii) Collection and Disposal - West Tier (“West Tier”); (iii) Recycling Processing and Sales and (iv) WM Renewable Energy. Our East and West Tier, along with certain ancillary services (“Other Ancillary”) not managed through our Tier segments, but that support our collection and disposal operations, form our “Collection and Disposal” businesses. We also provide additional services not managed through our four reportable segments, which are presented as Corporate and Other. Refer to Note 7 for further discussion.

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as of March 31, 2024 and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are unaudited. In the opinion of management, these financial statements include all adjustments, which, unless otherwise disclosed, are of a normal recurring nature, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in equity for the periods presented. The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire year. The financial statements presented herein should be read in conjunction with the financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

In preparing our financial statements, we make numerous estimates and assumptions that affect the accounting for and recognition and disclosure of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses. We must make these estimates and assumptions because certain information that we use is dependent on future events, cannot be calculated with precision from available data or simply cannot be calculated. In some cases, these estimates are difficult to determine, and we must exercise significant judgment. In preparing our financial statements, the most difficult, subjective and complex estimates and the assumptions that present the greatest amount of uncertainty relate to our accounting for landfills, environmental remediation liabilities, long-lived asset impairments, intangible asset impairments and the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions that we use in the preparation of our financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

We generally recognize revenue as services are performed or products are delivered. For example, revenue typically is recognized as waste is collected, tons are received at our landfills or transfer stations, or recycling and other commodities,

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

such as RNG, electricity and capacity, Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”) and Renewable Energy Credits (“RECs”), are sold.

We also bill for certain services prior to performance. Such services include, among others, certain commercial and residential contracts, and equipment rentals. These advanced billings are included in deferred revenues and recognized as revenue in the period service is provided. Substantially all our deferred revenues during the reported periods are realized as revenues within one to three months, when the related services are performed.

Contract Acquisition Costs

Our incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract, which consist primarily of sales incentives, are generally deferred and amortized to selling, general and administrative expense over the estimated life of the relevant customer relationship, ranging from five to 13 years. Contract acquisition costs that are paid to the customer are deferred and amortized as a reduction in revenue over the contract life. Our contract acquisition costs are classified as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to recognize amortization and are included in other assets in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $209 million and $207 million, respectively, of deferred contract costs, of which $150 million and $148 million, respectively, were related to deferred sales incentives.

Leases

Amounts for our operating lease right-of-use assets are recorded in long-term other assets and the current and long-term portion of our operating lease liabilities are reflected in accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities, respectively, in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts for our financing leases are recorded in property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and depletion, and current or long-term debt in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, as appropriate.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investments held within restricted funds, and accounts receivable. We make efforts to control our exposure to credit risk associated with these instruments by (i) placing our assets and other financial interests with a diverse group of credit-worthy financial institutions; (ii) holding high-quality financial instruments while limiting investments in any one instrument and (iii) maintaining strict policies over credit extension that include credit evaluations, credit limits and monitoring procedures, although generally we do not have collateral requirements for credit extensions. We also control our exposure associated with trade receivables by discontinuing service, to the extent allowable, to non-paying customers. However, our overall credit risk associated with trade receivables is limited due to the large number and diversity of customers we serve.

Reclassifications

When necessary, reclassifications have been made to our prior period financial information to conform to the current year presentation and are not material to our consolidated financial statements.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

2. Landfill and Environmental Remediation Liabilities

Liabilities for landfill and environmental remediation costs are presented in the table below (in millions):


	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
			Environmental						Environmental
	Landfill		Remediation		Total		Landfill		Remediation		Total
Current (in accrued liabilities)	$	142	$	32	$	174	$	143	$	31	$	174
Long-term		2,733		179		2,912		2,710		178		2,888
	$	2,875	$	211	$	3,086	$	2,853	$	209	$	3,062

The changes to landfill and environmental remediation liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are reflected in the table below (in millions):


			Environmental
	Landfill		Remediation
December 31, 2023	$	2,853	$	209
Obligations incurred and capitalized		20		—
Obligations settled		(20)		(6)
Interest accretion		33		—
Revisions in estimates		(10)		8
Acquisitions, divestitures and other adjustments		(1)		—
March 31, 2024	$	2,875	$	211

At several of our landfills, we provide financial assurance by depositing cash into restricted trust funds for purposes of settling final capping, closure, post-closure and environmental remediation obligations. Generally, these trust funds are established to comply with statutory requirements and operating agreements. See Note 11 for additional information related to these trusts.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

3. Debt

The following table summarizes the major components of debt at principal amounts as of each balance sheet date (in millions) and provides the maturities and interest rate ranges of each major category as of March 31, 2024:


	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Commercial paper program (weighted average interest rate of 5.5% as of March 31, 2024 and 5.6% as of December 31, 2023)	$	750	$	860
Senior notes, maturing through 2050, interest rates ranging from 0.75% to 7.75% (weighted average interest rate of 3.7% as of March 31, 2024 and 3.7% as of December 31, 2023)		11,376		11,376
Canadian senior notes, C$500 million maturing September 2026, interest rate of 2.6%		369		378
Tax-exempt bonds, maturing through 2053, fixed and variable interest rates ranging from 0.55% to 5.0% (weighted average interest rate of 3.2% as of March 31, 2024 and 3.3% as of December 31, 2023)		2,883		2,883
Financing leases and other, maturing through 2082 (weighted average interest rate of 4.9% as of March 31, 2024 and 5.0% as of December 31, 2023) (a)		838		855
Debt issuance costs, discounts and other		(118)		(123)
		16,098		16,229
Current portion of long-term debt		336		334
Long-term debt, less current portion	$	15,762	$	15,895

(a)	Excluding our landfill financing leases, the maturities of our financing leases and other debt obligations extend through 2059.

Debt Classification

As of March 31, 2024, we had approximately $3.1 billion of debt maturing within the next 12 months, including (i) $750 million of short-term borrowings under our commercial paper program (net of related discount on issuance); (ii) $1.6 billion of tax-exempt bonds with term interest rate periods that expire within the next 12 months, which is prior to their scheduled maturities; (iii) $156 million of 3.5% senior notes that mature in May 2024; (iv) $422 million of 3.125% senior notes that mature in March 2025 and (v) $180 million of other debt with scheduled maturities within the next 12 months, including $60 million of tax-exempt bonds. As of March 31, 2024, we have classified $2.8 billion of debt maturing in the next 12 months as long-term because we have the intent and ability to refinance these borrowings on a long-term basis as supported by the forecasted available capacity under our $3.5 billion long-term U.S. and Canadian revolving credit facility (“$3.5 billion revolving credit facility”), as discussed below. The remaining $336 million of debt maturing in the next 12 months is classified as current obligations.

Access to and Utilization of Credit Facilities and Commercial Paper Program

$3.5 Billion Revolving Credit Facility — Our $3.5 billion revolving credit facility, maturing May 2027, provides us with credit capacity to be used for cash borrowings, to support letters of credit and to support our commercial paper program. The interest rates we pay on outstanding U.S. or Canadian loans are based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (“CDOR”), respectively, plus a spread depending on WMI’s senior public debt rating assigned by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Standard and Poor’s Global Ratings. As of March 31, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under this facility. We had $181 million of letters of credit issued and $750 million of outstanding borrowings (net of related discount on issuance) under our commercial paper program, both supported by the facility, leaving unused and available credit capacity of $2.6 billion as of March 31, 2024. WM Holdings, a wholly-owned subsidiary of WMI, guarantees all of the obligations under the $3.5 billion revolving credit facility.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Commercial Paper Program — We have a commercial paper program that enables us to borrow funds for up to 397 days at competitive interest rates. The rates we pay for outstanding borrowings are based on the term of the notes. The commercial paper program is fully supported by our $3.5 billion revolving credit facility. As of March 31, 2024, we had $750 million of outstanding borrowings (net of related discount on issuance) under our commercial paper program.

Other Letter of Credit Lines — As of March 31, 2024, we had utilized $846 million of other uncommitted letter of credit lines, with terms maturing through December 2027.

Debt Borrowings and Repayments

Commercial Paper Program — During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we made cash repayments of $4.5 billion, which were partially offset by $4.4 billion of cash borrowings (net of related discount on issuance).

Financing Leases and Other — The decrease in our financing leases and other debt obligations during the three months ended March 31, 2024 is due to $42 million of cash repayments at debt maturity, partially offset by an increase of $25 million primarily related to non-cash financing leases.

4. Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rate was 18.6% and 23.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in our effective income tax rate when comparing the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was primarily driven by (i) an increase in federal tax credits and (ii) an increase in the excess tax benefits associated with equity-based compensation; partially offset by an increase in pre-tax income in the current period. We evaluate our effective income tax rate at each interim period and adjust it as facts and circumstances warrant.

Investments Qualifying for Federal Tax Credits

Renewable Natural Gas — Through our subsidiaries including our WM Renewable Energy segment, we have invested in building landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the U.S. and Canada that produce renewable electricity and RNG. We expect our new RNG facilities to qualify for federal tax credits and to realize those credits through 2027 under Sections 48 and 45Z of the Internal Revenue Code.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized a reduction in our income tax expense of $37 million and $2 million, respectively due to federal tax credits expected to be realized from our RNG investments.

