1,050,000 Ordinary Shares

Mingteng International Corporation Inc.

This is an initial public offering of our ordinary shares, par value $0.00001 per share (“Ordinary Shares”). We are offering, on a firm commitment engagement basis, 1,050,000 Ordinary Shares. The initial public offering price is $4.00 per Ordinary Share. We have received the approval letter from the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) to list our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “MTEN.”

Throughout this prospectus, unless the context indicates otherwise, any references to “Mingteng International” are to Mingteng International Corporation Inc., a Cayman Islands holding company, and any references to “we,” “us,” “our Company,” “the Company,” and “our” are to Mingteng International and its subsidiaries. References to “PRC Subsidiaries” refer to Mingteng International’s subsidiaries established under the laws of the People’s Republic of China, “the PRC” or “China.”

Mingteng International is a Cayman Islands holding company and does not conduct any operations of its own. It conducts all of its operations in China through the PRC Subsidiaries, in particular, Wuxi Mingteng Mould Technology Co., Ltd., or Wuxi Mingteng Mould. Mingteng International controls the PRC Subsidiaries through equity ownership and does not use a variable interest entity structure. Due to our corporate structure, there are unique risks to investors. Furthermore, Chinese regulatory authorities could change the rules and regulations regarding foreign ownership in the industry in which we operate, which would likely result in a material change in our operations or a material decrease in or elimination of the value of our Ordinary Shares. Investors should be aware that they will not directly hold equity interests in our PRC Subsidiaries, but rather only in Mingteng International, the holding company. See “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we must conduct our business activities, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Ordinary Shares. The Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and the value of our Ordinary Shares. Additionally, the governmental and regulatory interference could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless” on page 34.

Because our operations are all located in the PRC through our PRC Subsidiaries, we are subject to certain legal and operational risks associated with our operations in China, including changes in the legal, political and economic policies of the Chinese government, the relations between China and the United States, or Chinese or United States regulations may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. PRC laws and regulations governing our current business operations are sometimes vague and uncertain, and therefore, these risks may result in a material change in our operations and the value of our Ordinary Shares, or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. As confirmed by our PRC counsel, Jiangsu Junjin Law Firm, we are not subject to cybersecurity review with the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the “CAC,” after the Cybersecurity Review Measures became effective on February 15, 2022, since we currently do not have over one million users’ personal information and do not anticipate that we will be collecting over one million users’ personal information in the foreseeable future, which we understand might otherwise subject us to the Cybersecurity Review Measures; we are also not subject to network data security review by the CAC if the Draft Regulations on the Network Data Security Administration are enacted as proposed, since we currently do not have over one million users’ personal information and do not collect data that affects or may affect national security and we do not anticipate that we will be collecting over one million users’ personal information or data that affects or may affect national security in the foreseeable future, which we understand might otherwise subject us to the Network Data Security Administration Draft. See “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – We may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the PRC regarding privacy, data security, cybersecurity, and data protection. We may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information” on page 37.

As advised by our PRC counsel, Jiangsu Junjin Law Firm, no relevant laws or regulations in the PRC explicitly require us to seek approval from the China Securities Regulatory Commission for our overseas listing plan. As of the date of this prospectus, we and our PRC Subsidiaries have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions regarding our planned overseas listing from the China Securities Regulatory Commission or any other PRC governmental authorities. However, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, shall complete filing procedures with the CSRC pursuant to the requirements of the Trial Measures within three working days following its submission of initial public offerings or listing application. If a domestic company fails to complete required filing procedures or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, such domestic company may be subject to administrative penalties, such as an order to rectify, warnings, fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines. See “Regulations – M&A Rules and Overseas Listing” on page 107. According to the Notice on the Administrative Arrangements for the Filing of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies from the CSRC, or “the CSRC Notice,” the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas before the effective date of the Trial Measures (namely, March 31, 2023) shall be deemed as existing issuers (the “Existing Issuers”). Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filing procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC for any subsequent offerings. Domestic companies that have obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or securities exchanges (for example, the effectiveness of a registration statement for offering and listing in the U.S. has been obtained) for their indirect overseas offering and listing prior to March 31, 2023 but have not yet completed their indirect overseas issuance and listing, are granted a six-month transition period from March 31, 2023 to September 30, 2023. Those that complete their indirect overseas offering and listing within such six-month period are deemed as Existing Issuers and are not required to file with the CSRC for their indirect overseas offerings and listings. Within such six-month transition period, however, if such domestic companies fail to complete their indirect overseas issuance and listing, they shall complete the filing procedures with the CSRC. Further, according to the CSRC Notice, on March 31, 2023, domestic companies that have already submitted valid overseas listing applications but have yet to obtain approval from overseas regulatory agencies or stock exchanges may arrange a reasonable timeframe to submit the filing. They should complete the filing procedures with the CSRC before completing their indirect overseas listing. Based on the foregoing, as we have applied to list our Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq and submitted our registration statement on Form F-1 to the SEC before March 31, 2023, we can reasonably arrange the timing for submitting the filing application with the CSRC and shall complete the filing with the CSRC in accordance with the Trial Measures before this offering. On September 25, 2023, we received approval from the CSRC regarding our completion of the required filing procedures for this offering. 

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, together with the China’s Ministry of Finance (the “MOF”), National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China, revised the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing, which were issued by the CSRC and National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China in 2009, or the “Provisions.” The revised Provisions were issued under the title the “Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies,” and became effective on March 31, 2023 together with the Trial Measures. One of the major revisions to the revised Provisions is expanding their application to cover indirect overseas offering and listing, as is consistent with the Trial Measures. The revised Provisions require that, among other things, (a) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or indirectly through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals or entities, including securities companies, securities service providers, and overseas regulators, any documents and materials that contain state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level; and (b) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or indirectly through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals and entities, including securities companies, securities service providers, and overseas regulators, any other documents and materials that, if leaked, will be detrimental to national security or public interest, shall strictly fulfill relevant procedures stipulated by applicable national regulations. As of the date of this prospectus, the revised Provisions have come into effect. Any failure or perceived failure by our Company or our subsidiaries to comply with the above confidentiality and archives administration requirements under the revised Provisions and other PRC laws and regulations may result in the relevant entities being held legally liable by competent authorities and referred to the judicial organ to be investigated for criminal liability if suspected of committing a crime.

As there are still uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of such regulatory guidance, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with new regulatory requirements relating to our future overseas capital-raising activities and we may become subject to more stringent requirements with respect to matters such as cross-border investigation, data privacy, and enforcement of legal claims. See “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – The Opinions, the Trial Measures, and the revised Provisions recently issued by PRC authorities may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future.” Notwithstanding the foregoing, as of the date of this prospectus, we are not aware of any PRC laws or regulations in effect requiring that we obtain permission from any PRC authorities to issue securities to foreign investors, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or any regulatory objection to this offering from the CSRC, the CAC, or any other PRC authorities that have jurisdiction over our operations. In other words, although the Company is currently not required to obtain permission or approval from the PRC government to obtain such permission and has not received any denial to list on the U.S. exchange, our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly; our ability to offer, or continue to offer, securities to investors would be potentially hindered and the value of our securities might significantly decline or be worthless, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to its business or industry or by intervene or interruption by PRC governmental authorities, if we or our subsidiaries (i) do not receive or maintain such permissions or approvals, (ii) inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, (iii) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, or (iv) any intervention or interruption by PRC governmental with little advance notice.

Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is unable to inspect an issuer’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a U.S. stock exchange. On June 22, 2021, United States Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was signed into law on December 29, 2022, amending the HFCAA and requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchange if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years. The PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China because of a position taken by one or more authorities in mainland China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the PCAOB’s report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations. On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol (the “SOP”) Agreement with the MOF. The SOP, together with two protocol agreements governing inspections and investigations (together, the “SOP Agreements”), establishes a specific, accountable framework to make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, if PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB will consider the need to issue a new determination. While our auditor, Wei, Wei & Co., LLP, is not subject to the determinations as to inability to inspect or investigate completely as announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021, as they are not on the list published by the PCAOB. In the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s auditor because of a position taken by an authority in a foreign jurisdiction, then such lack of inspection could cause trading of the Company’s securities in the United States to be prohibited under the HFCAA, and ultimately result in a determination by a securities exchange to delist the Company’s securities. The delisting of our Ordinary Shares, or the threat of being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment, even making it worthless. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – Our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from being traded on a national exchange under the HFCAA if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) is unable to inspect our auditor for two instead of three consecutive years beginning in 2021. The delisting of our Ordinary Shares, or the threat of being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment” on page 45.

We currently have not maintained any cash management policies that dictate the purpose, amount and procedure of cash transfers between Mingteng International, our PRC Subsidiaries, or investors. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations. To the extent cash or assets in the business are in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets. See “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – To the extent cash or assets in the business are in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets.” 

Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payment of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC Subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulations, such as the overseas investment registrations by our shareholders or the ultimate shareholders of our corporate shareholders who are PRC residents. Approval from, or registration with, appropriate government authorities is, however, required where the RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC Subsidiaries to pay dividends to Mingteng International only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. As of the date of this prospectus, there are no restrictions or limitations imposed by the Hong Kong government on the transfer of capital within, into and out of Hong Kong (including funds from Hong Kong to the PRC), except for the transfer of funds involving money laundering and criminal activities. Cayman Islands law prescribes that a company may only pay dividends out of its profits or share premium, and that a company may only pay dividends if, immediately following the date on which the dividend is paid, the company remains able to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Other than that, there are no restrictions on Mingteng International’s ability to transfer cash to investors. See “Prospectus Summary – Transfers of Cash to and from Our Subsidiaries,” “Prospectus Summary – Summary of Risk Factors,” and “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – To the extent cash or assets in the business are in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets,” and “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – Mingteng International is a holding company and will rely on dividends paid by our PRC Subsidiaries for our cash needs. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries   to make dividend payments to us, or any tax implications of making dividend payments to us, could limit our ability to pay our parent company expenses or pay dividends to holders of our Ordinary Shares.”

As a holding company, we may rely on dividends and other distributions of equity paid by our subsidiaries in the PRC, for our cash and financing requirements. If any of our PRC Subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. Mingteng International is permitted under the laws of the Cayman Islands to provide funding to our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong through loans or capital contributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. Our subsidiaries are permitted under the respective laws of Hong Kong to provide funding to Mingteng International through dividend distribution without restrictions on the amount of the funds. There are no restrictions on dividend transfers from Hong Kong to the Cayman Islands. Current PRC regulations permit Wuxi Ningteng Intelligent Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (“Ningteng WFOE”) to pay dividends to Mingteng International only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. The transfer of funds among companies is subject to the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Private Lending Cases (2020 Revision, the “Provisions on Private Lending Cases”), which was implemented on August 20, 2020 to regulate the financing activities between natural persons, legal persons and unincorporated organizations. As advised by our PRC counsel, Jiangsu Junjin Law Firm, the Provisions on Private Lending Cases does not prohibit using cash generated from one subsidiary to fund another subsidiary’s operations. We have not been notified of any other restriction which could limit our PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to transfer cash between PRC Subsidiaries. On September 30, 2022, Mingteng International declared cash dividends of RMB 2.5 million (approximately $0.35 million) to our shareholders which were paid by Wuxi Mingteng Mould in December 2022. Besides this dividend, we have not made any dividends or distributions to investors in order to retain more cash flow to expand business. And no investors have made transfers, dividends, or distributions to Mingteng International or its subsidiaries.  Also, as of the date of this prospectus, no cash generated from one subsidiary is used to fund another subsidiary’s operations and we do not anticipate any difficulties or limitations on our ability to transfer cash between subsidiaries. See “Prospectus Summary – Transfers of Cash to and from Our Subsidiaries” on page 17 and “Consolidated Financial Statements” starting from page F-1.

We are an “emerging growth company” under the federal securities laws and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. Please read “Prospectus Summary – Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company” beginning on page 15 of this prospectus for more information.

We are and upon completion of this offering, will continue to be, a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules, due to the fact that Mr. Yingkai Xu, the Chairman of our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer, together with Ms. Jingzhu Ding, Mr. Yingkai Xu’s spouse, own Ordinary Shares representing 91% of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares and, upon completion of this offering, will own Ordinary Shares representing 75.21% of the total voting power of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares. As a “controlled company,” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules, we are permitted to elect to rely on certain exemptions from Nasdaq’s corporate governance rules. We do not plan to rely on these exemptions, but we may elect to do so after we complete this offering. Please read “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being a Controlled Company” beginning on page 16 of this prospectus for more information.

We are a “foreign private issuer” as defined under the U.S. federal securities laws and, as such, may elect to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this and future filings. Please read “Prospectus Summary – Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer.” beginning on page 16 of this prospectus for more information.

This offering is being conducted on a firm commitment basis. The underwriters have agreed to purchase and pay for all the Ordinary Shares offered by this prospectus if they purchase any Ordinary Shares. We have agreed to grant the underwriters a 45-day option to purchase up to fifteen percent (15%) of the Ordinary Shares sold in this offering at the offering price, less underwriting commissions and discounts, to cover over-allotments, if any. If the underwriters exercise the option in full, the total underwriting discounts payable will be $338,100, and the total proceeds to us, before expenses, will be $4,830,000. We have also agreed to issue the Representative warrants to purchase a number of Ordinary Shares equal to an aggregate of five percent (5%) of the Ordinary Shares sold in the offering, including any shares issued upon exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. The Representative’s warrants will be exercisable at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, during the period commencing 180 days from the commencement date of sales in the offering and ending five years from the commencement date of sales in this offering. The exercise price of the Representative’s warrants will equal 120% of the public offering price per share of the Ordinary Shares sold in this offering (subject to adjustments).

Investing in our Ordinary Shares involves a high degree of risk, including the risk of losing your entire investment. See the section titled “Risk Factors” herein, beginning on page 23.

Until May 12 , 2024 (the 25^th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade the Ordinary Shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The Underwriters expect to deliver the Ordinary Shares against payment as set forth under “Underwriting,” on or about April 22, 2024.

CRAFT CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC

The date of this prospectus is April 17, 2024.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered or made available to you. Neither we nor any of the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses we have prepared. We take no responsibility for and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We are offering to sell and seeking offers to buy shares of our Ordinary Shares only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of our Ordinary Shares. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may have changed since that date.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), we are currently eligible for treatment as a “foreign private issuer.” As a foreign private issuer, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as domestic registrants whose securities are registered under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer.”

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor any of the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the Ordinary Shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our Ordinary Shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks and uncertainties and all other information contained in this prospectus before investing in our Ordinary Shares. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our Ordinary Shares could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

We believe that an investment in our Ordinary Shares involves certain risks, some of which are beyond our control. These risks can be categorized into (i) Risks Relating to our business and industry; (ii) Risks Relating to our corporate structure; (iii) Risks Relating to doing business in China; and (iv) Risks Relating to our Ordinary Shares and this offering. Prospective investors in our Ordinary Shares should consider carefully all the information set forth in this prospectus.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

We are exposed to risks associated with outbreaks of epidemics, infectious diseases and other disease outbreaks, including the COVID-19 outbreak. Our business could be materially and adversely affected by outbreaks of infectious diseases (such as SARS, H5N1 avian influenza, human swine flu or, most recently, COVID-19) or other outbreaks of epidemics or diseases.

The COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020 has already had an adverse and long-term impact on economic and social conditions worldwide and could have a negative impact on our business operations.

As of June 2022, COVID-19 has continued to have an impact on the Company’s operations. Due to the epidemic in Shanghai and Changchun City, these two major automobile production areas have been greatly impacted, which will have a relatively large impact on the entire automobile industry. Due to the pandemic, local automobile enterprises in Shanghai and Changchun City have suffered from production suspension, shutdown and supply chain shortage crises in succession which had also a negative impact on the downstream market such as decrease in demand for suppliers. As a result, the Company’s order volume and production activities have been affected to a certain extent accordingly. Additionally, as there are regional outbreaks of coronavirus diseases in 2022 in the Yangtze River Delta (such as Shanghai, Wuxi), the local epidemic control requirements have a certain impact on our overall business: (i) Local quarantine policies make transportation difficult, which results in higher transport cost of our existing orders. (ii) Our new orders will be relatively reduced and even replaced by other competitors since we may not deliver our products on time. (iii) Considering the long-term impact, downstream customers’ own product development cycle will be prolonged, which affects the frequency of use of molds and will affect our expected order volume in the future. As of July 2022, officials in several cities of Yangtze River Delta are gradually easing restrictions. As of December 2022, the Chinese government has gradually downgraded its emergency response level in due course and make dynamic adjustments, such as lifting cargo transport bans and encouraging businesses to expand capacity and increase output in a variety of ways. Therefore, most of our customers’ business and operations have returned to a more normal level which has weakened the negative impact on our business operations. In December 2022, the Chinese government released the “10 new” optimization measures for the prevention and control of COVID-19. However, Chinese companies are still facing difficulties in returning to usual business activity since their employees could be absent during “peak weeks” of the coronavirus outbreak. In late December, the number of infections in the Company increased and production activity slowed down. Also, it could impact economies and financial markets, resulting in an economic downturn that could impact our ability to raise capital or slow down potential business opportunities. With the recovery of employees, the production and operation of the Company gradually returned to normal in early 2023. During the first half of 2023, despite the twists and turns of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the relaxation of epidemic control measures by the government, the demand of industrial manufacturing was steady, and the order volume and delivery volume of the company has increased and remained at a stable level. In coping with the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company will reasonably dispatch employees and arrange working hours in the future to ensure the steady progress of production activities.

While we have closely monitored the health status of our employees, we cannot assure you that there will be no confirmed cases of COVID-19 among our employees and that, in the event of an infection, affected facilities may need to suspend operations and our employees may need to be quarantined. In addition, the outbreak may have a direct impact on our suppliers’ production capacity and transportation network, and our ability to obtain safe, high-quality raw materials and to manufacture and ship products at reasonable cost, and our manufacturing facilities may have to be temporarily closed. In addition, governmental shutdowns or a general economic slowdown and an outbreak could result in an increase in the number of days to maturity of our receivables, which could result in an increase in the expected credit losses on our receivables.

In addition, an infectious disease outbreak on a global scale could affect the investment climate and lead to intermittent volatility in global capital markets, which could also adversely affect global economies. With the rapid rise in infections, many countries have issued travel advisories restricting travel to affected areas. These policies have severely damaged local and cross-border business activities worldwide. The impact has included a significant reduction in tourist arrivals, business exchanges and social functions in the affected countries and regions, as well as economic slowdowns. Global financial markets have become highly volatile and the risk of a global recession has increased significantly. Even if the COVID-19 outbreak is contained and the policies and recommendations implemented by the relevant governments to combat the virus are withdrawn, there is no assurance that the overall economic performance of the affected countries and regions will improve in a short period of time. The outbreak, worsening, continuation, recurrence, or variant of COVID-19 or any other infectious disease could have a continuing adverse effect on the global economy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our business is highly dependent on our reputation, and if we fail to maintain and enhance our reputation, consumer recognition of and trust in our products could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely heavily on our reputation in the promotion and sale of our products and services. We believe that our product brands are recognized by consumers for their quality and reliability. However, counterfeit products, product defects, inefficient customer service, product liability claims, consumer complaints, intellectual property infringement or negative publicity or media coverage may damage our reputation. Any negative claims against us, even if unethical or unsuccessful, could distract our management’s attention and other resources from our day-to-day business operations, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Negative media coverage and resulting negative publicity regarding the safety, price levels or quality of our products could result in a material adverse effect on consumer acceptance of and trust in us and our products.

In addition, adverse publicity regarding any regulatory or legal action against us could damage our reputation, undermine consumer confidence in us and reduce long-term demand for our products, even if such regulatory or legal action is unfounded or insignificant to our business.

Changes in the availability, quality and cost of key raw materials and other necessary supplies or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Raw material costs represent 39.4% and 40.6% of our total cost of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Raw material costs represent 41.5% and 43.1% of our total cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We are exposed to fluctuations in the prices of raw materials, transportation, and other necessary supplies or services due to factors beyond our control, such as policies, inflation, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, changes in weather, or changes in the supply and demand for such relevant raw materials, Prices of bulk raw material products, such as cast iron and steel plate, continued to increase throughout the epidemic, especially in the middle of 2021, the prices of cast iron and steel plates reached the peak, and so far, there has been no downward trend. Therefore, it could result in higher costs for our principal business if prices of major raw materials continue to increase. We may not be able to offset the price increases by increasing our product prices, in which case our margins would decline, and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we significantly increase the prices of our products, we may lose our competitive advantage. This in turn could result in a loss of sales and customers. In either case, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business is dependent on certain major customers and changes or difficulties in our relationships with our major customers may harm our business and financial results.

We have certain customers whose revenue individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total revenues, or whose accounts receivable balances individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable, as follows:

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, three customers accounted for approximately 23.6%, 15.3% and 13.5% of the Company’s total revenues, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, three customers accounted for approximately 22.1%, 18.8% and 18.5% of the Company’s total revenues, respectively. Any decrease in sales to these major customers may negatively impact the Company’s operations and cash flows if the Company fails to increase its sales to other customers. As of June 30, 2023, five customers accounted for approximately 18.3%, 16.7%, 16.3%, 14.6% and 12.6% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance, respectively. As of June 30, 2022, three customers accounted for approximately 31.2%, 15.4% and 14.4% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance, respectively. See “Note 16 –   Concentration of Major Customers and Suppliers.”

For the year ended December 31, 2022, three major customers accounted for approximately 24.3%, 17.0% and 9.2% of the Company’s total revenues, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, three major customers accounted for approximately 27.8%, 16.9 and 13.8% of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2021, three major customers accounted for approximately 26.3%, 22.0% and 16.9% of the Company’s total revenues, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, two major customers accounted for approximately 36.2% and 19.7% of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance, respectively. See “Note 16– Concentration of Major Customers and Suppliers.”

If we cannot maintain long-term relationships with major customers or replace major customers from period to period with equivalent customers, the loss of such sales could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, we may not be able to properly identify trends or introduce new products and services to the market as quickly, efficiently, or competitively priced as our competitors. Existing customers may not generate new business for us or make our business uncompetitive with our competitors. If our customer base decreases, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to cover our increased costs and expenses. As a result, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. 

We face intense competition, and if we fail to compete effectively, we may lose market share, and our results, prospects, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In recent years, China’s automobile mold manufacturing industry has developed rapidly. There are many domestic enterprises engaged in this industry. At the same time, many foreign advanced mold manufacturing enterprises have set up factories in China, and the market is highly competitive. Our competitive factors are mainly reflected in the competition for comprehensive capabilities such as technology, research and development, quality, channels, brands, supporting capabilities, and after-sales services. Some of our competitors, including domestic and foreign companies, may have financial, research and development, and other resources that exceed ours. There can be no assurance that our current or potential competitors will not market products that rival or exceed ours or adapt more quickly than we do to changing industry trends or changing market demands. Our competitors in certain regional markets may also benefit from sources of raw materials or production facilities closer to those markets, and there may be upstream and downstream business consolidation or alliances between competitors, and as a result, our competitors may be able to quickly capture significant market share. Any of these events could adversely affect our market share, business, and results of operations.

In addition, competition may cause us to reduce prices, lower margins and lose market share, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations. We also cannot assure you that competitors will not actively engage in legal or illegal activities designed to undermine our brand and product quality or affect consumer confidence in our products.

Our revenue will decrease if the industries in which our customers operate experience a protracted slowdown. 

We are mainly engaged in the business of automobile casting molds, and our downstream customers are parts manufacturers in the automobile industry, which is greatly affected by the macro economy. The cyclical fluctuations of the global and domestic economies will have an impact on the production and consumption of automobiles in our country. When the macro-economy is in the rising stage, the automobile industry develops rapidly and automobile consumption is active; on the contrary, when the macro-economy is in the declining stage, the development of the automobile industry slows down, and the growth of automobile consumption is slow.

Therefore, we also face the risk of uncertainty caused by cyclical fluctuations in the economy. If the auto industry is affected by the macro economy and the development slows down, it may lead to a decrease in our orders and difficulties in receiving payment for goods. 

Our efforts and investments in technology development may not always produce the expected results.

We are continually developing and seeking to develop technologies that are closely related to the car casting mold products that will be used in our products. As of the date of this prospectus, our core R&D team consisted of 11 employees who have a proven track record of launching new products or product upgrades. Currently, our R&D team has been working on the development of twin scroll core assembly fixture, center housing outer shell sand core mold double-side sand injection, and gas exhaust sand core mold horizontal sand injection with some success. However, we cannot assure you that our future efforts to develop related technologies will be successful, in which case our products may lose their competitive edge.

In addition, we cannot assure you that the technologies we develop will be well accepted by clients, in which case our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Our production may be subject to disruptions and delays.

Currently, we have a production site in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. Natural or man-made disasters (such as severe weather, fire, technical or mechanical failures, storms, explosions, earthquakes, strikes, terrorist activities, wars, and outbreaks of epidemics) or other disruptions (such as power and water outages) could cause significant damage to our production facilities and resuming production could be costly and time-consuming and could cause significant disruption to our operations. Until the affected production facilities are available and operational, we may incur additional costs and may face disruptions in the supply of our products.

Although we have not experienced significant production interruptions during the track record period or as of the latest practicable date, any interruptions or delays after our production date could adversely affect our ability to produce enough products and, in turn, our ability to meet customer demand. Under such circumstances, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We face risks of any interruptions or delays in the supply of raw materials.

We depend on the timely supply of raw materials, such as cast iron and steel sheet, to meet our production schedules. Any delays or interruptions in the supply of raw materials from our suppliers could adversely affect our ability to meet our contractual obligations to our customers. In addition, any natural or man-made disasters or other unexpected catastrophic events, including severe weather, fires, technical or mechanical failures, storms, explosions, earthquakes, strikes, terrorist activities, wars and outbreaks of epidemics, could disrupt our transportation channels, harm our suppliers’ operations and impede our ability to manufacture and deliver products to our customers on a timely basis. For example, events such as the COVID-19 outbreak in the first quarter of 2020 could place additional stress on our supply chain. See “Risk Factors – We are exposed to risks associated with outbreaks of epidemics, infectious diseases and other disease outbreaks, including the COVID-19 outbreak. Our business could be materially and adversely affected by outbreaks of infectious diseases (such as SARS, H5N1 avian influenza, human swine flu or, most recently, COVID-19) or other outbreaks of epidemics or diseases.”

We are exposed to risks associated with the transportation of the products we sell.

We load products from our warehouses and provide transportation service until our products are delivered to our customers. However, in the event of such an accident resulting in damage to the products we sell in transit, our ability to supply the products could be adversely affected. We may need rework and repair our products. The occurrence of any such event could also require us to make significant capital expenditures beyond those anticipated and delay product deliveries which may lead to customer claims. The sales we may lose or the increased costs we may incur as a result of such operational disruptions and delays in delivery may not be recoverable under existing policies, and long-term business interruptions may result in the loss of end customers. If any one or more of these risks were to occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Any quality problems associated with our products may result in loss of customers and sales, and we may face product liability claims if the problems are related to our products.

The success of our business depends on the continued delivery of quality and reliable products. We cannot assure you that our quality controls will be effective at all times, and we may face returns or cancellation of orders and customer complaints if the quality of any of our products deteriorates for any reason, or if consumers believe that our products do not deliver the claimed results.

In addition, if our products are defective or adversely affect the overall cause of consumer property damage or personal injury, we may be subject to product liability claims or product recalls that could cause financial and reputational harm. Even if we ultimately prevail, we may be required to incur substantial costs in defending such legal claims. In addition, consumers’ perception of our products and their willingness to purchase them may be adversely affected, regardless of whether the quality problems are related to us. Accordingly, any actual or known quality problems associated with our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our facilities and operations may require significant investment and upgrades.