Low-Income Housing — We have significant financial interests in entities established to invest in and manage low-income housing properties. We support the operations of these entities in exchange for a pro-rata share of the tax credits they generate. The low-income housing investments qualify for federal tax credits that we expect to realize through 2033 under Section 42 or Section 45D of the Internal Revenue Code.

We account for our investments in these entities using the equity method of accounting, recognizing our share of each entity’s results of operations and other reductions in the value of our investments in equity in net losses of unconsolidated entities, within our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $20 million and $13 million of net losses, respectively, and a reduction in our income tax expense of $28 million and $22 million, respectively, primarily due to federal tax credits realized from these investments as well as the tax benefits from the pre-tax losses realized. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized interest expense of $6 million and $4 million, respectively, associated with our investments in low-income housing properties. See Note 11 for additional information related to these unconsolidated variable interest entities.

WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Equity-Based Compensation — During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized a reduction in our income tax expense of $21 million and $7 million, respectively, for excess tax benefits related to the vesting or exercise of equity-based compensation awards.

5. Earnings Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31 were computed using the following common share data (shares in millions):


	2024	2023
Number of common shares outstanding at end of period	401.3	406.8
Effect of using weighted average common shares outstanding	0.4	0.6
Weighted average basic common shares outstanding	401.7	407.4
Dilutive effect of equity-based compensation awards and other contingently issuable shares	1.8	1.6
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding	403.5	409.0
Potentially issuable shares	4.9	5.6
Number of anti-dilutive potentially issuable shares excluded from diluted common shares outstanding	1.6	1.8

Refer to the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for net income attributable to Waste Management, Inc.

6. Commitments and Contingencies

Financial Instruments — We have obtained letters of credit, surety bonds and insurance policies and have established trust funds and issued financial guarantees to support tax-exempt bonds, contracts, performance of landfill final capping, closure and post-closure requirements, environmental remediation and other obligations. Letters of credit generally are supported by our $3.5 billion revolving credit facility and other credit lines established for that purpose. These facilities are discussed further in Note 3. Surety bonds and insurance policies are supported by (i) a diverse group of third-party surety and insurance companies; (ii) an entity in which we have a noncontrolling financial interest or (iii) a wholly-owned insurance captive, the sole business of which is to issue surety bonds and/or insurance policies on our behalf.

Management does not expect that any claims against or draws on these instruments would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We have not experienced any unmanageable difficulty in obtaining the required financial assurance instruments for our current operations. In an ongoing effort to mitigate risks of future cost increases and reductions in available capacity, we continue to evaluate various options to access cost-effective sources of financial assurance.

Insurance — We carry insurance coverage for protection of our assets and operations from certain risks including general liability, automobile liability, workers’ compensation, real and personal property, directors’ and officers’ liability, pollution legal liability, cyber incident liability and other coverages we believe are customary to the industry. Our exposure to loss for insurance claims is generally limited to the per-incident deductible under the related insurance policy and any amounts that exceed our insured limits. Our exposure could increase if our insurers are unable to meet their commitments on a timely basis.

We have retained a significant portion of the risks related to our health and welfare, general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation claims programs. “General liability” refers to the self-insured portion of specific third-party claims made against us that may be covered under our commercial general liability insurance policy. For our self-insured portions, the exposure for unpaid claims and associated expenses, including incurred but not reported losses, is based on an actuarial valuation or internal estimates. The accruals for these liabilities could be revised if future

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occurrences or loss development significantly differ from such valuations and estimates. We use a wholly-owned insurance captive to insure the deductibles for our general liability, automobile liability and workers’ compensation claims programs.

We do not expect the impact of any known casualty, property, environmental or other contingency to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Guarantees — In the ordinary course of our business, WMI and WM Holdings enter into guarantee agreements associated with their subsidiaries’ operations. Additionally, WMI and WM Holdings have each guaranteed all of the senior debt of the other entity. No additional liabilities have been recorded for these intercompany guarantees because all of the underlying obligations are reflected in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

As of March 31, 2024, we have guaranteed the obligations and certain performance requirements of third parties in connection with both consolidated and unconsolidated entities, including guarantees to cover the difference, if any, between the sale value and the guaranteed market or contractually-determined value of certain homeowner’s properties that are adjacent to or near 19 of our landfills. We have also agreed to indemnify certain third-party purchasers against liabilities associated with divested operations prior to such sale. We do not believe that the remaining contingent obligations will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Environmental Matters — A significant portion of our operating costs and capital expenditures could be characterized as costs of environmental protection. The nature of our operations, particularly with respect to the construction, operation and maintenance of our landfills, subjects us to an array of laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. Under current laws and regulations, we may have liabilities for environmental damage caused by our operations, or for damage caused by conditions that existed before we acquired a site. In addition to remediation activity required by state or local authorities, such liabilities include potentially responsible party (“PRP”) investigations. The costs associated with these liabilities can include settlements, certain legal and consultant fees, as well as incremental internal and external costs directly associated with site investigation and clean-up.

Estimating our degree of responsibility for remediation is inherently difficult. We recognize and accrue for an estimated remediation liability when we determine that such liability is both probable and reasonably estimable. Determining the method and ultimate cost of remediation requires that a number of assumptions be made. There can sometimes be a range of reasonable estimates of the costs associated with the likely site remediation alternatives identified in the environmental impact investigation. In these cases, we use the amount within the range that is our best estimate. If no amount within a range appears to be a better estimate than any other, we use the amount that is the low end of such range. If we used the high ends of such ranges (where estimable), our aggregate potential liability would be approximately $18 million higher than the $211 million recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2024. Our ultimate responsibility may differ materially from current estimates. It is possible that technological, regulatory or enforcement developments, the results of environmental studies, the inability to identify other PRPs, the inability of other PRPs to contribute to the settlements of such liabilities, or other factors could require us to record additional liabilities. Our ongoing review of our remediation liabilities, in light of relevant internal and external facts and circumstances, could result in revisions to our accruals that could cause upward or downward adjustments to our balance sheet and income from operations. These adjustments could be material in any given period.

As of March 31, 2024, we had been notified by the government that we are a PRP in connection with 73 locations listed on the Environmental Protection Agency’s (“EPA’s”) Superfund National Priorities List, or NPL. Of the 73 sites at which claims have been made against us, 14 are sites we own. Each of the NPL sites we own were initially developed by others as a landfill disposal facility. At each of these facilities, we are working in conjunction with the government to characterize or remediate identified site problems, and we have either agreed with other legally liable parties on an arrangement for sharing the costs of remediation or are working toward a cost-sharing agreement. We generally expect to receive any amounts due from other participating parties at or near the time that we make the remedial expenditures. The

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other 59 NPL sites, which we do not own, are at various procedural stages under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, known as CERCLA or Superfund.

The majority of proceedings involving NPL sites that we do not own are based on allegations that certain of our subsidiaries (or their predecessors) transported hazardous substances to the sites, often prior to our acquisition of these subsidiaries. CERCLA generally provides for liability for those parties owning, operating, transporting to or disposing at the sites. Proceedings arising under Superfund typically involve numerous waste generators and other waste transportation and disposal companies and seek to allocate or recover costs associated with site investigation and remediation, which costs could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements. At some of the sites at which we have been identified as a PRP, our liability is well defined as a consequence of a governmental decision and an agreement among liable parties as to the share each will pay for implementing that remedy. At other sites, where no remedy has been selected or the liable parties have been unable to agree on an appropriate allocation, our future costs are uncertain.

In 2018, both of McGinnes Industrial Maintenance Corporation (“MIMC”), a subsidiary of Waste Management of Texas, Inc., and International Paper Company (“IPC”) entered into an Administrative Order on Consent with the EPA as PRPs to develop a remedial design for the San Jacinto River Waste Pits Superfund Site in Harris County, Texas. We recorded a liability for MIMC’s estimated potential share of the EPA’s proposed remedy and related costs, although allocation of responsibility among the PRPs for the proposed remedy has not been established. MIMC and IPC have continued to work on a remedial design to support the EPA’s proposed remedy; however, in the first quarter of 2024, the EPA publicly issued a letter alleging that the remedial design has serious deficiencies. MIMC and IPC have engaged with the EPA and provided responses to the EPA letter. Due to increases in the estimated cost of the remedy, we recorded an additional $17 million liability for MIMC’s estimated potential share of such costs in 2023. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the recorded liability was $85 million. MIMC’s ultimate liability could be materially different from current estimates, including potential increases resulting from MIMC’s continued engagement with the EPA regarding a final remedial design for the site.

Item 103 of the SEC’s Regulation S-K requires disclosure of certain environmental matters when a governmental authority is a party to the proceedings, or such proceedings are known to be contemplated, unless we reasonably believe that the matter will result in no monetary sanctions, or in monetary sanctions, exclusive of interest and costs, below a stated threshold. In accordance with this SEC regulation, the Company uses a threshold of $1 million for purposes of determining whether disclosure of any such environmental proceedings is required. As of the date of this filing, we are not aware of any matters that are required to be disclosed pursuant to this standard.

From time to time, we are also named as defendants in personal injury and property damage lawsuits, including purported class actions, on the basis of having owned, operated or transported waste to a disposal facility that is alleged to have contaminated the environment or, in certain cases, on the basis of having conducted environmental remediation activities at sites. Some of the lawsuits may seek to have us pay the costs of monitoring of allegedly affected sites and health care examinations of allegedly affected persons for a substantial period of time even where no actual damage is proven. While we believe we have meritorious defenses to these lawsuits, the ultimate resolution is often substantially uncertain due to the difficulty of determining the cause, extent and impact of alleged contamination (which may have occurred over a long period of time), the potential for successive groups of complainants to emerge, the diversity of the individual plaintiffs’ circumstances, and the potential contribution or indemnification obligations of co-defendants or other third parties, among other factors. Additionally, we often enter into agreements with landowners imposing obligations on us to meet certain regulatory or contractual conditions upon site closure or upon termination of the agreements. Compliance with these agreements inherently involves subjective determinations and may result in disputes, including litigation.

Litigation — We are subject to various proceedings, lawsuits, disputes and claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. Many of these actions raise complex factual and legal issues and are subject to uncertainties. Actions that have been filed against us, and that may be filed against us in the future, include personal injury, property damage,

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commercial, customer, and employment-related claims, including purported state and national class action lawsuits related to: alleged environmental contamination, including releases of hazardous material and odors; sales and marketing practices, customer service agreements and prices and fees; and federal and state wage and hour and other laws. The plaintiffs in some actions seek unspecified damages or injunctive relief, or both. These actions are in various procedural stages, and some are covered, in part, by insurance. We currently do not believe that the eventual outcome of any such actions will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

In June 2022, we and certain of our officers were named as defendants in a complaint alleging violation of the federal securities laws and seeking certification as a class action in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. A lead plaintiff has been appointed and an amended complaint was filed in January 2023. The amended complaint seeks damages on behalf of a putative class of secondary market purchasers of our senior notes with a special mandatory redemption feature issued in May 2019, asserting claims under the Securities Exchange Act based on alleged misrepresentations and omissions concerning the time for completion of our acquisition of Advanced Disposal. On March 27, 2024, the Court denied our motion to dismiss except as to one of our officers, and the case will proceed to discovery. We intend to vigorously defend against this pending suit. We believe any potential recovery by the plaintiffs, in excess of applicable deductibles, will be covered by insurance, and we do not believe that the eventual outcome of this suit will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

WMI’s charter and bylaws provide that WMI shall indemnify against all liabilities and expenses, and upon request shall advance expenses to any person, who is subject to a pending or threatened proceeding because such person is or was a director or officer of the Company. Such indemnification is required to the maximum extent permitted under Delaware law. Accordingly, the director or officer must execute an undertaking to reimburse the Company for any fees advanced if it is later determined that the director or officer was not permitted to have such fees advanced under Delaware law. Additionally, the Company has direct contractual obligations to provide indemnification to each of the members of WMI’s Board of Directors and each of WMI’s executive officers. The Company may incur substantial expenses in connection with the fulfillment of its advancement of costs and indemnification obligations in connection with actions or proceedings that may be brought against its former or current officers, directors and employees.

Multiemployer Defined Benefit Pension Plans — About 20% of our workforce is covered by collective bargaining agreements with various local unions across the U.S. and Canada. As a result of some of these agreements, certain of our subsidiaries are participating employers in a number of trustee-managed multiemployer defined benefit pension plans (“Multiemployer Pension Plans”) for the covered employees. A complete or partial withdrawal from a Multiemployer Pension Plan may also occur if employees covered by a collective bargaining agreement vote to decertify a union from continuing to represent them. Any other circumstance resulting in a decline in Company contributions to a Multiemployer Pension Plan through a reduction in the labor force, whether through attrition over time or through a business event (such as the discontinuation or nonrenewal of a customer contract, the decertification of a union, or relocation, reduction or discontinuance of certain operations) may also trigger a complete or partial withdrawal from one or more of these pension plans.

We do not believe that any future liability relating to our past or current participation in, or withdrawals from, the Multiemployer Pension Plans to which we contribute will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or liquidity. However, liability for future withdrawals could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or cash flows for a particular reporting period, depending on the number of employees withdrawn and the financial condition of the Multiemployer Pension Plan(s) at the time of such withdrawal(s).

Tax Matters — We maintain a liability for uncertain tax positions, the balance of which management believes is adequate. Results of audit assessments by taxing authorities are not currently expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We participate in the IRS’s Compliance Assurance Process, which means we work with the IRS throughout the year towards resolving any material issues prior to the filing of our

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

annual tax return. Any unresolved issues as of the tax return filing date are subject to routine examination procedures. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company received a notice of tax due for the 2017 tax year related to a remaining disagreement with the IRS. In response to the notice, the Company made a deposit of approximately $103 million with the IRS. The Company expects to seek a refund of the entire amount deposited with the IRS and litigate any denial of the claim for refund. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the IRS deposit, net of reserve for uncertain tax positions, is classified as a component of other long-term assets in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

7. Segment and Related Information

Our senior management evaluates, oversees and manages the financial performance of our business through four reportable segments, referred to as (i) East Tier; (ii) West Tier; (iii) Recycling Processing and Sales and (iv) WM Renewable Energy. Our East Tier and West Tier, combined with certain “Other Ancillary” services that are not managed through the Tier segments, but that support our collection and disposal operations, form our Collection and Disposal businesses. We also provide additional services not managed through our four reportable segments, which are presented as Corporate and Other.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Summarized financial information concerning our reportable segments for the three months ended March 31 is shown in the following table (in millions):


	Gross		Intercompany		Net		Income
	Operating		Operating		Operating		from
	Revenues		Revenues(a)		Revenues		Operations(b)
2024
Collection and Disposal:
East Tier	$	2,616	$	(535)	$	2,081	$	654
West Tier		2,497		(504)		1,993		627
Other Ancillary		686		(44)		642		(2)
Collection and Disposal		5,799		(1,083)		4,716		1,279
Recycling Processing and Sales		436		(68)		368		19
WM Renewable Energy		70		(1)		69		21
Corporate and Other		12		(6)		6		(303)
Total	$	6,317	$	(1,158)	$	5,159	$	1,016

2023
Collection and Disposal:
East Tier	$	2,561	$	(516)	$	2,045	$	531
West Tier		2,392		(495)		1,897		531
Other Ancillary		625		(44)		581		2
Collection and Disposal		5,578		(1,055)		4,523		1,064
Recycling Processing and Sales		374		(80)		294		13
WM Renewable Energy		70		(1)		69		20
Corporate and Other		12		(6)		6		(272)
Total	$	6,034	$	(1,142)	$	4,892	$	825

(a)	Intercompany operating revenues reflect each segment’s total intercompany sales, including intercompany sales within a segment and between segments. Transactions within and between segments are generally made on a basis intended to reflect the market value of the service.

(b)	For those items included in the determination of income from operations, the accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 1.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The mix of operating revenues from our major lines of business for the three months ended March 31 are as follows (in millions):


	Gross		Intercompany		Net
	Operating		Operating		Operating
	Revenues		Revenues		Revenues

2024
Commercial	$	1,501	$	(185)	$	1,316
Industrial		934		(187)		747
Residential		876		(22)		854
Other collection		751		(53)		698
Total collection		4,062		(447)		3,615
Landfill		1,177		(385)		792
Transfer		560		(251)		309
Total Collection and Disposal		5,799		(1,083)		4,716
Recycling Processing and Sales		436		(68)		368
WM Renewable Energy		70		(1)		69
Corporate and Other		12		(6)		6
Total	$	6,317	$	(1,158)	$	5,159

2023
Commercial	$	1,412	$	(161)	$	1,251
Industrial		933		(177)		756
Residential		854		(25)		829
Other collection		689		(50)		639
Total collection		3,888		(413)		3,475
Landfill		1,150		(391)		759
Transfer		540		(251)		289
Total Collection and Disposal		5,578		(1,055)		4,523
Recycling Processing and Sales		374		(80)		294
WM Renewable Energy		70		(1)		69
Corporate and Other		12		(6)		6
Total	$	6,034	$	(1,142)	$	4,892

Our financial and operating results may fluctuate for many reasons, including period-to-period changes in the relative contribution of revenue by each line of business, changes in commodity prices and general economic conditions. Our operating revenues and volumes typically experience seasonal increases in the summer months that are reflected in second and third quarter revenues and results of operations.

Service or operational disruptions caused by severe storms, extended periods of inclement weather or climate events can significantly affect the operating results of the geographic areas affected. Extreme weather events may also lead to supply chain disruption and delayed project development, or disruption of our customers’ businesses, reducing the amount of waste generated by their operations.