Our facilities and operations may require significant investment and occasional upgrades due to depreciation or business growth, and our costs may increase as a result. If we are not successful in recovering such costs, our profitability may decline. In addition, the timely completion of upgrades as planned depends on a number of factors, including our ability to raise and maintain sufficient funds for such upgrades, the adequate supply of materials and equipment, and the ability to deliver on time. If the upgrade is not completed on time, our capacity will be temporarily limited and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be further materially and adversely affected.

Regulatory actions, legal proceedings, and customer complaints against us could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Along with the growth and expansion of our business, we may be involved in litigation, regulatory proceedings, and other disputes arising outside the ordinary course of our business. Such litigation and disputes may result in claims for actual damages, freezing of our assets, diversion of our management’s attention and reputational damage to us and our management, as well as legal proceedings against our directors, officers, or employees, and the probability and amount of liability, if any, may remain unknown for long periods of time. Given the uncertainty, complexity, and scope of many of these litigation matters, their outcome generally cannot be predicted with any reasonable degree of certainty. Therefore, our reserves for such matters may be inadequate. Moreover, even if we eventually prevail in these matters, we could incur significant legal fees or suffer significant reputational harm.

We may fail to protect our intellectual property.

We regard patents, know-how, proprietary technologies, and similar intellectual property critical to our success, and we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. As of the date of this prospectus, Wuxi Mingteng Mould has registered 19 patents in the PRC. See “Business – Intellectual Property.” Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages.

It is often difficult to maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently. Confidentiality, invention assignment, and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights in China.

Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We cannot provide any assurances that we will prevail in such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors.

Our employees are at risk of serious injury from the use of production equipment and machinery.

We use heavy machinery and equipment in our production processes that are potentially dangerous and could result in personal injury to our employees. The safety training we provide to our employees may not be effective in preventing accidents from occurring. Any major accident resulting from the use of equipment or machinery may disrupt our production, damage to our corporate image, and legal and regulatory liability. Although we carry employee accident insurance, as well as workers’ compensation and medical insurance, the coverage may not be sufficient to offset losses arising from claims related to such accidents. As of the date of the prospectus, there are no claims against the Company.

In addition, potential industrial accidents resulting in substantial property damage, loss of life or injury may expose us to claims and litigation, and we may be liable for medical expenses and other payments to employees and their families and may be subject to fines or penalties. As a result, our reputation, brand, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how, or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. As of the date of this prospectus, we are still in the process of applying for seven patents in China, which may not be approved. We may be from time to time in the future, be subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be third-party trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights that are infringed on by our products, services, or other aspects of our business without our awareness. If any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits.

We have pledges on our intellectual property; we may be subject to the risk of enforcement of our patent rights if we do not repay bank loans. 

On March 4, 2022, we entered into an additional short-term loan agreement with the Bank of Jiangsu in the amount of RMB 5 million (approximately $0.78 million), with an annual interest rate of 4%. The maturity date of the loan is March 3, 2023. We pledged two patent rights as collateral and completed pledge registration in accordance with laws and regulations in China, in order to guarantee this short-term loan from the bank. The loan was repaid upon maturity. Under PRC Law, a patent pledge refers to the patent right that the creditor or a third party has to guarantee a debtor’s performance of outstanding. When the debtor fails to perform its obligations under the secured debt, the creditor has the right to give priority to the proceeds from the discount, auction, or sale of the patent right. Accordingly, we may lose our patent rights if we do not repay these bank loans from the Bank of Jiangsu which could have a material and adverse effect on our intangible assets, and even our business operations.

Our success depends on the continuing efforts of our senior management and key employees.

Our future success is significantly dependent upon the continued service of our senior management and other key employees. If we lose their service, we may not be able to locate suitable or qualified replacements and may incur additional expenses to recruit and train new staff, which could severely disrupt our business and growth. Our founder and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Yingkai Xu, and other management members are critical to our vision, strategic direction, culture, and overall business success. If there is any internal organizational structure change or change in responsibilities for our management or key personnel, or if one or more of our senior management members were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, the operation of our business and our business prospects may be adversely affected. Our employees, including members of our management, may choose to pursue other opportunities. If we are unable to motivate or retain key employees, our business may be severely disrupted, and our prospects could suffer. In addition, although we have entered into confidentiality and non-competition agreements with our management, there is no assurance that our management members would not join our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between our current or former officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China, or we may not be able to enforce them at all.

Our subsidiaries are required to comply with relevant rules and regulations in China, failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on us.

We are required to comply with applicable environmental regulations, health quality standards, and production safety standards in relation to our operations and production processes. In order to comply with the rules and regulations of the relevant public health authorities and quality and technical supervision authorities, we are subject to regular and random inspections. Failure to pass such inspections and comply with regulatory requirements could result in termination of the manufacture and sale of our products, forfeiture of related revenues, revocation of business licenses, or potential criminal liability, which would have a material adverse effect on our reputation and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls to remediate our material weaknesses in financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

Prior to this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements included in this prospectus, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weaknesses that have been identified relate to our lack of sufficient skilled staff with appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP for the purpose of financial reporting and our lack of formal accounting policies and procedures manual to ensure proper financial reporting to comply with U.S. GAAP and SEC requirements. Neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm undertook a comprehensive assessment of our internal control for purposes of identifying and reporting material weaknesses and other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. Had we performed a formal assessment of our internal control over financial reporting or had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, additional deficiencies may have been identified.

Following the identification of the material weaknesses and other deficiencies, we have taken measures and plan to continue to take measures to remediate these control deficiencies. However, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weaknesses and other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot conclude that they have been fully remediated. Our failure to correct the material weaknesses and other deficiencies or our failure to discover and address any other deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could significantly hinder our ability to prevent fraud.

We will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) as well as rules and regulations of Nasdaq Stock Exchange after the completion of this offering. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. We are required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Form 20-F beginning with our annual report in our second annual report after becoming a public company. Prior to this offering, we were never required to test our internal controls within a specified period, and, as a result, we may experience difficulty in meeting these reporting requirements in a timely manner.

Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue an adverse report if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements and may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. If that were to happen, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which could lead to a decline in the market price of our Ordinary Shares and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. We may also be required to restate our financial statements for prior periods.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

COVID-19 had a negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy in the beginning of 2023, but its far-reaching impact remains unpredictable. Whether this will lead to a prolonged downturn in the economy is still unknown. China’s National Bureau of Statistics reported negative GDP growth of 6.8% for the first quarter of 2020. Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, the global macroeconomic environment was facing numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy had already been slowing since 2010. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies which had been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China, even before 2020. Unrest, terrorist threats, and the potential for war in the Middle East and elsewhere may increase market volatility across the globe. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations, and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

We will be dependent on dividends and other distributions from equity paid by our PRC Subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and will be dependent on dividends and other distributions from equity by our PRC Subsidiaries, to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders for services of any debt we may incur. If our PRC Subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC Subsidiaries, which are foreign-owned enterprise, may pay dividends only out of their respective accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a certain statutory reserve fund until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. Such reserve funds cannot be distributed to us as dividends. At its discretion, a foreign-owned enterprise may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to an enterprise expansion fund, or staff welfare and bonus fund.

Wuxi Mingteng Mould, our PRC business operating subsidiary, generates essentially all of its revenue in Renminbi, which is not freely convertible into other currencies. As a result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of Wuxi Mingteng Mould to use its Renminbi cash balances to pay dividends to us.

The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls, and more restrictions and substantial vetting processes may be put forward by SAFE for cross-border transactions falling under both the current account and the capital account. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other kinds of payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are incorporated.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

To the extent cash or assets in the business are in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other uses outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets.

The transfer of funds and assets between Mingteng International and its Hong Kong and PRC subsidiaries is subject to restrictions. The PRC government imposes controls on the conversion of the RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. See “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.” In addition, the PRC EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax at a rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless reduced under treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and the governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are tax resident. See “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – Mingteng International is a holding company and will rely on dividends paid by our subsidiaries for our cash needs. Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make dividend payments to us, or any tax implications of making dividend payments to us, could limit our ability to pay our parent company expenses or pay dividends to holders of our Ordinary Shares.”

As of the date of this prospectus, there are no restrictions or limitations imposed by the Hong Kong government on the transfer of capital within, into and out of Hong Kong (including funds from Hong Kong to the PRC), except for the transfer of funds involving money laundering and criminal activities. However, there is no guarantee that the Hong Kong government will not promulgate new laws or regulations that may impose such restrictions in the future.

As a result of the above, to the extent cash or assets in the business are in the PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on the ability of us or our subsidiaries by the PRC government to transfer cash or assets.

PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC-resident beneficial owners or our PRC Subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC Subsidiaries or limit our PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits.

As an offshore holding company of our PRC Subsidiaries, Mingteng International may make loans or make additional capital contributions to our subsidiaries, subject to satisfaction of applicable governmental registration and approval requirements.

Any loans we extend to our PRC Subsidiaries, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises under PRC law, cannot exceed the statutory limit and must be registered with the local counterpart of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”).

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, which replaces the previous SAFE Circular 75. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents, including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities, to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we may make in the future.

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct or indirect investments in offshore special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, are required to register such investments with SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an SPV, is required to update its registration with the local branch of SAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any material change. Moreover, any subsidiary of such SPV in China is required to urge the PRC resident shareholders to update their registration with the local branch of SAFE to reflect any material change. If any PRC resident shareholder of such SPV fails to make the required registration or to update the registration, the subsidiary of such SPV in China may be prohibited from distributing its profits or the proceeds from any capital reduction, share transfer or liquidation to the SPV, and the SPV may also be prohibited from making additional capital contributions into its subsidiaries in China. In February 2015, SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13. Under SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, must be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. Qualified banks should examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE. We have used our best efforts to notify PRC residents or entities who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents to complete the foreign exchange registrations. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. We cannot assure you that all other shareholders or beneficial owners of ours who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC Subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, and limit our PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Furthermore, as these foreign exchange and outbound investment related regulations are relatively new and their interpretation and implementation have been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border investments and transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot assure you that we have complied or will be able to comply with all applicable foreign exchange and outbound investment related regulations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to the PRC entities or future capital contributions by us to our PRC Subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we expect to receive from this offering and to fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced three existing laws on foreign investments in China, namely, the PRC Equity Joint Venture Law, the PRC Cooperative Joint Venture Law and the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The PRC Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic invested enterprises in China. The PRC Foreign Investment Law establishes the basic framework for the access to and the promotion, protection and administration of foreign investments in view of investment protection and fair competition.

According to the PRC Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by one or more natural persons, business entities, or otherwise organizations of a foreign country (collectively referred to as “foreign investor”) within China, and the investment activities include the following situations: (i) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, establishes a foreign-invested enterprise within China; (ii) a foreign investor acquires stock shares, equity shares, shares in assets, or other like rights and interests of an enterprise within China; (iii) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, invests in a new project within China; and (iv) investments in other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations, or the State Council.

According to the PRC Foreign Investment Law, the State Council will publish or approve to publish the “negative list” for special administrative measures concerning foreign investment. The PRC Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, or FIEs, except for those FIEs that operate in industries deemed to be either “restricted” or “prohibited” in the “negative list.” Because the “negative list” has yet to be published, it is unclear whether it will differ from the current Special Administrative Measures for Market Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List). The PRC Foreign Investment Law provides that FIEs operating in foreign restricted or prohibited industries will require market entry clearance and other approvals from relevant PRC governmental authorities. If a foreign investor is found to invest in any prohibited industry in the “negative list,” such foreign investor may be required to, among other aspects, cease its investment activities, dispose of its equity interests or assets within a prescribed time limit and have its income confiscated. If the investment activity of a foreign investor is in breach of any special administrative measure for restrictive access provided for in the “negative list,” the relevant competent department shall order the foreign investor to make corrections and take necessary measures to meet the requirements of the special administrative measure for restrictive access.

The PRC government will establish a foreign investment information reporting system, according to which foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall submit investment information to the competent department for commerce concerned through the enterprise registration system and the enterprise credit information publicity system, and a security review system under which the security review shall be conducted for foreign investment affecting or likely affecting the state security.

Furthermore, the PRC Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign invested enterprises established according to the existing laws regulating foreign investment may maintain their structure and corporate governance within five years after the implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law.

In addition, the PRC Foreign Investment Law also provides several protective rules and principles for foreign investors and their investments in the PRC, including, among others, that a foreign investor may freely transfer into or out of China, in RMB or a foreign currency, its contributions, profits, capital gains, income from disposition of assets, royalties of intellectual property rights, indemnity or compensation lawfully acquired, and income from liquidation, among others, within China; local governments shall abide by their commitments to the foreign investors; governments at all levels and their departments shall enact local normative documents concerning foreign investment in compliance with laws and regulations and shall not impair legitimate rights and interests, impose additional obligations onto FIEs, set market access restrictions and exit conditions, or intervene with the normal production and operation activities of FIEs; except for special circumstances, in which case statutory procedures shall be followed and fair and reasonable compensation shall be made in a timely manner, expropriation or requisition of the investment of foreign investors is prohibited; and mandatory technology transfer is prohibited.

Notwithstanding the above, the PRC Foreign Investment Law stipulates that foreign investment includes “foreign investors invest through any other methods under laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council.” Therefore, there are possibilities that future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council may introduce detailed regulatory policies and establish a security review system to further regulate foreign investment activities in the PRC.

The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we must conduct our business activities. We are currently not required to obtain approval from Chinese authorities to list on U.S exchanges, however, if we were required to obtain approval in the future and were denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, we will not be able to continue listing on U.S. exchange and the value of our Ordinary Shares may significantly decline or be worthless, which would materially affect the interest of the investors.

The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China may be harmed by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, property and other matters. The central or local governments of these jurisdictions may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision not to continue to support recent economic reforms and to return to a more centrally planned economy or regional or local variations in the implementation of economic policies, could have a significant effect on economic conditions in China or particular regions thereof and could require us to divest ourselves of any interest we then hold in Chinese properties.

For example, the Chinese cybersecurity regulator announced on July 2, 2021 that it had begun an investigation of Didi Global Inc. (NYSE: DIDI) and two days later ordered that the company’s app be removed from smartphone app stores.

As such, the Company’s business segments may be subject to various government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which they operate. The Company could be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government sub-divisions. The Company may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply. The Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time with little advance notice, which could result in a material change in our operations and the value of our Ordinary Shares. Any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Furthermore, it is uncertain when and whether the Company will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. Although the Company is currently not required to obtain permission from the PRC government to obtain such permission and has not received any denial to list on the U.S. exchange, our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to its business or industry. As a result, our Ordinary Shares may decline in value dramatically or even become worthless should we become subject to new requirements to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges in the future.

Recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severe and Lawful Crackdown on Illegal Securities Activities, which was available to the public on July 6, 2021. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision of overseas listings by China-based companies. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. Moreover, On January 4, 2022, thirteen PRC regulatory agencies, namely, the CAC, the NDRC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of State Security, the Ministry of Finance, MOFCOM, SAMR, CSRC, the People’s Bank of China, the National Radio and Television Administration, National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Cryptography Administration, jointly adopted and published the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), which became effective on February 15, 2022. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) required that, among others, in addition to “operator of critical information infrastructure” any “operator of network platform” holding personal information of more than one million users who seek to list in a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. The aforementioned policies and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future. As these opinions were recently issued, official guidance and interpretation of the opinions remain unclear in several respects at this time. Therefore, we cannot assure you that we will remain fully compliant with all new regulatory requirements of these opinions or any future implementation rules on a timely basis, or at all. See “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – We may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the PRC regarding privacy, data security, cybersecurity, and data protection. We may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information” and “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Doing Business in China – The Opinions, the Trial Measures, and the revised Provisions recently issued by PRC authorities may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future.”

Mingteng International is a holding company and will rely on dividends paid by our PRC Subsidiaries for our cash needs. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries to make dividend payments to us, or any tax implications of making dividend payments to us, could limit our ability to pay our parent company expenses or pay dividends to holders of our Ordinary Shares.

Mingteng International is a holding company and conducts substantially all of our business through our PRC subsidiary Wuxi Mingteng Mould. We may rely on dividends to be paid by our PRC Subsidiaries to fund our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, to service any debt we may incur and to pay our operating expenses. If our PRC Subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC Subsidiaries may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, Ningteng WFOE, as a wholly foreign-owned enterprise, is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a certain statutory reserve fund, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital.

Our PRC business operating subsidiary, Wuxi Mingteng Mould, generates primarily all of its revenue in RMB, which is not freely convertible into other currencies. As a result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of Wuxi Mingteng Mould to use its RMB revenues to pay dividends to us. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls, and more restrictions and substantial vetting processes may be put forward by SAFE for cross-border transactions falling under both the current account and the capital account. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other kinds of payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will apply to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are incorporated. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Because our business is conducted in RMB and the price of our Ordinary Shares is quoted in United States dollars, changes in currency conversion rates may affect the value of your investments. Any significant revaluation of the RMB may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenue and financial condition. Changes in the conversion rate between the United States dollar and the RMB will affect the amount of proceeds we will have available for our business.

Our business is conducted in the PRC, our books and records are maintained in RMB, which is the currency of the PRC, and the financial statements that we file with the SEC and provide to our shareholders are presented in United States dollars. Changes in the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar affect the value of our assets and the results of our operations in United States dollars. The value of the RMB against the United States dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in the PRC’s political and economic conditions and perceived changes in the economy of the PRC and the United States. Any significant revaluation of the RMB may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenue and financial condition. Further, our Ordinary Shares offered by this prospectus are offered in United States dollars, we will need to convert the net proceeds we receive into RMB in order to use the funds for our business. Changes in the conversion rate between the United States dollar and the RMB will affect the amount of proceeds we will have available for our business.

The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar, and the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the regular five-year review of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or the SDR, and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, RMB is determined to be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the RMB depreciated significantly in the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows from China.

This depreciation halted in 2017, and the RMB appreciated approximately 7% against the U.S. dollar during this one-year period. The RMB in 2018 depreciated approximately by 5% against the U.S. dollar. Starting from the beginning of 2019, the RMB has depreciated significantly against the U.S. dollar again. In early August 2019, the PBOC set the RMB’s daily reference rate at RMB 7.0039 to US$1.00, the first time that the exchange rate of RMB to the U.S. dollar has exceeded 7.0 since 2008. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and RMB internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and we cannot assure you that the RMB will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future.

There remains significant international pressure on the Chinese government to adopt a flexible currency policy to allow the RMB to appreciate against the U.S. dollar. Significant revaluation of the RMB may have a material and adverse effect on your investment. Substantially all of our revenues and costs are denominated in RMB. Any significant revaluation of RMB may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our Ordinary Shares in U.S. dollars.

To the extent that we need to convert the U.S. dollars we receive from this offering into RMB for capital expenditures and working capital and other business purposes, any appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would adversely affect the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our Ordinary Shares, and if we decide to convert RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making dividend payments on our Ordinary Shares, strategic acquisitions or investments or other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert RMB into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes in laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us.

Wuxi Mingteng Mould was formed under and is governed by the laws of the PRC. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference, but have limited precedential value. In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general, such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade. As a significant part of our business is conducted in China, our operations are principally governed by PRC laws and regulations. However, since the PRC legal system continues to evolve rapidly, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. Uncertainties due to evolving laws and regulations could also impede the ability of a China-based company, such as our company, to obtain or maintain permits or licenses required to conduct business in China. In the absence of required permits or licenses, governmental authorities could impose material sanctions or penalties on us. In addition, some regulatory requirements issued by certain PRC government authorities may not be consistently applied by other PRC government authorities (including local government authorities), thus making strict compliance with all regulatory requirements impractical, or in some circumstances impossible. For example, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce the legal protection that we enjoy either by law or contract. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to predict the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

Furthermore, if China adopts more stringent standards with respect to environmental protection or corporate social responsibilities, we may incur increased compliance costs or become subject to additional restrictions in our operations. Intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in China may also not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. In addition, we cannot predict the effects of future developments in the PRC legal system on our business operations, including the promulgation of new laws, or changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us and our investors, including you. Moreover, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources and management attention.

The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based companies like ours. Any such action, once taken by the PRC government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless.

We may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the PRC regarding privacy, data security, cybersecurity, and data protection. We may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information.

We may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the PRC regarding privacy, data security, cybersecurity, and data protection. These laws and regulations are continuously evolving and developing. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to us are often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly with respect to foreign laws. In particular, there are numerous laws and regulations regarding privacy and the collection, sharing, use, processing, disclosure, and protection of personal information and other user data. Such laws and regulations often vary in scope, may be subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among different jurisdictions.

We expect to obtain information about various aspects of our operations as well as regarding our employees and third parties. We also maintain information about various aspects of our operations as well as regarding our employees. The integrity and protection of our customer, employee and company data is critical to our business. We do not collect personal information from our customers. Our employees expect that we will adequately protect their personal information. We are required by applicable laws to keep strictly confidential the personal information that we collect and to take adequate security measures to safeguard such information.

The PRC Criminal Law, as amended by its Amendment 7 (effective on February 28, 2009) and Amendment 9 (effective on November 1, 2015), prohibits institutions, companies and their employees from selling or otherwise illegally disclosing a citizen’s personal information obtained during the course of performing duties or providing services or obtaining such information through theft or other illegal ways. On November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress issued the Cyber Security Law of the PRC, or Cyber Security Law, which became effective on June 1, 2017.

Pursuant to the Cyber Security Law, network operators must not, without users’ consent, collect their personal information, and may only collect users’ personal information necessary to provide their services. Providers are also obliged to provide security maintenance for their products and services and shall comply with provisions regarding the protection of personal information as stipulated under the relevant laws and regulations.

The Civil Code of the PRC (issued by the PRC National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020 and effective from January 1, 2021) provides the main legal basis for privacy and personal information infringement claims under China’s civil laws. PRC regulators, including the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (“MIIT”), and the Ministry of Public Security, have been increasingly focused on regulation in the areas of data security and data protection.

The PRC regulatory requirements regarding cybersecurity are constantly evolving. For instance, various regulatory bodies in China, including the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR, have enforced data privacy and protection laws and regulations with varying and evolving standards and interpretations. In April 2020, the Chinese government promulgated Cybersecurity Review Measures, which came into effect on June 1, 2020. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services that do or may affect national security.

In November 2016, the Standing Committee of China’s National People’s Congress passed China’s first Cybersecurity Law (“CSL”), which became effective in June 2017. The CSL is the first PRC law that systematically lays out the regulatory requirements on cybersecurity and data protection, subjecting many previously under-regulated or unregulated activities in cyberspace to government scrutiny. The legal consequences of violation of the CSL include penalties of warning, confiscation of illegal income, suspension of related business, winding up for rectification, shutting down the websites, and revocation of business licenses or relevant permits. In April 2020, the Cyberspace Administration of China and certain other PRC regulatory authorities promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective in June 2020. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services that do or may affect national security.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law sets forth the data security protection obligations for entities and individuals handling personal data, including that no entity or individual may acquire such data by stealing or other illegal means, and the collection and use of such data should not exceed the necessary limits. The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, CSL and any other cybersecurity and related laws may limit the use and adoption of our products and services and could have an adverse impact on our business.

On July 10, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”) issued a revised draft of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review for public comments. Further, on January 4, 2022, thirteen PRC regulatory agencies, namely, the CAC, the NDRC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of State Security, the Ministry of Finance, MOFCOM, SAMR, CSRC, the People’s Bank of China, the National Radio and Television Administration, National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Cryptography Administration, jointly adopted and published the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021), which became effective on February 15, 2022. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) authorized the relevant government authorities to conduct a cybersecurity review on a range of activities that affect or may affect national security and required that, among others, in addition to “operator of critical information infrastructure” any “operator of network platform” holding personal information of more than one million users which seeks to list in a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) further elaborated on the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities, including, among others, (i) the risk of core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, and illegally used or exited the country; (ii) the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being affected, controlled, or maliciously used by foreign governments if going public; and (iii) the risks of network information security. The cybersecurity review will also look into the potential national security risks from overseas IPOs.

On November 14, 2021, the CAC published the Regulations on Network Data Security (draft for public comments), or the draft Regulations on Network Data Security, which reiterates that data processors that process the personal information of more than one million users who intend to list overseas should apply for a cybersecurity review. In addition, data processors that process important data or are listed overseas shall carry out an annual data security assessment on their own or by engaging a data security services institution, and the data security assessment report for the prior year should be submitted to the local cyberspace affairs administration department before January 31 of each year. Currently, the draft Regulations on Network Data Security has been released for public comment only, and its implementation provisions and anticipated adoption or effective date remains substantially uncertain and may be subject to change. We do not know what regulations will be adopted or how such regulations will affect us and our listing on Nasdaq. If the CAC determines that we are subject to these regulations, we may be required to delist from Nasdaq and we may be subject to fines and penalties.

We do not expect to be subject to the cybersecurity review by the CAC for this offering, given that: (i) using our products and services does not require users to provide any personal information; (ii) we do not possess any personal information from users in our business operations; and (iii) data processed in our business does not have a bearing on national security and thus may not be classified as core or important data by the authorities. However, if the draft Regulations on Network Data Security is adopted into law and we become listed on Nasdaq, our PRC operating entities likely will be required to perform annual data security assessments either by themselves or retaining a third-party data security service provider and submit such data security assessment report to the local agency every year. Neither the CAC nor any other PRC regulatory agency or administration has contacted the Company in connection with the PRC operating entities. Neither Mingteng International nor the PRC operating entities are currently required to obtain regulatory approval from the CAC nor any other PRC authorities. However, there remains uncertainty as to how the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) will be interpreted or implemented and whether the PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation related to the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021). We cannot assure you that PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, would take the same view as we do, and there is no assurance that we can fully or timely comply with such laws. Our PRC Subsidiaries currently have obtained all permissions and approvals required for our operations in compliance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations in the PRC, including the business license. In the event that the applicable laws, regulations or interpretations change such that we are subject to any mandatory cybersecurity review and other specific actions required by the CAC, we cannot guarantee whether we can complete the registration process in a timely manner, or at all. If we inadvertently conclude that such approval is not required, fail to obtain and maintain such approvals, licenses or permits required for our business or respond to changes in the regulatory environment, we could be subject to liabilities, penalties and operational disruption, which may materially and adversely affect our business, operating, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

Cybersecurity incidents, including data security breaches or computer viruses, could harm our business by disrupting our delivery of products and services, damaging our reputation or exposing us to liability.

We receive, process, store and transmit, often electronically, the data of our customers and others, such as their product parameters, most of which is confidential. Unauthorized access to our computer systems or stored data could result in the theft, including cyber-theft, or improper disclosure of confidential information, and the deletion or modification of records could cause interruptions in our operations. These cybersecurity risks increase when we transmit information from one location to another, including over the Internet or other electronic networks. Despite the security measures we have implemented, including testing software and our computer systems, our facilities, systems and procedures, and those of our third-party service providers may be vulnerable to security breaches, acts of vandalism, software viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming or human errors or other similar events which may disrupt our delivery of products and services or expose the confidential information of our customers and others. Any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure or use of confidential information of our customers or others, whether by us or our third-party service providers, could subject us to civil and criminal penalties, have a negative impact on our reputation, or expose us to liability to our customers, third parties or government authorities. As of the date of this prospectus, we are not subject to such breaches or any other material cybersecurity risks in our supply chain. However, we may be subject to such an event in the future. In that case, we may be required or may choose, for customer relations or other reasons, to expend significant additional resources to help correct the problem. Any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us, the majority of our directors or our management named in the prospectus based on foreign laws.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, however, we conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all our senior executive officers and the majority of our directors reside within China for a significant portion of the time and all of them are PRC nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect the service of process upon us or our management residing in China. In addition, China does not have treaties providing for reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and some other countries and regions. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these non-PRC jurisdictions in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult or impossible.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in the United States are generally difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States may not be efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. While a detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 has yet to be promulgated, the inability of an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. See also “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares and this Offering – You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company.