Conversely, certain destructive weather and climate conditions, such as wildfires in the Western U.S. and hurricanes that most often impact our operations in the Southern and Eastern U.S. during the second half of the year, can increase our revenues in the geographic areas affected as a result of the waste volumes generated by these events. While weather-related and other event-driven special projects can boost revenues through additional work for a limited time, due to significant start-up costs and other factors, such revenue can generate earnings at comparatively lower margins.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

8. Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

The changes in the balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax, which is included as a component of Waste Management, Inc. stockholders’ equity, are as follows (in millions, with amounts in parentheses representing decreases to accumulated other comprehensive income):


					Foreign		Post-
			Available-		Currency		Retirement
	Derivative		for-Sale		Translation		Benefit
	Instruments		Securities		Adjustments		Obligations		Total
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	17	$	8	$	(68)	$	6	$	(37)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax expense (benefit) of $0, $0, $0 and $0, respectively		—		—		(24)		—		(24)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss, net of tax (expense) benefit of $0, $0, $0 and $0, respectively		—		1		—		—		1
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)		—		1		(24)		—		(23)
Balance, March 31, 2024	$	17	$	9	$	(92)	$	6	$	(60)

9. Common Stock Repurchase Program

The Company repurchases shares of its common stock as part of capital allocation programs authorized by our Board of Directors.

In February 2024, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreement to repurchase $250 million of our common stock. At the beginning of the repurchase period, we delivered $250 million cash and initially received 1.0 million shares based on a stock price of $199.16, exclusive of the applicable 1% excise tax. The ASR agreement completed in April 2024 and we received 0.2 million additional shares based on a final weighted average price of $206.23.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company has authorization for $1.25 billion of future share repurchases. Any future share repurchases pursuant to this authorization of our Board of Directors will be made at the discretion of management and will depend on factors similar to those considered by the Board of Directors in making dividend declarations, including our net earnings, financial condition and cash required for future business plans, growth and acquisitions.

10. Fair Value Measurements

Assets and Liabilities Accounted for at Fair Value

Our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis include the following (in millions):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1):
Cash equivalents and money market funds	$	221	$	327
Equity securities		67		61
Significant other observable inputs (Level 2):
Available-for-sale securities (a)		525		431
Total Assets	$	813	$	819

(a)	Our available-for-sale securities primarily relate to debt securities with maturities over the next ten years.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Fair Value of Debt

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the carrying value of our debt was $16.1 billion and $16.2 billion, respectively. The estimated fair value of our debt was approximately $15.1 billion and $15.6 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Although we have determined the estimated fair value amounts using available market information and commonly accepted valuation methodologies, considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, our estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that we, or holders of the instruments, could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different assumptions or estimation methodologies could have a material effect on the estimated fair values. The fair value estimates are based on Level 2 inputs of the fair value hierarchy available as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. These amounts have not been revalued since those dates, and current estimates of fair value could differ significantly from the amounts presented.

11. Variable Interest Entities

The following is a description of our financial interests in unconsolidated and consolidated variable interest entities that we consider significant:

Low-Income Housing Properties

We do not consolidate our investments in entities established to manage low-income housing properties because we are not the primary beneficiary of these entities as we do not have the power to individually direct the activities of these entities. Accordingly, we account for these investments under the equity method of accounting. Our aggregate investment balance in these entities was $438 million and $458 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The debt balance related to our investments in low-income housing properties was $395 million and $408 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Additional information related to these investments is discussed in Note 4.

Trust Funds for Final Capping, Closure, Post-Closure or Environmental Remediation Obligations

Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities — Trust funds that are established for both the benefit of the Company and the host community in which we operate are not consolidated because we are not the primary beneficiary of these entities as (i) we do not have the power to direct the significant activities of the trusts or (ii) power over the trusts’ significant activities is shared. Our interests in these trusts are accounted for as investments in unconsolidated entities and receivables. These amounts are recorded in other receivables, investments in unconsolidated entities and long-term other assets in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, as appropriate. We also reflect our share of the unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities held by these trusts as a component of our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Our investments and receivables related to these trusts had an aggregate carrying value of $107 million and $104 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Consolidated Variable Interest Entities — Trust funds for which we are the sole beneficiary are consolidated because we are the primary beneficiary. These trust funds are recorded in restricted funds in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities held by these trusts are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). These trusts had a fair value of $120 million and $119 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included under Item 1 and our Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto and related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain forward-looking statements that are made subject to the safe harbor protections provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are often identified by the words, “will,” “may,” “should,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “forecast,” “project,” “estimate,” “intend,” and words of a similar nature and include estimates or projections of financial and other data; comments on expectations relating to future periods; plans or objectives for the future; and statements of opinion, view or belief about current and future events, circumstances or performance. You should view these statements with caution. They are based on the facts and circumstances known to us as of the date the statements are made. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to be materially different from those set forth in such forward-looking statements, including but not limited to failure to implement our optimization, automation, growth, and cost savings initiatives and overall business strategy; failure to obtain the results anticipated from strategic initiatives, investments, acquisitions or new lines of business; failure to identify acquisition targets, consummate and integrate acquisitions; environmental and other regulations, including developments related to emerging contaminants, gas emissions, renewable energy, extended producer responsibility and our natural gas fleet; significant environmental, safety or other incidents resulting in liabilities or brand damage; failure to obtain and maintain necessary permits due to land scarcity, public opposition or otherwise; diminishing landfill capacity, resulting in increased costs and the need for disposal alternatives; failure to attract, hire and retain key team members and a high quality workforce; increases in labor costs due to union organizing activities or changes in wage and labor related regulations; disruption and costs resulting from severe weather and destructive climate events; failure to achieve our sustainability goals or execute on our sustainability-related strategy and initiatives, including within planned timelines or anticipated budgets due to disruptions, delays, cost increases or changes in environmental or tax regulations; focus on, and regulation of, environmental and sustainability-related disclosures, which could lead to increased costs, risk of non-compliance, brand damage and litigation risk related to our sustainability efforts; macroeconomic conditions, geopolitical conflict and large-scale market disruption resulting in labor, supply chain and transportation constraints, inflationary cost pressures and fluctuations in commodity prices, fuel and other energy costs; increased competition; pricing actions; impacts from international trade restrictions; competitive disposal alternatives, diversion of waste from landfills and declining waste volumes; weakness in general economic conditions and capital markets, including potential for an economic recession; instability of financial institutions; adoption of new tax legislation; fuel shortages; failure to develop and protect new technology; failure of technology to perform as expected; failure to prevent, detect and address cybersecurity incidents or comply with privacy regulations; inability to adapt and manage the benefits and risks of artificial intelligence; negative outcomes of litigation or governmental proceedings; and decisions or developments that result in impairment charges and other risks discussed in our filings with the SEC, including Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, including financial estimates and forecasts, whether as a result of future events, circumstances or developments or otherwise.

Overview

We are North America’s leading provider of comprehensive environmental solutions, providing services throughout the United States (“U.S.”) and Canada. We partner with our customers and the communities we serve to manage and reduce waste at each stage from collection to disposal, while recovering valuable resources and creating clean, renewable energy. We own or operate the largest network of landfills throughout the U.S. and Canada. In order to make disposal more practical for larger urban markets, where the distance to landfills is typically farther, we manage transfer stations that consolidate, compact and transport waste efficiently and economically. Our business is operated and managed locally by our subsidiaries that focus on distinct geographic areas and provide collection, transfer, disposal, recycling and resource recovery services. Through our subsidiaries, including our Waste Management Renewable Energy (“WM Renewable Energy”) business, we are also a leading developer, operator and owner of landfill gas-to-energy facilities in the U.S. and Canada that produce renewable electricity and renewable natural gas (“RNG”), which is a significant source of fuel that

we allocate to our natural gas fleet. Additionally, we are a leading recycler in the U.S. and Canada, handling materials that include paper, cardboard, glass, plastic and metal.

Our senior management evaluates, oversees and manages the financial performance of our business through four reportable segments, referred to as (i) Collection and Disposal - East Tier (“East Tier”); (ii) Collection and Disposal - West Tier (“West Tier”); (iii) Recycling Processing and Sales and (iv) WM Renewable Energy. Our East and West Tiers, along with certain ancillary services (“Other Ancillary”) not managed through our Tier segments, but that support our collection and disposal operations, form our “Collection and Disposal” businesses.

Strategy

Our fundamental strategy has not changed; we remain dedicated to providing long-term value to our stockholders by successfully executing our core strategy of focused differentiation and continuous improvement. We have enabled a people-first, technology-led focus to drive our mission to maximize resource value, while minimizing environmental impact, and sustainability and environmental stewardship is embedded in all that we do. Our strategy leverages and sustains the strongest asset network in the industry to drive best-in-class customer experience and growth. Our strategic planning processes appropriately consider that the future of our business and the industry can be influenced by changes in economic conditions, the competitive landscape, the regulatory environment, asset and resource availability and technology. We believe that focused differentiation, which is driven by capitalizing on our unique and extensive network of assets, will deliver profitable growth and position us to leverage competitive advantages. Simultaneously, we believe that investing in automation to improve processes and drive operational efficiency combined with a focus on the cost to serve our customer will yield an attractive profit margin and enhanced service quality. We are furthering our strategy of focused differentiation and continuous improvement beyond our traditional waste operations through our sustainability growth strategy that includes significant planned investments in our WM Renewable Energy and Recycling Processing and Sales segments, while increasing automation and reducing labor dependency. We are also evaluating and pursuing emerging diversion technologies that may generate additional value.