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders and ordinary shareholders.

Under the PRC EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within China is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, issued the Circular of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Relating to Identification of PRC-Controlled Overseas Registered Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance with the De Facto Standards of Organizational Management, or SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in China.

We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However; the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that Mingteng International is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income, and we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of our Ordinary Shares. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including our ordinary shareholders) may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of Ordinary Shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within China. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to our non-PRC individual shareholders (including our ordinary shareholders) and any gain realized on the transfer of Ordinary Shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (and such PRC tax may be withheld at source in the case of dividends). Any PRC income tax liability may be reduced under applicable tax treaties. However, it is unclear whether in practice non-PRC shareholders of Mingteng International would be able to obtain the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in our Ordinary Shares.

We face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of previous private equity financing transactions involving the transfer and exchange of shares in our company by non-resident investors. In February 2015, the SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Bulletin 7. Pursuant to Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of PRC assets, including a transfer of equity interests in an unlisted non-PRC holding company of a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of the underlying PRC assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Bulletin 7 also introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity securities through a public securities market. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of nonresident enterprise income tax.

We face uncertainties regarding the reporting and consequences of future private equity financing transactions, share exchanges or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises. The PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to withholding obligation and request our PRC Subsidiaries to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed under Bulletin 7 and Bulletin 37 and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with them or to establish that we and our non-resident enterprises should not be taxed under these regulations, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If our preferential tax treatments and government subsidies are revoked or become unavailable or if the calculation of our tax liability is successfully challenged by the PRC tax authorities, we may be required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions.

The Chinese government has provided tax incentives to our PRC Subsidiaries in China, including reduced enterprise income tax rates. For example, under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, the statutory enterprise income tax rate is 25%. However, the income tax of an enterprise that has been determined to be a high and new technology enterprise can be reduced to a preferential rate of 15%. Any increase in the enterprise income tax rate applicable to our PRC Subsidiaries in China, or any discontinuation, retroactive or future reduction or refund of any of the preferential tax treatments and local government subsidies currently enjoyed by our PRC Subsidiaries in China, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, in the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to complex income tax and other tax regulations, and significant judgment is required in the determination of a provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax provisions are reasonable, if the PRC tax authorities successfully challenge our position and we are required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions, our financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established complex procedures and requirements for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, including requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC (“MOFCOM”), be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress, which became effective in 2008 requires that transactions that are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by MOFCOM before they can be completed. On February 7, 2021, the Anti-Monopoly Committee of the State Council published the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Internet Platform Economy Sector, which stipulates that any concentration of undertakings involving variable interest entities shall fall within the scope of anti-monopoly review. If a concentration of undertakings meets the thresholds for clearance under the applicable laws, an internet platform operator shall report such concentration of undertakings to the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency under the State Council in advance. Therefore, our acquisitions of other entities that we make in the future (whether by ourselves or our subsidiaries) and that meet the thresholds for clearance may be required to be reported to and approved by the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency in the PRC and we may be subject to penalty including but not limited to a fine of no more than RMB500,000 if we fail to comply with such requirement. In addition, the security review rules issued by MOFCOM that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by MOFCOM, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. On December 19, 2020, the Measures for the Security Review for Foreign Investment was jointly issued by the National Development and Reform Commission (“NDRC”) and MOFCOM and took effect on January 18, 2021. The Measures for the Security Review for Foreign Investment specified provisions concerning the security review mechanism on foreign investment, including the types of investments subject to review, review scopes and procedures, among others.

In the future, we may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from MOFCOM or its local counterparts or other relevant governmental authorities, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

The Opinions, the Trial Measures, and the revised Provisions recently issued by the PRC authorities may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future.

The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions, which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision of overseas listings by China-based companies. The Opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. The aforementioned policies and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, shall complete filing procedures with the CSRC pursuant to the requirements of the Trial Measures within three working days following its submission of initial public offerings or listing application. If a domestic company fails to complete required filing procedures or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, such domestic company may be subject to administrative penalties, such as an order to rectify, warnings, fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines. See “Regulations — M&A Rules and Overseas Listing.”

According to the CSRC Notice, the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas before the effective date of the Trial Measures (namely, March 31, 2023) shall be deemed as Existing Issuers. Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filing procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC for any subsequent offerings. Domestic companies that have obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or securities exchanges (for example, the effectiveness of a registration statement for offering and listing in the U.S. has been obtained) for their indirect overseas offering and listing prior to March 31, 2023 but have not yet completed their indirect overseas issuance and listing, are granted a six-month transition period from March 31, 2023 to September 30, 2023. Those that complete their indirect overseas offering and listing within such six-month period are deemed as Existing Issuers and are not required to file with the CSRC for their indirect overseas offerings and listings. Within such six-month transition period, however, if such domestic companies fail to complete their indirect overseas issuance and listing, they shall complete the filing procedures with the CSRC. Further, according to the CSRC Notice, on March 31, 2023, domestic companies that have already submitted valid overseas listing applications but have yet to obtain approval from overseas regulatory agencies or stock exchanges may arrange a reasonable timeframe to submit the filing. They should complete the filing procedures with the CSRC before completing their indirect overseas listing.

Based on the foregoing, as we have applied to list our Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq and submitted our registration statement on Form F-1 to the SEC before March 31, 2023, we can reasonably arrange the timing for submitting the filing application with the CSRC and shall complete the filing with the CSRC in accordance with the Trial Measures before this offering. On September 25, 2023, we received approval from the CSRC regarding our completion of the required filing procedures for this offering. 

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, together with the MOF, National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China, revised the Provisions issued by the CSRC and National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China in 2009. The revised Provisions were issued under the title the “Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies,” and became effective on March 31, 2023 together with the Trial Measures. One of the major revisions to the revised Provisions is expanding their application to cover indirect overseas offering and listing, as is consistent with the Trial Measures. The revised Provisions require that, among other things, (a) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or indirectly through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals or entities, including securities companies, securities service providers, and overseas regulators, any documents and materials that contain state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level; and (b) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or indirectly through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals and entities, including securities companies, securities service providers, and overseas regulators, any other documents and materials that, if leaked, will be detrimental to national security or public interest, shall strictly fulfill relevant procedures stipulated by applicable national regulations. As of the date of this prospectus, the revised Provisions have come into effect. Any failure or perceived failure by our Company or our subsidiaries to comply with the above confidentiality and archives administration requirements under the revised Provisions and other PRC laws and regulations may result in the relevant entities being held legally liable by competent authorities, and referred to the judicial organ to be investigated for criminal liability if suspected of committing a crime.

The Opinions, the Trial Measures, the revised Provisions and any related implementing rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future. As there are still uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of such regulatory guidance, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with all new regulatory requirements of the Opinions, the Trial Measures, the revised Provisions, or any future implementing rules on a timely basis, or at all.

Failure to comply with PRC laws and regulations on leased property may expose us to potential fines and negatively affect our ability to use the properties we lease.

Our leasehold interests in leased properties have not been registered with the relevant PRC government authorities as required by PRC law, which may expose us to potential fines if we fail to remediate them after receiving any notice from the relevant PRC government authorities. Failure to complete the lease registration will not affect the legal effectiveness of the lease agreements according to PRC law, but the real estate administrative authorities may require the parties to the lease agreements to complete lease registration within a prescribed period of time, and the failure to do so may subject the parties to fines from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 for each of such lease agreements.

As of the date of this prospectus, we are not aware of any actions, claims or investigations threatened against us or our lessors with respect to the defects in our leasehold interests. However, if any of our lease is terminated as a result of challenges by third parties or governmental authorities for lack of title certificates or proof of authorization to lease, we do not expect to be subject to any fines or penalties, but we may be forced to relocate the affected offices and incur additional expenses relating to such relocation.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies may delay us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to the PRC Subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises in China, capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries are subject to registration with the State Administration for Market Regulation or its local counterpart and registration with a local bank authorized by SAFE. In addition, (i) any foreign loan procured by our PRC Subsidiaries is required to be registered with the SAFE or its local branches and (ii) any of our PRC Subsidiaries may not procure loans that exceed the difference between its total investment amount and registered capital or, as an alternative, only procure loans subject to the calculation approach and limitation as provided by the People’s Bank of China. Additionally, any medium or long-term loans to be provided by us to the PRC Subsidiaries must be registered with the National Development and Reform Commission and SAFE or its local branches. We may not be able to obtain these government approvals or complete such registrations in a timely manner, or at all, with respect to future capital contributions or loans by us to our PRC Subsidiaries. If we fail to receive such approvals or complete such registration or filing, our ability to use the proceeds of this offering to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in RMB. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from the PRC operating entities to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of PRC operating entities may be used to pay dividends to our Company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use the cash generated from the operations of the PRC operating entities to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than RMB owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than RMB.

In light of the flood of capital outflows in China in 2016 due to the weakening RMB, the PRC government has imposed more restrictive foreign exchange policies and stepped up scrutiny of major outbound capital movements including overseas direct investment. More restrictions and substantial vetting processes are put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. If any of our shareholders regulated by such policies fails to satisfy the applicable overseas direct investment filing or approval requirement timely or at all, it may be subject to penalties from the relevant PRC authorities. The PRC government may at its discretion further restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our Ordinary Shares.

Enhanced scrutiny over acquisition transactions by the PRC tax authorities may have a negative impact on potential acquisitions we may pursue in the future.

The PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of certain taxable assets, including, in particular, equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by a non-resident enterprise by promulgating and implementing Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax Treatment on Enterprise Reorganization (Circular 59) and Announcement No. 7 (2015) of the State Administration of Taxation—Announcement on Several Issues concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Income from the Indirect Transfer of Assets by Non-Resident Enterprises (Circular 7) which became effective in February 2015. Under Circular 7, where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the equity interests of a PRC “resident enterprise” indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax if the indirect transfer is considered to be an abusive use of company structure without reasonable commercial purposes. Circular 7 also provides that, where a non-PRC resident enterprise transfers its equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise to its related parties at a price lower than the fair market value, the relevant tax authority has the power to make a reasonable adjustment to the taxable income of the transaction.

Circular 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers but also transactions involving the transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, Circular 7 provides clear criteria on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. Circular 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding, or deferring PRC tax.

According to the “EIT Law of the People’s Republic of China” (adopted on March 16, 2007, first amended on February 24, 2017, and further amended on December 29, 2018), if the business dealings between an enterprise and its affiliated parties do not conform to the principle of independent transactions and thus reduce the taxable income or income of the enterprise or its affiliated parties, the tax authorities have the right to adjust in accordance with reasonable methods. The cost incurred by an enterprise and its related parties in developing and accepting intangible assets or providing and receiving labor services together shall be apportioned according to the principle of the independent transaction when calculating taxable income.

Where enterprises that are controlled by resident enterprises or resident enterprises and Chinese residents in the country (region) where the actual tax burden is obviously lower than the tax rate level of China’s enterprise income tax, and profits are not distributed or are distributed at a reduced rate due to reasons other than reasonable business needs, the portion of the above profits attributable to such resident enterprises shall be included in the income of such resident enterprises for the reported period. Interest expenses incurred when the ratio of creditor’s rights investment to equity investment accepted by an enterprise from its affiliated parties exceeds the prescribed standard shall not be deducted in the calculation of taxable income. If an enterprise reduces its taxable income or income by implementing other arrangements without reasonable commercial purposes, tax authorities have the right to adjust them in accordance with reasonable methods.

We face uncertainties regarding the reporting and consequences on future private equity financing transactions, share exchange, or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our Company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises. The PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to withholding obligation and request our PRC Subsidiaries to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed, under Circular 59 and Circular 7, and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 59 and Circular 7 or to establish that we and our non-resident enterprises should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under Circular 59 and Circular 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the taxable assets transferred and the cost of the investment. Although we currently have no plans to pursue any acquisitions in China or elsewhere in the world, we may pursue acquisitions in the future that may involve complex corporate structures. If we are considered a non-resident enterprise under the PRC EIT Law and if the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under Circular 59 and Circular 7, our income tax costs associated with such potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our failure to fully comply with PRC labor-related laws may expose us to potential penalties.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where we operate our businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. We have been paying and will continue to pay social security and housing fund contributions in strict compliance with the relevant PRC regulations for and on behalf of our employees. However, we may be subject to penalties for our failure to make payments in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations should any regulations change in the future, in which case, we may be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines. If we are subject to fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from being traded on a national exchange under the HFCAA if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) is unable to inspect our auditor for two instead of three consecutive years beginning in 2021. The delisting of our Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or having substantial operations in emerging markets, including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with a lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a “Restrictive Market,” (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of director for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCAA requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. On December 18, 2020, the HFCAA was signed into law.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC announced that it had adopted interim final amendments to implement congressionally mandated submission and disclosure requirements of the Act. The interim final amendments will apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report on Forms 10-K, 20-F, 40-F or N-CSR with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in that jurisdiction. The SEC will implement a process for identifying such a registrant and any such identified registrant will be required to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in that foreign jurisdiction, and will also require disclosure in the registrant’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and governmental influence on, such a registrant.

On June 22, 2021, the Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was signed into law on December 29, 2022, amending the HFCAA and requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchange if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in foreign jurisdictions. The final amendments are effective on January 10, 2022. The SEC will begin to identify and list Commission-Identified Issuers on its website shortly after registrants begin filing their annual reports for 2021.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions.

On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol (the “SOP”) Agreement with the China Securities Regulatory Commission and China’s Ministry of Finance (the “MOF”). The SOP, together with two protocol agreements governing inspections and investigations (together, the “SOP Agreements”), establishes a specific, accountable framework to make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary.

Our auditor, Wei, Wei & Co., LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this prospectus, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess our auditor’s compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is headquartered in New York and is subject to inspection by the PCAOB on a regular basis with the last inspection in August 2020. Therefore, we believe that, as of the date of this prospectus, our auditor is not subject to the PCAOB determinations.    

However, the recent developments would add uncertainties to our offering and we cannot assure you whether the SEC, the PCAOB, Nasdaq, or other regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or the sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements. It remains unclear what further actions the SEC, the PCAOB or Nasdaq will take to address these issues and what impact those actions will have on U.S. companies that have significant operations in the PRC and have securities listed on a U.S. stock exchange (including a national securities exchange or over-the-counter stock market). In addition, any additional actions, proceedings, or new rules resulting from these efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could create some uncertainty for investors, the market price of our Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected, and we could be delisted if we and our auditor are unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement or being required to engage a new audit firm, which would require significant expense and management time. If trading in our Ordinary Shares is prohibited under the HFCAA in the future because the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor at such future time, Nasdaq may decide to delist our Ordinary Shares. If our Ordinary Shares are unable to be listed on another securities exchange by then, such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our Ordinary Shares when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with a potential delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our Ordinary Shares.

The current tension in international trade, particularly regarding U.S. and China trade policies, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Although cross-border business may not be an area of our focus, if we plan to expand our business internationally in the future, any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as capital controls or tariffs, may affect the demand for our services, impact our competitive position, or prevent us from being able to conduct business in certain countries. If any new tariffs, legislation, or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated, such changes could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Recently, there have been heightened tensions in international economic relations, such as the one between the United States and China. The U.S. government has recently imposed and has recently proposed to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from China to penalize China for what it characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing and proposing to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States. Following mutual retaliatory actions for months, on January 15, 2020, the United States and China entered into the Economic and Trade Agreement Between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China as a phase one trade deal, effective on February 14, 2020.

Although the direct impact of the current international trade tension, and any escalation of such tension, on the industries in which we operate is uncertain, the negative impact on general, economic, political and social conditions may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties that could limit the legal protections available to the Company.

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the PRC and enjoys a high degree of autonomy under the “one country, two systems” principle. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s constitutional document, the Basic Law, ensures that the current political situation will remain in effect for 50 years. Hong Kong has enjoyed the freedom to function with a high degree of autonomy for its affairs, including currencies, immigration and custom, an independent judiciary system and a parliamentary system. However, we are not in any position to guarantee the implementation of the “one country, two systems” principle and the level of autonomy as currently in place at the moment. Any changes in the state of the political environment in Hong Kong may materially and adversely affect our business and operation. Additionally, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in Hong Kong may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us.

Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares and This Offering

There has been no public market for our shares prior to this offering, and you may not be able to resell our Ordinary Shares at or above the price you paid, or at all.

Prior to this initial public offering, there has been no public market for our shares. We have been granted approval to list our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market. However, we cannot assure you that an active trading market for our Ordinary Shares will develop after the offering, or that the market price of our Ordinary Shares will not decline below the initial public offering price.

The trading price of our Ordinary Shares is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The trading price of our Ordinary Shares is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for the Ordinary Shares may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which the Ordinary Shares will trade. Furthermore, the stock market in general experiences price and volume fluctuations that are often unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies like us. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our Ordinary Shares. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in our ordinary share price may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Certain recent initial public offerings of companies with relatively small public floats comparable to our anticipated public float have experienced extreme volatility that was seemingly unrelated to the underlying performance of the respective company. Our Ordinary Shares may potentially experience rapid and substantial price volatility, which may make it difficult for prospective investors to assess the value of our Ordinary Shares.    

In addition to the risks addressed above under “The trading price of our Ordinary Shares is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors,” our Ordinary Shares may be subject to rapid and substantial price volatility. Recently, companies with comparably small public floats and initial public offering sizes have experienced instances of extreme share price run-ups followed by rapid price declines, and such share price volatility was seemingly unrelated to the respective company’s underlying performance. Although the specific cause of such volatility is unclear, our anticipated public float may amplify the impact the actions taken by a few shareholders have on the price of our Ordinary Shares, which may cause our share price to deviate, potentially significantly, from a price that better reflects the underlying performance of our business. Our Ordinary Shares may experience run-ups and declines that are seemingly unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Ordinary Shares. In addition, investors in our Ordinary Shares may experience losses, which may be material, if the price of our Ordinary Shares declines after this offering or if such investors purchase our Ordinary Shares prior to any price decline.

If securities or industry analysts cease to publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our Ordinary Shares, the market price for the Ordinary Shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Ordinary Shares will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our Ordinary Shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our Ordinary Shares to decline.

We currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering and you must rely on price appreciation of our Ordinary Shares for a return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our Ordinary Shares as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands exempted company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount, and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our Ordinary Shares will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our Ordinary Shares. There is no guarantee that our Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value after this offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased the Ordinary Shares. You may not realize a return on your investment in our Ordinary Shares and you may even lose your entire investment in our Ordinary Shares.

Because our initial public offering price is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase Ordinary Shares in this offering, you will pay more for your Ordinary Shares than the amount paid by our existing shareholders for their Ordinary Shares on a per ordinary share basis. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution, representing the difference between the initial public offering price per ordinary share, and our adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share, after giving effect to our sale of the Ordinary Shares offered in this offering. In addition, you may experience further dilution to the extent that Ordinary Shares are issued upon the exercise or vesting of our future share incentive awards, if any. See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in the Ordinary Shares will be diluted upon completion of this offering.

We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds from this offering and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.

We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds of this offering, and our management will have considerable discretion in deciding how to apply these proceeds. You will not have the opportunity to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately before you make your investment decision. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of this offering. We cannot assure you that the net proceeds will be used in a manner that would improve our results of operations or increase the ordinary share price, nor that these net proceeds will be placed only in investments that generate income or appreciate in value.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our Ordinary Shares in the public market could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.

Sales of our Ordinary Shares in the public market after this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline. All Ordinary Shares sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act. The remaining Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding after this offering will be available for sale, upon the expiration of the lock-up period in connection with this offering, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. Any or all these shares may be released prior to the expiration of the lock-up period at the discretion of the representative of the underwriters of this offering. To the extent shares are released before the expiration of the lock-up period and sold into the market, the market price of our Ordinary Shares could decline.

After completion of this offering, certain holders of our Ordinary Shares may cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares, subject to the lock-up period in connection with this offering. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in Ordinary Shares representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of such registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ordinary shares in the public market could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.

You may experience dilution of your holdings due to the inability to participate in a rights offering.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of Ordinary Shares may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands (the “Companies Act”) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors owed to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England. Decisions of the Privy Council (which is the final Court of Appeal for British overseas territories such as the Cayman Islands) are binding on a court in the Cayman Islands. Decisions of the English courts, and particularly the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal, are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. Decisions of courts in other Commonwealth jurisdictions are similarly persuasive but not binding authority. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors owed to us under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have the standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association and any special resolutions passed by such companies, and the registers of mortgages and charges of such companies) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Under Cayman Islands law, the names of our current directors can be obtained from a search conducted at the Registrar of Companies. Our directors have discretion under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but we are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of our board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Ordinary Shares – Differences in Corporate Law.”

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. All of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, all of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and China, see “Enforceability of Civil liabilities.”

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

As a Company with less than US$1.235 billion in revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. Therefore, we may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such reporting and other requirements, in particular the auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. We do not plan to “opt out” of such exemptions afforded to an emerging growth company. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates.

As a “controlled company” under the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, we may choose to exempt our Company from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on our public shareholders.

We are and, upon the completion of this offering, will continue to be a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(c)(1) and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that a majority of our directors be independent, as defined in the Nasdaq Capital Market Rules, and the requirement that our compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees consist entirely of independent directors. Although we do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption under the Nasdaq listing rules, we could elect to rely on this exemption in the future. If we elect to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our Board of Directors might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors. Accordingly, during any time while we remain a controlled company relying on the exemption and during any transition period following a time when we are no longer a controlled company, you would not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all the Nasdaq Capital Market corporate governance requirements. Our status as a controlled company could cause our ordinary shares to be less attractive to certain investors or otherwise harm our trading price.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of our shares.

We are exempted from certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq by virtue of being a foreign private issuer. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow the governance practices of our home country in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. As a result, the standards applicable to us are considerably different than the standards applied to domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we are not required to:

We may take advantage of these home country exemptions. See “Management – Foreign Private Issuer Exemption” for more information. As a result, our shareholders may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly.

As a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the number of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

In addition, as an emerging growth company, we will still incur expenses in relation to management’s assessment according to the requirements of Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur additional significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the other rules and regulations of the SEC.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this prospectus other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in the “Risk Factors” section. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this prospectus may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements. Except as required by applicable law, we undertake no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this prospectus or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations.

USE OF PROCEEDS

After deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us, we expect to receive net proceeds of approximately US$1,169,000 from this offering based on the initial offering price of $4.00 per Ordinary Share.

The net proceeds from this offering must be remitted to China before we will be able to use the funds to grow our business. We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows after we complete the remittance process, and we have ordered the specific uses of proceeds in order of priority.

DIVIDEND POLICY

In addition to RMB 2.5 million (approximately $0.35 million) dividends paid in December 2022, we have not made any dividends or distributions to investors and no investors have made transfers, dividends, or distributions to Mingteng International or its subsidiaries. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to support operations and finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and future prospects and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant.

If we determine to pay dividends on any of our Ordinary Shares in the future, as a holding company, we will be dependent on the receipt of funds from our PRC Subsidiaries. Dividend distributions from our PRC Subsidiaries to us are subject to PRC taxes, such as withholding tax. In addition, regulations in the PRC currently permit the payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated distributable after-tax profits as determined in accordance with its articles of association and the accounting standards and regulations in China. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. See “Regulations on Foreign Exchange” and “Regulations on Dividend Distribution.”

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of June 30, 2023, on an as adjusted basis giving effect to the completion of the firm commitment offering at the initial public offering price of $4.00 per Ordinary Share and to reflect the application of the proceeds after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses (including underwriter’s accountable expenses) payable by us. You should read this table in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and “Use of Proceeds” and “Description of Ordinary Shares.”

As of June 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

(All amounts in thousands of USD, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise noted)

DILUTION

If you invest in our Ordinary Shares, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per Ordinary Shares and the pro forma net tangible book value per Ordinary Share after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the offering price per Ordinary Share is substantially in excess of the book value per Ordinary Share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding Ordinary Shares. Our net tangible book value attributable to shareholders on June 30, 2023, was approximately $1.15 per Ordinary Share. Net tangible book value per Ordinary Share as of June 30, 2023, represents the amount of total assets less intangible assets and total liabilities, divided by the number of total Ordinary Shares outstanding.

We will have 6,050,000 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding or 6,207,500 Ordinary Shares, assuming the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full upon the completion of this offering. Our post-offering pro forma net tangible book value, which gives effect to receipt of the net proceeds from the offering and issuance of additional shares in the offering excluding the over-allotment, but does not take into consideration any other changes in our net tangible book value after June 30, 2023, will be approximately $1.25 per ordinary share. This would result in dilution to investors in this offering of approximately $3.75 per Ordinary Share, or approximately 68.8% from the initial offering price of $4.00 per Ordinary Share. Net tangible book value per Ordinary Share would increase to the benefit of present shareholders by per share attributable to the purchase of the Ordinary Shares by investors in this offering.

The following table sets forth the estimated net tangible book value per Ordinary Share after the offering and the dilution to persons purchasing Ordinary Shares based on the foregoing firm commitment offering assumptions. The number of our Ordinary Shares has been adjusted retrospectively to reflect the increase of share capital. See “Description of Ordinary Shares” for more details.

If the underwriters exercise its over-allotment option in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share after the offering would be $1.31, the increase in net tangible book value per ordinary share to existing shareholders would be $0.16, and the immediate dilution in net tangible book value per ordinary share to new investors in this offering would be $2.69.

The following tables summarize, on a pro forma as adjusted basis as of June 30, 2023, the differences between existing shareholders and the new investors with respect to the number of Ordinary Shares purchased from us, the total consideration paid and the average price per Ordinary Share before deducting the underwriting discounts and the estimated offering expenses payable by us.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear in this prospectus. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this prospectus, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section. All amounts included herein with respect to the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 are derived from our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. All amounts included herein with respect to the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or U.S. GAAP.

Overview

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with operations conducted in China by our PRC subsidiary, Wuxi Mingteng Mould, incorporated in the PRC. We are an automotive mold developer and supplier in China. Wuxi Mingteng Mould was established in December 2015, focusing on molds used in auto parts. We are committed to providing customers with comprehensive and personalized mold services, covering mold design and development, mold production, assembly, testing, repair and after-sales service.

We provide a wide variety of products. Our main products are casting molds for turbocharger systems, braking systems, steering and differential system, and other automotive system parts.

We also produce molds for new energy electric vehicle motor drive systems, battery pack systems, and engineering hydraulic components, which are widely used in automobile, construction machinery and other manufacturing industries.

Our production plant is located in Wuxi, China. We use technologically advanced procedures and equipment to produce molds. We use a mold manufacturing processing center, which allocates different machines to manufacture according to the size of the mold and the shape of the accessories. Our mold development and production process are supported by our research and development (“R&D”) team (including experts such as foundry technologists and mold designers), using advanced Computer Aided Design (“CAD”), Computer Aided Manufacturing (“CAM”) and software technologies to analyze feasibility and validity of mold designs and specifications. Our quality and capability have obtained the 2019 Jiangsu High-tech Enterprise Certification and ISO9001:2015 certification.

In order to improve our technical level and service quality, we are committed to developing and producing molds through technological innovation. We believe that the design and quality of our molds are extremely important to the accuracy and efficiency of our customers’ manufacturing processes. Our existing technical team consists of 19 people, all with professional knowledge in casting, machining, and automation. They analyze customers’ casting and processing technology, propose solutions and improvement suggestions to customers to enhance the efficiency and safety of their products. In addition, we believe our research and patents in the field of automotive casting molds have earned us recognition from our customers, and we have registered 19 authorized utility model and invention patents in China.