Business Environment

The waste industry is a comparatively mature and stable industry. However, customers increasingly expect more of their waste materials to be recovered and those waste streams are becoming more complex. In addition, many state and local governments mandate diversion, recycling and waste reduction at the source and prohibit the disposal of certain types of waste at landfills. We monitor these developments to adapt our service offerings. As companies, individuals and communities look for ways to be more sustainable, we promote our comprehensive services that go beyond our core business of collecting and disposing of waste in order to meet their needs. This includes expanding traditional recycling services, increasing organics collection and processing, and expanding our renewable energy projects to meet the evolving needs of our diverse customer base. As North America’s leading provider of comprehensive environmental solutions, we are taking big, bold steps to catalyze positive change – change that will impact our Company as well as the communities we serve. Consistent with our Company’s long-standing commitment to sustainability and environmental stewardship, we have published our 2023 Sustainability Report providing details on our sustainability-related performance and outlining progress towards our 2030 sustainability goals. The Sustainability Report conveys the strong linkage between the Company’s sustainability goals and our growth strategy, inclusive of the planned and ongoing expansion of the Company’s Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments. The information in this report can be found at https://sustainability.wm.com but it does not constitute a part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We encounter intense competition from governmental, quasi-governmental and private service providers based on pricing, and to a much lesser extent, the nature of service offerings, particularly in the residential line of business. Our industry is directly affected by changes in general economic factors, including increases and decreases in consumer spending, business expansions and construction activity. These factors generally correlate to volumes of waste generated and impact our revenue. Negative economic conditions and other macroeconomic trends can and have caused customers to reduce their service needs. Such negative economic conditions, in addition to competitor actions, can impact our strategy to negotiate, renew, or expand service contracts and grow our business. We also encounter competition for acquisitions

and growth opportunities. General economic factors and the market for consumer goods, in addition to regulatory developments, can also significantly impact commodity prices for the recyclable materials we sell. Significant components of our operating expenses vary directly as we experience changes in revenue due to volume and inflation. Volume changes can fluctuate significantly by line of business and volume changes in higher margin businesses can impact key financial metrics. We must dynamically manage our cost structure in response to volume changes and cost inflation.

We believe the Company’s industry-leading asset network and strategic focus on investing in our people and our digital platform will give the Company the necessary tools to address the evolving challenges impacting the Company and our industry. In line with our commitment to continuous improvement and a differentiated customer experience, we remain focused on our automation and optimization investments to enhance our operational efficiency and change the way we interact with our customers. Advancements made through these initiatives are intended to seamlessly and digitally connect all enterprise functions required to service customers and provide the best experience.

Macroeconomic pressures continue, including sustained inflationary pressures and high interest rates, with geopolitical events causing further market disruptions. Inflation moderately improved from the high levels observed during the first half of 2023; however, inflation remained above typical levels during the first quarter of 2024. While supply chain activity has begun to normalize, risks persist related to higher operating costs, ongoing supply shortages, labor and transportation challenges and impacts from global events.

We continue to experience margin pressures from our commodity-driven businesses, specifically within our Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments. While still below prices seen at the beginning of 2022, recycling commodity prices began to improve in the fourth quarter of 2023 and continued to improve in the first quarter of 2024. While there may be short term fluctuations in our commodity-driven businesses as prices change, we continue to take proactive steps to adjust our business models to protect against the down-side risk of changes in commodity prices.

The extent and duration of the impact of labor, supply chain, transportation and commodity price challenges are subject to numerous external factors beyond our control, including broader macroeconomic conditions; recessionary fears and/or an economic recession; size, location, and qualifications of the labor pool; wage and price structures; adoption of new or revised regulations; geopolitical conflicts and responses and supply and demand for commodities. As we experience inflationary cost pressures, we focus on our pricing efforts, as well as operating efficiencies and cost controls, to maintain our earnings and cash flow and facilitate growth. With these macroeconomic pressures, we remain committed to putting our people first to ensure that they are well positioned to execute our daily operations diligently and safely. We remain focused on delivering outstanding customer service, managing our variable costs with changing volumes and investing in technology that will enhance our customers’ experience and provide operating efficiencies intended to reduce our cost to serve.

Current Quarter Financial Results

During the first quarter of 2024, we continued to focus on our priorities to advance our strategy—enhancing employee engagement, permanently reducing our cost to serve through the use of technology and automation, and investing in growth through our Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments. This strategic focus, combined with strong operational execution resulted in increased revenue, income from operations and income from operations margin. We remain diligent in offering a competitively profitable service that meets the needs of our customers, and we are focused on driving operating efficiencies and reducing discretionary spend. We continue to invest in our people through paying a competitive market wage, investments in our digital platform and training for our team members. We also continue to make investments in automation and optimization to enhance our operational efficiency and improve labor productivity for all lines of business. During the first quarter of 2024, we allocated $668 million of available cash to capital expenditures and $557 million to our shareholders through dividends and common stock repurchases.

Key elements of our financial results for the first quarter include:

●

Revenues of $5,159 million, compared with $4,892 million in the prior year period, an increase of $267 million, or 5.5%. The increase is primarily attributable to higher yield in our Collection and Disposal businesses and

Recycling Processing and Sales segment, partially offset by, (i) decreased revenue from our energy surcharge program due to a decline in the price of fuel, particularly diesel, and (ii) lower industrial and residential collection volumes;

●

Operating expenses of $3,140 million, or 60.9% of revenues, compared with $3,086 million, or 63.1% of revenues, in the prior year period. The $54 million increase is primarily attributable to (i) commodity-driven business impacts from higher recycling rebates; (ii) an increase in volumes in our Strategic Business Solutions (“WMSBS”) business and (iii) inflationary pressures. These increases were offset in part by (i) lower fuel prices and (ii) improved operating efficiency, reduced repair and maintenance costs due to improved truck deliveries and cost control;

●

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $491 million, or 9.5% of revenues, compared with $476 million, or 9.7% of revenues, in the prior year period. The $15 million increase is primarily attributable to (i) increased labor costs from higher annual incentive compensation costs and annual wage increases and (ii) increased technology spend;

●

Income from operations was $1,016 million, or 19.7% of revenues, compared with $825 million, or 16.9% of revenues, in the prior year period. The increase in the current year earnings was primarily driven by revenue growth in our Collection and Disposal businesses partially offset by higher annual incentive compensation;

●

Net income attributable to Waste Management, Inc. was $708 million, or $1.75 per diluted share, compared with $533 million, or $1.30 per diluted share, in the prior year period. The primary drivers of the increase in net income are the increase in income from operations, discussed above and, to a lesser extent, a reduction in income tax expense of $37 million, or $0.09 per diluted share, associated with federal tax credits expected to be realized from our RNG investments. These increases were partially offset by higher interest expense and an increase in net losses of our unconsolidated entities.

●

Net cash provided by operating activities was $1,367 million compared with $1,044 million in the prior year period, with the increase driven by (i) higher earnings in our Collection and Disposal businesses and Recycling Processing and Sales segment, (ii) favorable changes in working capital, net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures, and (iii) lower incentive compensation payments. This increase was partially offset by higher cash interest payments; and

●

Free cash flow was $714 million compared with $395 million in the prior year period. The increase in free cash flow is attributable to the increase in net cash provided by operating activities discussed above. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP measure of liquidity. Refer to Free Cash Flow below for our definition of free cash flow, additional information about our use of this measure, and a reconciliation to net cash provided by operating activities, which is the most comparable GAAP measure.

Results of Operations

Operating Revenues

The mix of operating revenues for the three months ended March 31 are as follows (in millions):


	Gross		Intercompany		Net
	Operating		Operating		Operating
	Revenues		Revenues (a)		Revenues

2024
Commercial	$	1,501	$	(185)	$	1,316
Industrial		934		(187)		747
Residential		876		(22)		854
Other collection		751		(53)		698
Total collection		4,062		(447)		3,615
Landfill		1,177		(385)		792
Transfer		560		(251)		309
Total Collection and Disposal		5,799		(1,083)		4,716
Recycling Processing and Sales		436		(68)		368
WM Renewable Energy		70		(1)		69
Corporate and Other		12		(6)		6
Total	$	6,317	$	(1,158)	$	5,159

2023
Commercial	$	1,412	$	(161)	$	1,251
Industrial		933		(177)		756
Residential		854		(25)		829
Other collection		689		(50)		639
Total collection		3,888		(413)		3,475
Landfill		1,150		(391)		759
Transfer		540		(251)		289
Total Collection and Disposal		5,578		(1,055)		4,523
Recycling Processing and Sales		374		(80)		294
WM Renewable Energy		70		(1)		69
Corporate and Other		12		(6)		6
Total	$	6,034	$	(1,142)	$	4,892

(a)	Intercompany operating revenues reflect each segment’s total intercompany sales, including intercompany sales within a segment and between segments. Transactions within and between segments are generally made on a basis intended to reflect the market value of the service.

The following table provides details associated with the period-to-period change in revenues and average yield (dollars in millions):


		Period-to-Period Change for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 vs. 2023
			As a % of				As a % of
			Related				Total
	Amount		Business(a)		Amount		Company(b)
Collection and Disposal	$	218	5.1	%
Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy (c)		60	15.7
Energy surcharge and mandated fees (d)		(28)	(11.3)
Total average yield (e)					$	250	5.1	%
Volume (f)						(1)	—
Internal revenue growth						249	5.1
Acquisitions						19	0.4
Divestitures						(1)	—
Foreign currency translation						—	—
Total					$	267	5.5	%

(a)	Calculated by dividing the increase or decrease for the current year period by the prior year period’s related business revenue adjusted to exclude the impacts of divestitures for the current year period.

(b)	Calculated by dividing the increase or decrease for the current year period by the prior year period’s total Company revenue adjusted to exclude the impacts of divestitures for the current year period.

(c)	Includes combined impact of commodity price variability in both our Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments, as well as changes in certain recycling fees charged by our collection and disposal operations.

(d)	Our energy surcharge was revised in the second quarter of 2023 to incorporate market prices for both diesel and compressed natural gas (“CNG”).

(e)	The amounts reported herein represent the changes in our revenue attributable to average yield for the total Company.

(f)	Includes activities from our Corporate and Other businesses.

The following provides further details about our period-to-period change in revenues:

Average Yield

Collection and Disposal Average Yield — This measure reflects the effect on our revenue from the pricing activities of our collection, transfer and landfill operations, exclusive of volume changes. Revenue growth from Collection and Disposal average yield includes not only base rate changes and environmental and service fee fluctuations, but also (i) certain average price changes related to the overall mix of services, which are due to the types of services provided; (ii) changes in average price from new and lost business and (iii) price decreases to retain customers.

The details of our revenue growth from Collection and Disposal average yield are as follows (dollars in millions):


	Period-to-Period Change for the
	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2024 vs. 2023
			As a % of
			Related
	Amount		Business
Commercial	$	86	6.8	%
Industrial		49	5.8
Residential		51	6.4
Total collection		186	6.1
Landfill		17	2.4
Transfer		15	5.5
Total Collection and Disposal	$	218	5.1	%

Our overall pricing efforts are focused on keeping pace with the increasing costs and capital needs of our business. We are also continuing to focus on price increases in our disposal business with our municipal solid waste business experiencing average yield of 4.6% for the first quarter of 2024.

Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy — Recycling Processing and Sales revenues attributable to yield increased $58 million in the first quarter of 2024 as compared with prior year period. During the first quarter of 2024, average market prices for single-stream recycled commodities were up 57% as compared with the prior year period. Yield from the WM Renewable Energy segment was essentially flat with increases in Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”) values largely offset by a decrease in market prices for power. While there may be short-term fluctuations in our commodity-driven businesses as prices change, we continue to take proactive steps to adjust our business models to protect against the downside risk of changes in commodity prices.

Energy Surcharge and Mandated Fees — These fees, which include our energy surcharge program and other mandated fees, decreased $28 million for the first quarter of 2024, as compared with the prior year period. Beginning in the second quarter of 2023, our energy surcharge was revised to incorporate market prices for both diesel and CNG. The decrease in energy surcharge revenues in the first quarter of 2024 is primarily due to a decline of approximately 10% in market prices for diesel fuel as compared to the prior year period. The mandated fees are primarily related to fees and taxes assessed by various state, county and municipal government agencies at our landfills and transfer stations. These amounts have not significantly impacted the change in revenue for the first quarter of 2024, as compared with the prior year period.

Volume

Our revenues from volume (excluding volumes from acquisitions and divestitures) decreased $1 million for the first quarter of 2024 as compared with the prior year period. Special waste volumes at our landfills continue to be strong primarily due to higher contributions from event-driven projects. In addition, our WMSBS business volumes grew as a result of our continued focus on a differentiated service model for national accounts customers. However, these increases have been offset by a decline in our industrial collection volumes primarily due to lower contributions from temporary business as well as our intentional shedding of low-margin residential collection volumes. Furthermore, our construction and demolition landfill volumes have declined on a year-over-year basis due to the impact of clean-up efforts in our East Tier from Hurricane Ian in the prior year.

Operating Expenses

The following table summarizes the major components of our operating expenses for the three months ended March 31 (in millions of dollars and as a percentage of revenues):


	2024				2023
Labor and related benefits	$	893	17.3	%	$	914	18.7	%
Transfer and disposal costs		315	6.1			307	6.3
Maintenance and repairs		489	9.5			491	10.0
Subcontractor costs		536	10.4			509	10.4
Cost of goods sold		228	4.4			185	3.8
Fuel		112	2.2			139	2.8
Disposal and franchise fees and taxes		172	3.3			170	3.5
Landfill operating costs		129	2.5			117	2.4
Risk management		77	1.5			73	1.5
Other		189	3.7			181	3.7
	$	3,140	60.9	%	$	3,086	63.1	%

Our operating expenses for the first quarter of 2024 increased, as compared with the first quarter of 2023, primarily due to (i) commodity-driven business impacts from higher recycling rebates reflected in costs of goods sold; (ii) an increase in volumes in our WMSBS business, which relies more extensively on subcontracted hauling and services than our Collection and Disposal businesses and (iii) inflationary pressures which have moderately declined from the high levels observed during the first half of 2023. These increases were offset, in part, by (i) commodity-driven business impacts from lower fuel prices and (ii) improved operating efficiency and cost control initiatives in our Collection and Disposal businesses, as reflected in lower labor and benefits and maintenance and repairs costs as compared with the first quarter of 2023. Although our operating expenses increased overall, efficiency gains, improved turnover, and momentum in truck deliveries combined with the benefit of price increases positioned us to significantly reduce our operating expenses as a percentage of revenue when compared with prior period.

Significant items affecting the comparison of operating expenses for the reported periods include:

Labor and Related Benefits — The decrease in labor and related benefits costs was largely driven by efficiency improvements in the Collection and Disposal businesses as demonstrated by (i) lower headcount; (ii) decreased overtime and (iii) a significant reduction in training hours. Improved driver retention was an important contributing factor to accomplish this result. The efficiency and turnover driven decreases in costs were offset, in part, by annual employee wage increases.

Transfer and Disposal Costs — The increase in transfer and disposal costs was primarily due to inflationary cost increases, which includes increased disposal fees at third-party sites and higher rates from our third-party haulers offset, in part, by decreases in industrial and residential collection volumes.

Maintenance and Repairs — The slight decrease in maintenance and repairs costs was largely driven by an improvement in new truck deliveries, which lowered average fleet age and reduced demand for third-party services, parts and supplies.

Subcontractor Costs — The increase in subcontractor costs was primarily due to (i) an increase in volumes in our WMSBS business, which relies more extensively on subcontracted hauling and services than our Collection and Disposal businesses and (ii) continued inflationary cost increases, particularly labor costs from third-party haulers. These increases were offset, in part, by the impact of lower fuel prices on third-party subcontracted hauling and services as compared with the first quarter of 2023.

Cost of Goods Sold — The increase in cost of goods sold was primarily driven by a 57% increase in recycling commodity prices compared to the prior year period.

Fuel — The decrease in fuel costs was primarily due to a decrease of approximately 10% in market prices for diesel fuel.

Disposal and Franchise Fees and Taxes — The slight increase in disposal and franchise fees and taxes was primarily driven by higher franchise and host community fees paid to certain municipalities where we operate.

Landfill Operating Costs — The increase in landfill operating costs was primarily due to (i) certain adjustments to our environmental remediation reserve during the first quarter of 2024, and (ii) higher costs across our landfills for leachate collection and treatment.

Risk Management — Risk management costs increased during the first quarter of 2024 as compared with the first quarter of 2023 primarily due to expected increases in premiums for property coverage.

Other — Other operating cost increases were primarily due to a favorable litigation settlement during the first quarter of 2023, which reduced our expense, and an increase in property taxes. These increases were offset, in part, by (i) lower equipment rental costs attributable, in part, to improved truck deliveries in late 2023 and early 2024 and (ii) security costs during the first quarter of 2023 attributable to a labor dispute which did not recur in 2024.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes the major components of our selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31 (in millions of dollars and as a percentage of revenues):


	2024				2023
Labor and related benefits	$	321	6.2	%	$	312	6.4	%
Professional fees		47	0.9			50	1.0
Provision for bad debts		10	0.2			9	0.2
Other		113	2.2			105	2.1
	$	491	9.5	%	$	476	9.7	%

Selling, general and administrative expenses have increased primarily due to (i) increased labor costs from higher annual incentive compensation costs and annual wage increases and (ii) increased technology spend. Although our costs increased, the significant revenue increases positioned us to reduce our overall selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue when compared with the prior period.

Significant items affecting the comparison of our selling, general and administrative expenses for the reported periods include:

Labor and Related Benefits — The increase in labor and related benefits costs was primarily related to (i) higher annual incentive compensation costs and (ii) annual employee wage increases. These increases were partially offset by a reduction in the hourly workforce as we have leveraged automation and technology to address attrition, particularly in our customer experience function.

Professional Fees —The decrease in professional fees was primarily attributable to reduced expenses in connection with investments in our digital platform, as certain strategic projects have now been implemented.

Other — The increase in other expenses was primarily related to increased spend across multiple cost categories such as computers, travel, and other support costs.

Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization Expenses

The following table summarizes the components of our depreciation, depletion and amortization expenses for the three months ended March 31 (in millions of dollars and as a percentage of revenues):


	2024				2023
Depreciation of tangible property and equipment	$	308	6.0	%	$	293	6.0	%
Depletion of landfill airspace		176	3.4			178	3.6
Amortization of intangible assets		30	0.6			34	0.7
	$	514	10.0	%	$	505	10.3	%

The increase in depreciation of tangible property and equipment during the first quarter of 2024, as compared with the first quarter of 2023, was primarily driven by additional depreciation due to investments in capital assets to service our customers, such as trucks, machinery and equipment, and containers. The decrease in depletion of landfill airspace during the first quarter of 2024, as compared with the first quarter of 2023, was driven by the closure of a previously reopened landfill in our East Tier. The decrease in amortization of intangible assets during the first quarter of 2024, as compared with the first quarter of 2023, was primarily driven by the amortization of acquired intangible assets.

Income from Operations

The following table summarizes income from operations for our reportable segments for the three months ended March 31 (dollars in millions):


							Period-to-Period
	2024			2023			Change
Collection and Disposal:
East Tier	$	654		$	531		$	123	23.2	%
West Tier		627			531			96	18.1
Other Ancillary		(2)			2			(4)	*
Collection and Disposal		1,279			1,064			215	20.2
Recycling Processing and Sales		19			13			6	46.2
WM Renewable Energy		21			20			1	5.0
Corporate and Other		(303)			(272)			(31)	11.4
Total (a)	$	1,016		$	825		$	191	23.2	%
Percentage of revenues		19.7	%		16.9	%

* Percentage change does not provide a meaningful comparison.

(a)	From time to time, the operating results of our reportable segments are significantly affected by certain transactions or events that management believes are not indicative or representative of our results.

The significant items affecting income from operations for our segments during the first quarter of 2024, as compared with the prior year period, are summarized below:

Collection and Disposal — Income from operations in our Collection and Disposal businesses increased primarily due to intentional efforts to improve the efficiency and operating costs incurred to serve our customers. Revenue growth from price increases, which translate into increased yield or average unit price, also contributed to the increase in income from operations. These increases were partially offset by (i) increased subcontractor costs within our WMSBS business which relies more extensively on subcontracted hauling and services than other parts of our Collection and Disposal

businesses and (ii) a decline in industrial collection volumes primarily due to lower contributions from temporary businesses as well as our intentional efforts to reduce unprofitable residential collection volumes.

Recycling Processing and Sales — The increase in income from operations in Recycling Processing and Sales was primarily driven by an increase in the price for recycled commodities compared to the prior year.

WM Renewable Energy — The increase in income from operations in WM Renewable Energy was primarily driven by (i) increased revenue due to higher RINs pricing and (ii) a reduction in professional fees.

Corporate and Other — The decrease in income from operations was primarily driven by (i) higher annual incentive compensation and (ii) certain adjustments to our environmental remediation reserve during the first quarter of 2024. The decrease was partially offset by a decrease in health and welfare costs attributable to a headcount driven decline in plan participants.

Interest Expense, Net

Our interest expense, net was $130 million and $120 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase is primarily related to an increase in our weighted average borrowing rate of approximately 15 basis points.

Equity in Net Losses of Unconsolidated Entities

We recognized equity in net losses of unconsolidated entities of $19 million and $11 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The losses for each period were primarily related to our noncontrolling interests in entities established to invest in and manage low-income housing properties. We generate tax benefits, including tax credits, from the losses incurred from these investments which are discussed further in Note 4 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income Tax Expense

Our income tax expense and effective income tax rates were $162 million, or 18.6%, and $164 million, or 23.6%, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See Note 4 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to income taxes.

Tax Legislation — The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law by President Biden on August 16, 2022 and contains several tax-related provisions, including with respect to (i) alternative fuel tax credits; (ii) tax incentives for investments in renewable energy production, carbon capture, and other climate actions and (iii) the overall measurement of corporate income taxes. Given the complexity and uncertainty around the applicability of the legislation to our specific facts and circumstances, we continue to analyze the IRA provisions to identify and quantify potential opportunities and applicable benefits included in the legislation. The provisions of the IRA related to alternative fuel tax credits secure approximately $55 million of annual pre-tax benefit (recorded as a reduction in our operating expense) for tax credits in 2022, 2023 and 2024.

With respect to the investment tax credit, as expanded by the IRA, we expect the cumulative benefit to be between $250 million and $350 million, a large portion of which is anticipated to be realized in 2024 through 2026. The Company projects a full year investment tax credit benefit of approximately $145 million, which is derived from the projected completion of five new RNG facilities by the end of 2024. The amount of the projected investment tax credit benefit for 2024 is based on a number of estimates and assumptions, including the timing of project completion and interpretation of the IRA.

Recently, however, the IRS issued proposed regulations applicable to the investment tax credits that could call into question our ability to realize some, or all, of this tax benefit, which would negatively impact financial expectations in connection with our significant planned and ongoing investments in sustainability growth projects in our WM Renewable

Energy segment. The proposed regulations provide a public comment period to allow taxpayers to provide input prior to the issuance of final regulations. In coordination with other members of the RNG industry, we are actively using this public comment period to work with external advisors, the U.S. Congress, the current federal administration, and other biogas sector stakeholders to encourage the Treasury Department to further refine its analysis prior to publication of final regulations that more accurately reflect the express language and legislative intent of the statute with respect to the investment tax credit. However, there is no guarantee that such efforts will be successful. We expect that the production tax credit incentives for investments in renewable energy and carbon capture, as expanded by the IRA, will likely result in an incremental benefit to the Company, although at this time, the anticipated amount of such benefit has not been quantified.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company consistently generates cash flow from operations that meets and exceeds our working capital needs, allows for payment of our dividends, investment in the business through capital expenditures and tuck-in acquisitions, and funding of strategic sustainability growth investments. We continually monitor our actual and forecasted cash flows, our liquidity and our capital resources, enabling us to plan for our present needs and fund unbudgeted business requirements that may arise during the year. The Company believes that its investment grade credit ratings, diverse investor base, large value of unencumbered assets and modest leverage enable it to obtain adequate financing, and refinance upcoming maturities, as necessary to meet its ongoing capital, operating, strategic and other liquidity requirements. We also have the additional ability to manage liquidity during periods of significant financial market disruption through temporary modification of our capital expenditure and share repurchase plans.

Summary of Cash and Cash Equivalents, Restricted Funds and Debt Obligations

The following is a summary of our cash and cash equivalents, restricted funds and debt balances (in millions):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	322	$	458
Restricted funds:
Insurance reserves	$	492	$	376
Final capping, closure, post-closure and environmental remediation funds		120		119
Other		2		17
Total restricted funds (a)	$	614	$	512
Debt:
Current portion	$	336	$	334
Long-term portion		15,762		15,895
Total debt	$	16,098	$	16,229

(a)	As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $90 million of these account balances were included in other current assets in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Guarantor Financial Information

WM Holdings has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of WMI’s senior indebtedness. WMI has fully and unconditionally guaranteed all of WM Holdings’ senior indebtedness. None of WMI’s other subsidiaries have guaranteed any of WMI’s or WM Holdings’ debt. In lieu of providing separate financial statements for the subsidiary issuer and guarantor (WMI and WM Holdings), we have presented the accompanying supplemental summarized combined balance sheet and income statement information for WMI and WM Holdings on a combined basis after elimination of intercompany transactions between WMI and WM Holdings and amounts related to investments in any subsidiary that is a non-guarantor (in millions):


	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Balance Sheet Information:
Current assets	$	162	$	276
Noncurrent assets		12		25
Current liabilities		300		336
Noncurrent liabilities:
Advances due to affiliates		21,847		21,228
Other noncurrent liabilities		13,694		13,798


	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2024
Income Statement Information:
Revenue	$	—
Operating income		(134)
Net loss		(99)

Summary of Cash Flow Activity

The following is a summary of our cash flows for the three months ended March 31 (in millions):


	2024		2023
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,367	$	1,044
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(755)	$	(778)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(737)	$	(319)

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities — Our operating cash flows increased by $323 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared with the prior year period, driven by (i) higher earnings in our Collection and Disposal businesses and Recycling Processing and Sales segment, (ii) favorable changes in working capital, net of effects of acquisitions and divestitures, and (iii) lower annual incentive compensation payments. This increase was partially offset by higher cash interest payments.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities — The most significant items included in our investing cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized below:

●

Capital Expenditures — We used $668 million and $660 million for capital expenditures during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in capital spending is primarily driven by our planned and ongoing investments in our Recycling Processing and Sales and WM Renewable Energy segments.

●

Other, Net — The year-over-year changes in other investing activities were primarily driven by changes in our investment portfolio associated with a wholly-owned insurance captive. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we used $90 million and $85 million, respectively, of cash from restricted cash and cash equivalents to invest in available-for-sale securities.

Net Cash Used in Financing Activities — The most significant items affecting the comparison of our financing cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized below:

●

Debt Borrowings and Repayments — The following summarizes our cash borrowings and repayments of debt for the three months ended March 31 (in millions):


	2024		2023
Borrowings:
Commercial paper	$	4,412	$	5,643
Senior notes		—		1,242
	$	4,412	$	6,885
Repayments:
Commercial paper	$	(4,528)	$	(6,520)
Other debt		(42)		(28)
	$	(4,570)	$	(6,548)
Net cash borrowings (repayments)	$	(158)	$	337

Refer to Note 3 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to our debt borrowings and repayments.

●

Common Stock Repurchase Program — During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we used $250 million and $350 million, respectively, to repurchase shares of our common stock under accelerated share repurchase agreements. See Note 9 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

●

Cash Dividends — For the periods presented, all dividends have been declared by our Board of Directors. We paid cash dividends of $307 million and $289 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in dividend payments is primarily due to our quarterly per share dividend increasing from $0.70 in 2023 to $0.75 in 2024.

Free Cash Flow

We are presenting free cash flow, which is a non-GAAP measure of liquidity, in our disclosures because we use this measure in the evaluation and management of our business. We define free cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities, less capital expenditures, plus proceeds from divestitures of businesses and other assets, net of cash divested. We believe it is indicative of our ability to pay our quarterly dividends, repurchase common stock, fund acquisitions and other investments and, in the absence of refinancings, to repay our debt obligations. Free cash flow is not intended to replace net cash provided by operating activities, which is the most comparable GAAP measure. We believe free cash flow gives investors useful insight into how we view our liquidity, but the use of free cash flow as a liquidity measure has material limitations because it excludes certain expenditures that are required or that we have committed to, such as declared dividend payments and debt service requirements.

Our calculation of free cash flow and reconciliation to net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31 is shown in the table below (in millions), and may not be calculated the same as similarly-titled measures presented by other companies:


	2024		2023
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,367	$	1,044
Capital expenditures to support the business		(502)		(504)
Capital expenditures - sustainability growth investments (a)		(166)		(156)
Total capital expenditures		(668)		(660)
Proceeds from divestitures of businesses and other assets, net of cash divested		15		11
Free cash flow	$	714	$	395

(a)	These growth investments are intended to further our sustainability leadership position by increasing recycling volumes and growing renewable natural gas generation. We expect they will deliver circular solutions for our customers and drive environmental value to the communities we serve.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Assumptions

In preparing our financial statements, we make numerous estimates and assumptions that affect the accounting for and recognition and disclosure of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses. We must make these estimates and assumptions because certain information that we use is dependent on future events, cannot be calculated with precision from available data or simply cannot be calculated. In some cases, these estimates are difficult to determine and we must exercise significant judgment. In preparing our financial statements, the most difficult, subjective and complex estimates and the assumptions that present the greatest amount of uncertainty relate to our accounting for landfills, environmental remediation liabilities, long-lived asset impairments, intangible asset impairments and the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations, as described in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Actual results could differ materially from the estimates and assumptions that we use in the preparation of our financial statements.

Seasonal Trends

Inflation

Macroeconomic pressures continue, including sustained inflationary pressures and high interest rates, with geopolitical events causing further market disruptions. Inflation moderately declined from the high levels observed during the first half of 2023; however, inflation remained above typical levels during the first quarter of 2024. While supply chain activity has begun to normalize, risks persist related to higher operating costs, ongoing supply shortages, labor and

transportation challenges and impacts from global events. We continue to take proactive steps to recover and mitigate inflationary cost pressures through our overall pricing efforts and by managing our costs through efficiency, labor productivity, and investments in technology to automate certain aspects of our business. These efforts may not be successful for various reasons including the pace of inflation, operating cost inefficiencies, market responses, and contractual limitations, such as the timing lag in our ability to recover increased costs under certain contracts that are tied to a price escalation index with a lookback provision.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Information about market risks as of March 31, 2024 does not materially differ from that discussed under Item 7A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive and financial officers, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, including ensuring that such information is accumulated and communicated to management (including the principal executive and financial officers) as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive and financial officers have concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024 (the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q) at a reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management, together with our CEO and CFO, evaluated the changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2024. We determined that there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II.

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Information regarding our legal proceedings can be found under the Environmental Matters and Litigation sections of Note 6 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

The following table summarizes common stock repurchases made during the first quarter of 2024 (shares in millions):

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities


				Total Number of
	Total			Shares Purchased as	Approximate Maximum
	Number of	Average		Part of Publicly	Dollar Value of Shares that
	Shares	Price Paid		Announced Plans or	May Yet be Purchased Under
Period	Purchased	per Share(a)		Programs	the Plans or Programs(a)
January 1 — 31	—	$	—	—	$	1.5 billion
February 1 — 29 (b)	1.2	$	194.80	1.2	$	1.25 billion
March 1 — 31	—	$	—	—	$	1.25 billion	(c)
Total	1.2	$	194.80	1.2

(a)	In the table above and footnotes below, the average price paid per share, total repurchase costs and approximate maximum dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs exclude the 1% excise tax.

(b)

In October 2023, we executed an accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreement to repurchase $300 million of our common stock. At the beginning of the repurchase period, we delivered $300 million in cash and initially received 1.5 million shares based on a stock price of $161.38. The ASR agreement completed in February 2024, at which time we received 0.2 million additional shares based on a final weighted average price of $175.29.

In February 2024, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreement to repurchase $250 million of our common stock. At the beginning of the repurchase period, we delivered $250 million cash and initially received 1.0 million shares based on a stock price of $199.16. The ASR agreement completed in April 2024, and we received 0.2 million additional shares based on a final weighted average price of $206.23.

The average price per share reported in the table reflects the weighted average price of (i) the final share delivery from the October 2023 ASR, which was made in February 2024, and (ii) the initial share delivery of the February 2024 ASR.

(c)

As of March 31, 2024, the Company has authorization for $1.25 billion of future share repurchases. The amount of future share repurchases executed under our Board of Directors’ authorization is determined in management’s discretion, based on various factors, including our net earnings, financial condition and cash required for future business plans, growth and acquisitions.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Information concerning mine safety and other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K is included in Exhibit 95 to this quarterly report.

Item 5. Other Information.

Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers

On February 20, 2024, James C. Fish, Jr., President, Chief Executive Officer and member of our Board of Directors, adopted a written net share settlement instruction, which provided that automatically upon the vesting of 32,850 stock options on February 23, 2024, the Company would exercise the options and withhold shares of common stock necessary to cover tax requirements and the exercise price. All remaining shares of common stock resulting from the option exercise after the net share settlement process were delivered to Mr. Fish. The net share settlement instruction was not intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act.

On March 2, 2024, Mr. Fish adopted a stock trading plan (the “Fish Trading Plan”) intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The Fish Trading Plan will commence on June 3, 2024 and will automatically terminate on the earlier of June 3, 2025 and the completion of all of the contemplated transactions set forth therein. The Fish Trading Plan provides for the potential sale of up to 86,209 shares of our common stock upon our common stock reaching specified market prices.

On March 6, 2024, Mr. Michael J. Watson, Senior Vice President and Chief Customer Officer, adopted a stock trading plan (the “Watson Trading Plan”) intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The Watson Trading Plan will commence on June 6, 2024 and will automatically terminate on the earlier of October 31, 2024 and the completion of all of the contemplated stock sales set forth therein. The Watson Trading Plan provides for the potential sale of up to 8,708 shares of our common stock upon our common stock reaching specified market prices.

On March 7, 2024, Mr. Charles C. Boettcher, Executive Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer, adopted a stock trading plan (the “Boettcher Trading Plan”) intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The Boettcher Trading Plan will commence on June 5, 2024 and will automatically terminate on the earlier of October 30, 2024 and the completion of all of the contemplated transactions set forth therein. The Boettcher Trading Plan provides for the potential cashless exercise of 10,639 vested stock options, upon our common stock reaching specified market prices, pursuant to which the Company would withhold shares of common stock necessary to cover tax requirements and the exercise price. All remaining shares of common stock resulting from the option exercise after the net share settlement process will be delivered to Mr. Boettcher.

Item 6. Exhibits.


Exhibit No.		Description

10.1		Form of 2024 Long Term Incentive Compensation Award Agreement for Senior Leadership Team [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed March 6, 2024].

10.2		Form of 2024 Executive Officer Annual Incentive Award Agreement [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed March 6, 2024].

10.3*		Form of 2024 Long Term Incentive Compensation Award Agreement for Leadership Tier (Chief Accounting Officer).

22.1*		Guarantor Subsidiary.

31.1*		Certification Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 of James C. Fish, Jr., President and Chief Executive Officer.

31.2*		Certification Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 of Devina A. Rankin, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.

32.1**		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350 of James C. Fish, Jr., President and Chief Executive Officer.

32.2**		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350 of Devina A. Rankin, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.

95*		Mine Safety Disclosures.

101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance.

101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.

101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation.

101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels.

101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation.

101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition.

104*		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


	WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

	By:	/s/ DEVINA A. RANKIN
		Devina A. Rankin
		Executive Vice President and
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

	WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.

	By:	/s/ JOHN CARROLL
		John Carroll
		Vice President and
		Chief Accounting Officer
		(Principal Accounting Officer)



Date: April 25, 2024