We are a supplier to a number of Chinese listed companies and have established long-term business relationships with leading major customers in the automobile parts manufacturing industry, most of whom have more than five years of business relationship with us. Our customers include Kehua Holding Co., Ltd. (ticker: 603161), Wuxi Lihu Booster Technology Co., Ltd. (ticker: 300580), and Wuxi Best Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. (ticker: 300694). Our close relationships with these major customers demonstrate our strengths in technical capabilities, service reputation and product quality.

Our revenue mainly comes from customized mold production, mold repair and machining services. The revenue derived from customized mold production accounted for 84.3% and 80.4% of our total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The revenue derived from mold repair accounted for 13.4% and 15.6% of our total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The revenue derived from machining services accounted for 2.3% and 4.0% of our total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.  

The revenue derived from customized mold production accounted for 82.0% and 83.9% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The revenue derived from mold repair accounted for 14.2% and 14.7% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The revenue derived from machining services accounted for 3.8% and 1.4% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Our organization

The following diagram illustrates the corporate structure of the Company as of the date of this prospectus and upon completion of this offering:

Mingteng International was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands on September 20, 2021, as an exempted company with limited liability.

Mingteng International owns a 100% equity interest in Mingteng HK, an entity incorporated on November 4, 2021, in accordance with the laws and regulations in Hong Kong. Mingteng HK is a holding company and is not actively engaged in any business.

Ningteng WFOE was incorporated on September 6, 2022, under the laws of the PRC. Ningteng WOFE is a wholly owned subsidiary of Mingteng HK and is not actively engaged in any business.

Wuxi Mingteng Mould is a limited liability company incorporated on December 15, 2015, under the laws of the PRC. Wuxi Mingteng Mould is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ningteng WFOE and is our operating entity. Wuxi Mingteng Mould is primarily engaged in providing clients with comprehensive and personalized mold services and solutions in the PRC, including mold design and development; mold production, repair, testing and adjustment.

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak

The outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) has resulted in quarantines, travel restrictions, and the temporary closure of stores and business facilities globally for the past two years. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. Given the rapidly expanding nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, and because substantially all of our business operations and our workforce are concentrated in China, we believe there is a risk that our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be adversely affected. Potential impact on our results of operations will also depend on future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the duration and severity of COVID-19 and the actions taken by government authorities and other entities to contain COVID-19 or mitigate its impact, almost all of which are beyond our control.

COVID-19 has had a certain degree of influence on the Company’s operations during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022. However, with the effective operation of epidemic prevention measures, the epidemic did not seriously affect the Company’s order volume and production capacity.

In December 2022, China released a set of 10 optimized COVID-19 rules and eliminated most containment measures. In late December, the number of infections in the Company increased and production activity slowed down. With the recovery of employees, the production and operations of the Company gradually returned to normal in 2023. The continuing impact of COVID-19 remains unpredictable. In coping with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Company will reasonably dispatch employees and arrange working hours in the future to ensure the steady progress of production activities.

Changes in the availability, quality and cost of key raw materials, transportation and other necessary supplies or services

Our raw materials consist primarily of steel plates and casting. The cost of raw materials represents a significant portion of our total cost of revenues.

Raw material costs represent 39.38% and 40.6% of our total cost of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Raw material costs represent 41.5% and 41.2% of our total cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

We are exposed to fluctuations in the prices of raw materials, transportation, and other necessary supplies or services due to factors beyond our control, such as policies, inflation, and changes in the supply and demand for such relevant raw materials. We may not be able to offset the price increases by increasing our product prices, in which case our margins would decline and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we significantly increase the prices of our products, we may lose our competitive advantage. This in turn could result in a loss of sales and customers. In either case, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business is dependent on certain major customers and changes or difficulties in our relationships with our major customers may harm our business and financial results.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, ten major customers accounted for approximately 89% of the Company’s total sales. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, ten major customers accounted for approximately 93% of the Company’s total sales. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, ten major customers accounted for approximately 84% of the Company’s total sales. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, ten major customers accounted for approximately 88% of the Company’s total sales. Any decrease in sales to these major customers may negatively impact the Company’s operations and cash flows if the Company fails to increase its sales to other customers.

As of June 30, 2023, ten major customers accounted for approximately 92.8% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance. As of June 30, 2022, ten major customers accounted for approximately 89.6% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2022, ten major customers accounted for approximately 88% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2021, ten major customers accounted for approximately 80% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance.

If we cannot maintain long-term relationships with our major customers or replace major customers from period to period with equivalent customers, the loss may negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If our customer base decreases, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to cover our increased costs and expenses. As a result, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business is related to the development of upstream and downstream industries.

Mold production is closely related to the development of upstream and downstream industries. With the gradual saturation of the Chinese automotive market, the production of molds related to auto parts may be affected.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Results of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table summarizes our results of unaudited operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and provides information regarding the dollar and percentage increase or (decrease) during such periods.

(UNAUDITED)

Comparison of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and provides information regarding the dollar and percentage increase or (decrease) during such periods.

Revenue

Currently, we have three revenue streams: mold production, mold repair and machining services.

Total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 decreased by $272,873, or 6.9%, to $3,667,888 from $3,940,761 for the same period in 2022.

Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased by $229,459, or 2.9%, to $8,026,764 from $7,797,305 for the same period in 2021.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our unaudited revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

 (UNAUDITED) 

Revenues from mold production. Revenues from mold production accounted for 84.3% and 80.4% of our total revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Revenue from mold production decreased by $75,620, or 2.4%, from $3,169,131 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $3,093,511 for the same period in 2023. After consideration of the impact of rising exchange rates, revenue from mold production in the first half of 2023 has actually increased by 4.3% compared to the same period in 2022 measured in CNY base currency. This indicates that Wuxi Mingteng Mould maintains long-term relationships with major customers and continues to open up the mold market in the fiscal year 2023. In addition, Wuxi Mingteng Mould entered the aluminum alloy pressure casting mold business in the fiscal year 2022. Revenue from this product accounted for 21.1% and 4.1% of our total mold production sales for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Currently, Runxingtai (Changzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. has become a key customer for the future growth of this business.

Revenues from mold repair. Revenues from mold repair accounted for 13.4% and 15.6% of our total revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Revenues from mold repair decreased by $124,123, or 20.2% from $613,588 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $489,465 for the same period in 2023. The order volume and total order value of mold repair in the first half of 2023 remained stable compared to the same period in 2022, and the decrease in revenue was mainly due to delayed recognition of revenue. Some of the delivered products have not yet received the customer’s confirmation of acceptance notice, and this portion of the revenue will be recognized after passing the acceptance inspection in the future.

Revenues from machining services. Revenues from machining services accounted for 2.3% and 4.0% of our total revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Revenues from machining services decreased by $73,130, or 46.3% from $158,042 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $84,912 for the same period in 2023. Revenues from machining services accounts for a small percentage of total revenue and does not serve as the main source of revenue for the Company. The decrease in revenues from machining services is mainly caused by a decrease in order volume.

Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $229,459, or 2.9%, to $8,026,764 from $7,797,305 for the same period in 2021.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Revenues from mold production. Revenues from mold production accounted for 82.0% and 83.9% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Revenue from mold production increased by $41,902, or 0.6% from $6,541,845 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $6,583,747 for the same period in 2022. Despite intermittent interruptions in the Company’s operations due to COVID-19, mold production volume and revenues were relatively stable for the year since Wuxi Mingteng Mould maintains long-term relationships with major customers and continues to open up the mold market in the fiscal year 2022. In addition, Wuxi Mingteng Mould entered the aluminum alloy pressure casting mold business in the fiscal year 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the revenue from this product accounted for 10.0% of our total mold production sales. Runxingtai (Changzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Suzhou Lvkon Transmission S&T Co., Ltd. have become the key customers for the future growth of this business at the then relevant time.

Revenues from mold repair. Revenues from mold repair accounted for 14.2% and 14.7% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Revenues from mold repair decreased by $12,417, or 1.1% from $1,150,065 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1,137,648 for the same period in 2022.

Revenues from machining services. Revenues from machining services accounted for 3.8% and 1.4% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Revenues from machining services increased by $199,974, or 189.7% from $105,395 for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $305,369 for the same period in 2022. Machining services is a new revenue stream beginning in 2021 and developed rapidly in 2022 with Kehua Holding Co., Ltd. as the main customer.

Cost of Revenues

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our unaudited cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

(UNAUDITED) 

The cost of revenues decreased by $29,967, or 1.4%, to $2,073,188 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from $2,103,155 for the same period in 2022. After consideration of the impact of rising exchange rates, cost of revenue in the first half of 2023 has actually increased by 5.4% compared to the same period in 2022 measured in CNY base currency, which was mainly due to the increase in outside processing services and manufacturing costs.

The revenue has not changed significantly, but the reasons for the cost increase are as follows:

In order to pursue the future development of the aluminum alloy pressure casting mold business and expand production capacity, Wuxi Mingteng Mould purchased $1,263,744 of production equipment in fiscal 2022, of which $1,260,526 was acquired after May 2022, resulting in an increase in depreciation expense contained in production costs of $46,143 in 2023 when compared to the same period in 2022.

In addition, as a new entrant in the aluminum alloy pressure casting mold business in fiscal 2022, Wuxi Mingteng Mould does not have the ability to handle the entire manufacturing process and needed to purchase outside processing services amounting to $143,144 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, which increased the cost of manufacturing.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

The cost of revenues increased by $328,426, or 8.8%, to $4,046,514 for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $3,718,088 for the same period in 2021, which was mainly due to the increase in raw material and manufacturing costs.

Reasons that costs have increased more than revenue:

First is the increase in the investment in machinery and equipment in fiscal years 2022 and 2021. The total investment in production machinery and equipment in fiscal years 2022 and 2021 was approximately $$1,311,139 and $1,401,162, respectively. The depreciation expense has increased to approximately $253,139 in fiscal year 2022 compared with $185,417 in fiscal year 2021.

Second, the cost of molds produced for Xixia Zhongde Auto Parts Co., Ltd. (Zhongde) increased in the second half of 2021. In the second half of 2021, there was a major revision in the molds for Zhongde, and the design difficulty increased, which resulted in a substantial increase in material and labor costs. Due to the high competition pressure in the mold production industry, it is difficult to increase the order price, so the gross profit declined greatly. These molds that started production in 2021 passed the inspection and acceptance in 2022, which lowered the gross profit in the first half of 2022. In 2022, the mold design was on the right track, and the gross profit gradually returned to normal. Mold production costs from Zhongde increased by approximately $187,949 in fiscal year 2022, with the corresponding mold production revenue decrease of approximately $220,825.

Last, Wuxi Mingteng Mould entered the aluminum alloy pressure casting mold business in fiscal year 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the revenue from this product accounted for 10.0% of our total mold production sales. Currently, Runxingtai (Changzhou) Technology Co., Ltd. and Suzhou Lvkon Transmission S&T Co., Ltd. become key customers for the future growth of this business. The manufacturing processes of aluminum alloy automobile parts mainly include stamping, pressure casting, and extrusion forming, while pressure casting is the main method for manufacturing aluminum alloy parts. As a new entrant in the aluminum alloy pressure casting mold business, Wuxi Mingteng Mould does not have the ability to handle the whole manufacturing process and needed to purchase outside processing services, which increased the cost of products.

Gross Profit 

Total gross profit was $1,563,436 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of $272,672 from $1,801,108 for the same period in 2022. Gross profit margin declined by 6.8%, to 42.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from 45.7% for the same period in 2022.

Our gross profit and gross profit margin by product type were as follows:

(UNAUDITED) 

Gross profit for mold production decreased by $10,246 to $1,244,428 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, as compared to $1,254,674 for the same period in 2022. The decrease in gross profit and gross profit margin was mainly due to the impact of the rising exchange rates. Although the increase in depreciation expense and outside processing services reduced gross profit during the six months ended June 30, 2023, the revision in the molds for Zhongde also lowered the gross profit in the first half of 2022. Therefore, there was no significant change in gross profit during the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022.

Gross profit for mold repair decreased by $160,225 to $301,348 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, as compared to $461,573 for the same period in 2022. Wuxi Mingteng Mould is an order-based production company, and all production, repair and machining services are customized. The cost varies with the difficulty of processing different orders. The decrease in gross profit and gross profit margin was due to the cost of processing services and depreciation expense increased more than revenue.

Gross profit for machining services decreased to $48,924 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from $121,359 for the same period in 2022. The decrease in gross profit and gross profit margin was due to the cost of processing services and depreciation expense increased more than revenue.

Total gross profit was $3,913,103 for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $99,597 from $4,012,700 for the same period in 2021. Gross profit margin declined by 5.2%, to 48.8% for the year ended December 31, 2022, from 51.5% for the same period in 2021.

Our gross profit and gross profit margin by product types were as follows:

Gross profit for mold production decreased by $350,710 to $2,932,291 for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $3,283,001 for the same period in 2021. The decrease in gross profit and gross profit margin was due to the cost of labor, processing services and depreciation expense increased more than revenue. In addition, entering the aluminum alloy pressure casting mold business also reduced gross profit.

Gross profit for mold repair increased by $123,448 to $838,233 for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $714,785 for the same period in 2021. The increase in gross profit and gross profit margin was due to the Company continuing to open up the mold market and increase productivity. Since the mold repair business seldom needs complicated design and processing it was less affected by the increase in the labor costs and depreciation expenses.

Gross profit for machining services increased to $209,726 for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $81,431 for the same period in 2021.

Operating Expenses

(UNAUDITED)

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $72,735 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of $6,687, or 8.4%, from $79,422 for the same period in 2022. The decrease in selling expenses was mainly due to the impact of the rising exchange rates.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses were $582,702 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $132,626 or 29.5%, from $450,076 for the same period in 2022. The increase was mainly due to a) the relaxation of epidemic control measures and the increased business expansion activities led to the increase of business entertainment expenses of $14,748 in the first half of 2023 compared to 2022; b) increased payment for audit fees of $97,391 in the first half of 2023; and c) to strengthen business management, Wuxi Mingteng Mould increased payment for consulting fees of $30,469 in the first half of 2023.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased by $17,028, or 7.0%, to $224,756 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from $241,784 for the same period in 2022. This decrease was mainly due to the impact of the rising exchange rates.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $132,542 for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $9,208, or 7.5%, from $123,334 for the same period in 2021. The increase in selling expenses was mainly due to the Company continuing to open up the mold market, which led to an increase in business entertainment expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses were $926,786 for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $315,542 or 51.6%, from $$611,244 for the same period in 2021. The increase was mainly due to a) the accrual of social security and housing provident funds under the laws of the PRC which led to the increase of $34,180 in 2022 compared to 2021; b) payment for audit fees of $227,741 in the fiscal year 2022; and c) the increase of office space rental fee. 

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses increased by $84,906, or 20.8%, to $492,526 for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $407,620 for the same period in 2021. This increase is mainly attributable to the increase in R&D labor expenses by $118,900 in 2022 due to the increased number of employees involved in R&D work and the increase in wages.

Other income

Government subsidies

We receive various government subsidies from time to time, such as the “The High-Tech Enterprise Cultivation Award” and “Technology Development Support Grant.” We cannot predict the likelihood or amount of any future subsidies.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, government subsidies were $2,886. For the same period in 2022, government subsidies were $70,641.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, government subsidies were $92,832. For the same period in 2021, government subsidies were $37,356.

Interest income

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, interest income was $3,289. For the same period in 2022, interest income was $812. This was mainly due to the increase in bank account deposits during the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest income was $2,171. For the same period in 2021, interest income was $6,515. This was mainly due to the bank financial products that expired in 2021 and were not renewed in 2022.

Interest expense

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, interest expense was $27,474. For the same period in 2022, interest expense was $28,016.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, interest expense was $53,991. For the same period in 2021, interest expense was $51,465.

Other income, net

For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, other income, net mainly includes the sale of waste material of $3,722 and $42,692 in the first half of 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Other income, net mainly includes a) donation expenditure of RMB 100,000 (approximately $15,500) to local secondary schools through the Education Bureau in 2021; b) sale of waste material of $50,478 and $142,910 in the fiscal years 2022 and 2021, respectively; and c) loss on disposal of assets of $6,912 in the fiscal year 2021.

Provision for Income Taxes

Our provision for income taxes was $106,187 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of $28,169, or 21.0%, from $134,356 for the same period in 2022. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in pre-tax profits. No loss carryforwards were available to reduce taxable income in the first half of 2023 and 2022.

Our provision for income taxes was $327,384 for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $69,476, or 17.5%, from $396,860 for the same period in 2021. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in pre-tax profits and the reversal of allowance for doubtful accounts.

Under the EIT Law of the PRC, domestic enterprises are usually subject to a unified 25% EIT rate, while preferential tax rates, tax holidays, and even tax exemptions may be granted on a case-by-case basis. The PRC tax authorities grant preferential tax treatment to High and New Technology Enterprises (“HNTEs”). Under this preferential tax treatment, HNTEs are entitled to an income tax rate of 15%, subject to a requirement that they re-apply for HNTE status every three years. Since Wuxi Mingteng Mould was approved as an HNTE in December 2019, Wuxi Mingteng Mould is entitled to a reduced income tax rate of 15% beginning December 2019 and is able to enjoy the reduced income tax rate through December 2022. In November 2022, Wuxi Mingteng Mould reapplied to obtain the recognition of HNTE and the preferential rate of 15% was extended to November 2025.

Net Income

As a result of the foregoing, our net income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $562,327 and $987,751, respectively.

As a result of the foregoing, our net income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $2,133,188 and $2,593,279, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2023 and 2022, we had cash of approximately $1,590,204 and $927,917, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had cash of approximately $1,793,323 and $307,033, respectively.

Our primary sources of operating funds are from net income and external borrowings and we are confident they are sufficient to sustain our operations after the offering.

Working Capital

Total working capital as of June 30, 2023 amounted to $3,063,694 compared to $2,592,290 as of June 30, 2022. The increase was mainly due to the increases in cash and cash equivalents of $662,287, accounts receivable of $580,613 and inventories of $277,157, partially offset by the decreases in notes receivable of $518,924 and other receivables of $981,564. Current liabilities amounted to $3,669,385 as of June 30, 2023, as compared to $4,167,047 as of June 30, 2022. This decrease in liabilities was attributable mainly to the decrease in advance from customers of $297,594, taxes payable of $270,374, and current portion of lease liabilities of $189,747, partially offset by an increase in accounts payables of $327,762.

Total working capital as of December 31, 2022, amounted to $2,389,563 compared to $1,581,656 as of December 31, 2021. The increase was mainly due to the increases in cash and cash equivalents of $1,486,290, accounts receivable of $264,544 and notes receivable of $238,061, partially offset by the decreases in other receivables of $359,311 and inventories of $303,394. Current liabilities amounted to $3,925,917 as of December 31, 2022, as compared to $3,193,075 as of December 31, 2021. This increase in liabilities was attributable mainly to the increases in short-term loans of $658,236 and taxes payables of $300,096, partially offset by a decrease in amounts due to related parties of $396,667. 

Capital Needs

Our capital needs include our daily operating needs and capital needs to finance the development of our business. With the uncertainty of the current market and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, our management believes it is necessary to enhance the collection of outstanding accounts receivable and other receivables and to be cautious on operational decisions and project selection. The Company reviews the accounts receivable on a periodic basis and makes general and specific allowances when there is doubt as to the recoverability of individual balances. Our management is confident in the collection of account receivables and other receivables.

Cash Flows Analysis

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2022

The following table sets forth a summary of our unaudited cash flows for the periods indicated:

(UNAUDITED)

Year Ended December 31, 2022, Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the years indicated:

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities amounted to $65,621 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. It was primarily due to a) a net income of $562,327, adjusted by depreciation and amortization of $195,321, deferred income tax of $163,464; b) increase in account receivable of $426,906 and notes receivable of $60,322 due to the increased sales scale; c) increase in inventories of $278,448 due to the expansion of order volume; d) decrease in taxes payable of $393,478 due to the payments of last year’s income tax and additional taxes; e) increase in advance to supplier of $58,638; and partially offset by a) increase in accounts payable of $106,258; b) increase in payroll payable of $75,478.

Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to $253,619 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. It was primarily due to a) a net income of $987,751, adjusted by depreciation and amortization of $125,698, amortization of right-of-use-assets of $135,985; b) increase in notes receivable of $842,422 due to the increased sales scale; c) increase in accounts receivable of $142,152; d) increase in advance to a supplier of $296,343; e) increase in other receivables of $306,633; and partially offset by a) decrease in inventories of $293,570; b) increase in advance from customers of $297,221; c) increase in tax payables of $195,900.

Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to $2,852,697 for the year ended December 31, 2022. It was primarily due to a) a net income of $2,133,188, adjusted by depreciation and amortization of $272,237, non-cash lease expense of $158,180, deferred tax benefits of $(4,304), provision for doubtful accounts of $17,606; b) increase in taxes payable of $354,593 due to our increased profits for the year ended December 31, 2022; c) increase in payroll payable of $273,796 due to the increase in average wages; d) decrease in other receivables of $760,209 due to the receipt of loans repaid by employees, third party individuals and other companies; and partially offset by a) increase in accounts receivable of $489,078; b) increase in notes receivable of $294,440 due to the increase of revenue; c) increase in advance to supplier of $223,562; d) decrease in amounts due to related parties of $348,333; e) payments under operating lease obligations of $85,075.  

Net cash provided by operating activities amounted to $1,489,143 for the year ended December 31, 2021. It was primarily due to a) a net income of $2,593,279, adjusted by depreciation and amortization of $209,171, non-cash lease expense of $78,053, loss on disposal of property and equipment of $6,912, deferred tax benefits of $(1,763), provision for doubtful accounts of $9,971; b) increase in taxes payable of $432,480 due to our increased profits for the year ended December 31, 2021; c) decrease in amounts due from related parties of $260,455; and partially offset by a) increase in accounts receivable of $298,838; b) increase in notes receivable of $56,358 due to the increase of revenue; c) increase in other receivables of $693,656 due to the loans provided to employees, third party individuals and other companies; d) decrease in accounts payable of $911,238; e) payments under operating lease obligations of $58,938.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities amounted to $21,765 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. It was primarily due to the purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities amounted to $184,853 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. It was primarily due to the purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities amounted to $1,432,807 for the year ended December 31, 2022. It was primarily due to purchases of property and equipment for production and operations.  

Net cash used in investing activities amounted to $857,341 for the year ended December 31, 2021. It was primarily due to purchases of property and equipment for production and operations.  

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $56,830 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. During the first half of 2023, the Company received proceeds from short-term loans of $1,443,184 and repaid short-term loans of $1,371,025. As of June 30, 2023, the short-term bank loan balance reached $1,383,930 (RMB 10 million), compared with $1,314,733 (RMB 9.5 million) as of December 31, 2022. During the first half of 2022, the Company paid deferred offering costs of $116,289, and paid for a finance lease of $12,700.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $589,838 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. As of June 30, 2022, the short-term bank loan increased by $771,186 (RMB 5 million). During the first half of 2022, the Company paid deferred offering costs of $33,512, and paid for a finance lease of $147,836.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $165,556 for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the fiscal year 2022, we received net proceeds from short-term loans of $743,376 and a capital contribution of $148,675 from shareholders. We made payments for dividends of $352,123, deferred offering costs of $144,100, and principal payments for finance lease obligations of $230,372.

Net cash used in financing activities was $774,175 for the year ended December 31, 2021. During the fiscal year 2021, we made payments for deferred offering costs of $438,687, and principal payments for finance lease obligations of $335,488.

Loan Facilities

On March 29, 2021, Wuxi Mingteng Mould entered into a short-term loan agreement with Jiangsu Wuxi Rural Commercial Bank in the amount of RMB 4.5 million (approximately $0.71 million), with an annual interest rate of 4.45%. The maturity date of the loan was March 28, 2022. The loan was repaid upon maturity.

On March 23, 2022, Wuxi Mingteng Mould entered into an additional short-term loan agreement with Jiangsu Wuxi Rural Commercial Bank in the amount of RMB 4.5 million (approximately $0.67 million), with an annual interest rate of 4.45%. The maturity date of the loan is March 22, 2023. The loan was repaid upon maturity.

On March 4, 2022, Wuxi Mingteng Mould entered into a secured short-term loan agreement with Bank of Jiangsu in the amount of RMB 5 million (approximately $0.75 million), with an annual interest rate of 4%. The maturity date of the loan is March 3, 2023. The loan was repaid upon maturity.

On March 16, 2022, Wuxi Mingteng Mould entered into an unsecured short-term loan agreement with Bank of Jiangsu in the amount of RMB 2 million (approximately $0.30 million), with an annual interest rate of 5.13%. The maturity date of the loan was April 1, 2022. The loan was repaid upon maturity.

On January 31, 2023, Wuxi Mingteng Mould entered into a short-term loan agreement with Wuxi Branch of Bank of China in the amount of RMB 5 million (approximately $0.72 million), with an annual interest rate of 3.4%. The maturity date of the loan is January 30, 2024. Mr. Yingkai Xu and Ms. Jingzhu Ding provided joint personal guarantees for the loan.

On February 28, 2023, Wuxi Mingteng Mould entered into an additional unsecured short-term loan agreement with Bank of Jiangsu in the amount of RMB 5 million (approximately $0.72 million), with an annual interest rate of 3.7%. The maturity date of the loan is February 27, 2024.

Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may be subject to certain legal proceedings, claims and disputes that arise in the ordinary course of business. Amounts accrued, as well as the total amount of possible losses with respect to such matters, individually and in the aggregate, are not deemed to be material to the consolidated financial statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. In addition, we have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our own shares and classified as shareholders’ equity, or that are not reflected in our financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. Moreover, we do not have any variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

Inflation

Inflationary factors, such as increases in the cost of raw materials, personnel and overhead costs, could impair our operating results. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, a high rate of inflation in the future may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of gross margin and operating expenses if the revenues from our products do not increase with such increased costs. The global economy, including the U.S. economy, has experienced rising inflation in recent months. We source key materials from third parties located in China. Although China has not experienced significant inflation and thus inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operations, we cannot provide any assurances that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in mainland China. Sustained or rising inflation may result in increased costs to us in obtaining supplies of key materials to produce our products. If we explore the international market in the future, inflation may affect us by increasing our cost of labor and freight costs for our exported products. As a result, our results of operations may be adversely impacted.

Our plan to mitigate inflationary pressures are as follows: 1) control the growth of external costs by locking in prices and buying in bulk; 2) consider user experience and profitability, strengthen communication with customers, and adjust our pricing strategy to meet cost increases; and 3) strengthen internal management and technology research, to improve production efficiency and reducing the waste of production resources. 

Supply Chain Analysis

The concentration of our raw material suppliers is relatively low. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, none of the suppliers accounted for more than 10% of the total purchases. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, there was only one supplier whose purchase accounted for over 10% of the total purchase, and was no more than 15%. For the year ended December 31,2022, none of the suppliers account for more than 10% of the total purchase. For the year ended December 31,2021, there was only one supplier whose purchase accounted for over 10% of the total purchase, and was no more than 15%.

The raw materials used in production are mainly universal, such as steel and castings, which are highly replaceable and have a wide range of procurement sources. Therefore, we do not have nor anticipate having a major dependence on suppliers, and the loss of some suppliers will not have a significant impact on our production.

Seasonality

The nature of our business does not appear to be affected by seasonal variations.

Critical Accounting Policies and Management Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These accounting principles require us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions on the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the end of each fiscal period, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each fiscal period. We continually evaluate these judgments and estimates based on our own historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, our expectations regarding the future based on available information and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable.

The selection of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting the application of those policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors that should be considered when reviewing our financial statements. We believe the following accounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Use of estimates

In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the assessment of the allowance for doubtful accounts, the allowance for inventory obsolescence, useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, the recoverability of long-lived assets, provision necessary for contingent liabilities, and realization of deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Fair value of financial instruments

Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 825-10 requires certain disclosures regarding the fair value of financial instruments. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows: