Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4)
Registration No. 333-252127

 PROSPECTUS

1,500,000 Ordinary Shares

CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited 

We are offering 1,500,000 ordinary shares. This is the initial public offering of ordinary shares of CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands holding company. The offering price of our ordinary shares in this offering is $4.00 per share. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our ordinary shares.

Our ordinary shares have been approved for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “CDTG.”

Investing in our ordinary shares is highly speculative and involves a high degree of risk.

We, CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited, are a Cayman Islands holding company, not an operating company, with all of our operations conducted by our subsidiaries in the PRC, and this structure involves unique risks to investors. These risks are discussed more fully in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 13. We are not a PRC operating company. Investors purchasing ordinary shares in this offering would be purchasing ordinary shares of CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited, the Cayman Islands holding company, not the PRC operating companies. Investors may never hold direct equity interests in the PRC operating companies.

We currently conduct all of our operations in, and all of our revenue is generated in, the PRC through our subsidiaries. Accordingly, changes in economic, political, and legal environments in the PRC can significantly affect our business, including financial condition, results of operations, and business prospects. The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares.

Policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the Chinese government can have significant effects on economic conditions in the PRC and therefore, corporate profitability. Our profitability in the PRC may be adversely affected by changes in policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws by the Chinese government, which changes may be announced or implemented with little or no advance notice.

Recent statements by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in China based issuers. On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, announced the Circular on the Administrative Arrangements for Filing of Securities Offering and Listing By Domestic Companies, or the Circular, and released a set of new regulations which consists of the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines. The Trial Measures came into effect on March 31, 2023. The Trial Measures refine the regulatory system by subjecting both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing activities to the CSRC filing-based administration. Requirements for filing entities, time points and procedures are specified. A PRC domestic company that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC per the requirements of the Trial Measures. Where a PRC domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity, which shall, as the domestic responsible entity, file with the CSRC. The Trial Measures also lay out requirements for the reporting of material events. Breaches of the Trial Measures, such as offering and listing securities overseas without fulfilling the filing procedures, shall bear legal liabilities, including a fine between RMB 1.0 million (approximately $150,000) and RMB 10.0 million (approximately $1.5 million), and the Trial Measures heighten the cost for offenders by enforcing accountability with administrative penalties and incorporating the compliance status of relevant market participants into the Securities Market Integrity Archives.

 The Trial Measures provide that if an issuer meets both of the following conditions, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be determined as an indirect overseas offering and listing which shall be subject to the filing procedure set forth under the Trial Measures: (i) 50% or more of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements over the same period for the most recent accounting year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in the PRC, or its main places of business are located in the PRC, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly Chinese citizens or domiciled in the PRC. As confirmed by our PRC counsel, this offering is an indirect overseas offering and listing.

According to the Circular, since the date of effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023, PRC domestic enterprises falling within the scope of filing that have been listed overseas or met the following circumstances are “existing enterprises”: before the effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023, the application for indirect overseas issuance and listing has been approved by the overseas regulators or overseas stock exchanges (such as the registration statement has become effective on the U.S. market), it is not required to perform issuance and listing supervision procedures of the overseas regulators or overseas stock exchanges, and the overseas issuance and listing will be completed by September 30, 2023. Existing enterprises are not required to file with the CSRC immediately, and filings with the CSRC should be made as required if they involve refinancings and other filing matters. PRC domestic enterprises that have submitted valid applications for overseas issuance and listing but have not been approved by overseas regulatory authorities or overseas stock exchanges at the date of effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023 can reasonably arrange the timing of filing applications with the CSRC and shall complete the filing with the CSRC before the overseas issuance and listing.

We are not classified as an existing enterprise. We therefore are required to file with the CSRC and shall complete the filing with the CSRC in accordance with the Trial Measures before this offering. On August 2, 2023, we submitted our filing materials and applied for registration to the CSRC in accordance with the requirements of the Trial Measures. We have completed the filing with the CSRC and obtained the required filing notice from the CSRC regarding this offering, or the Filing Notice, on November 28, 2023, which serves as notification from the CSRC of our completion of the required filing procedures with the CSRC for this offering. The main contents of the Filing Notice are as follows: (1) we propose to issue not more than 2,300,000 ordinary shares (exclusive of the ordinary shares underlying the representative’s warrants) and list them on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC in the United States; (2) from the date of issuance of the Filing Notice to the completion of this offering, we shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the overseas issuance and listing of domestic enterprises, namely the Circular, the Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, report any major event to the CSRC through its filing management information system; (3) we shall, within 15 working days after completion of this offering, report the issuance and listing of our shares in connection with this offering through the CSRC’s filing management information system; and (4) if we fail to complete this offering within 12 months of the issuance date of the Filing Notice and intend to continue to proceed with this offering, we shall update the filing materials with the CSRC.

As of the date of this prospectus, except for comments from the CSRC regarding the filing materials and the Filing Notice noted above, we have not received any formal inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or objection from the CSRC with respect to this offering. Our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Dacheng Law Offices, LLP (Fuzhou), has advised us that, based on its understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, apart from the requirement of reporting the issuance and listing of our shares in connection with this offering within 15 working days after the completion of this offering as stated in the Filing Notice and above, we and our subsidiaries are not required to obtain any other permission, consent, or approval from, or make any filing or other notice to, the PRC authorities, including the CSRC, relating to this offering.

Recently, the Chinese government promulgated a series of statements and actions to regulate business operations in China with limited advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using variable interest entity structures, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding efforts with respect to anti-monopoly enforcement. We and our subsidiaries are not subject to cybersecurity review with the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, and are not deemed as critical information infrastructure operator or online platform operators mentioned in Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022, because all of our customers in China are corporate customers, rather than individuals. As a result, we do not currently have over one million users’ personal information and do not anticipate that we will be collecting over one million users’ personal information in the foreseeable future, which we understand might otherwise subject us to the Cybersecurity Review Measures.

Since these statements and regulatory actions are relatively new, it is highly uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation-making bodies will respond. New laws or regulations may be implemented, and existing laws or regulations, or the interpretation and enforcement of existing laws and regulations, may be modified, and it is unclear what potential impact these changes might have on our daily business operations, ability to accept foreign investments, or obtain and maintain listing on a U.S. exchange. Given the current regulatory environment in the PRC, we are still subject to the uncertainty of different interpretation and enforcement of the rules and regulations in the PRC adverse to us, which may be announced or implemented with little or no advance notice, and which may materially and adversely impact our results of operations and the value of our ordinary shares, may limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and/or may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Our securities may be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter market in the United States if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is unable to inspect our auditor for two consecutive years. The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, was enacted on December 18, 2020. Under the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB, for two consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC may prohibit our shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter market in the United States. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was enacted on December 29, 2022 under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as further described below, and amended the HFCAA to require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. securities exchange or any U.S. over-the-counter market if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years, meaning the number of “non-inspection” years was decreased from three to two, and thus, this reduced the time before securities would be prohibited from trading or delisted. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a non-U.S. jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in any non-U.S. jurisdiction.

Pursuant to the HFCAA, the PCAOB issued a determination report on December 16, 2021 which found that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of the PRC, which determinations were vacated by the PCAOB on December 15, 2022. In addition, the PCAOB’s report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which were subject to these determinations, which determinations were vacated by the PCAOB on December 15, 2022. Our current registered public accounting firm, Wei, Wei & Co., LLP, who audited our financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified in the PCAOB’s report on December 16, 2021 as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determinations, which determinations were vacated by the PCAOB on December 15, 2022. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the PCAOB is not able to fully conduct inspections of our auditor’s work papers in China, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction of our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities may be prohibited under the HFCAA. In addition, on August 26, 2022, the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol, or SOP, Agreement with the CSRC and China’s Ministry of Finance. The SOP, together with two protocol agreements governing inspections and investigation, establishes a specific, accountable framework to make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and has resumed regular inspections since March 2023. The PCAOB is continuing pursuing ongoing investigations and may initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor, then such lack of inspection could cause our securities to be delisted from the stock exchange. The delisting of our shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Further, on December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, was signed into law by the U.S. President, which, among other things, amended the HFCAA to reduce the number of consecutive non-inspection years that would trigger the trading prohibition under the HFCAA from three years to two years (originally such threshold under the HFCAA was three consecutive years), and so that any non-U.S. jurisdiction could be the reason why the PCAOB does not have complete access to inspect or investigate a company’s public accounting firm (originally the HFCAA only applied if the PCAOB’s ability to inspect or investigate was due to a position taken by an authority in the jurisdiction where the relevant public accounting firm was located). See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the HFCAA all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering.”

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to the terms “CDT Cayman,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands holding company, and its subsidiaries: CQ BVI, CDT BVI, Ultra HK, Shenzhen CDT and CDT HK, as defined and described in “Corporate History and Structure” and below.

CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited, or CDT Cayman, is a holding company incorporated on November 28, 2016, under the laws of the Cayman Islands. CDT Cayman has no substantive operations other than holding all of the outstanding equity of Chao Qiang Holdings Limited, or CQ BVI, established under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on December 14, 2015, and all of the outstanding equity of CDT Environmental Technology Group Limited, or CDT BVI, established under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on June 26, 2015.

CQ BVI is a holding company holding all of the outstanding equity of Ultra Leader Investments Limited, or Ultra HK, which was established in Hong Kong on February 27, 2015. Ultra HK is a holding company holding 15% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen CDT, which was established on August 27, 2012 under the laws of the PRC.

CDT BVI is a holding company holding all of the outstanding equity of CDT Environmental Technology (Hong Kong) Limited, or CDT HK, which was established in Hong Kong on July 30, 2015. CDT HK is also a holding company holding 85% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT. We, through Ultra HK and CDT HK, hold 100% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT. Shenzhen CDT holds equity interests in the PRC subsidiaries noted in the charts in “Corporate History and Structure”.

The structure of cash flows within our organization, and a summary of the applicable regulations, is as follows:

1. Our equity structure is a direct holding structure. The overseas entity to be listed in the U.S., CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited, or CDT Cayman, which was established in the Cayman Islands, directly controls all of the outstanding share capital of Shenzhen CDT Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen CDT, which was established in the PRC, and other operating subsidiaries in the PRC.

CDT Cayman holds all of the outstanding equity of Chao Qiang Holdings Limited, or CQ BVI, which was established in the British Virgin Islands, and CDT Environmental Technology Group Limited, or CDT BVI, which was established in the British Virgin Islands.

CQ BVI holds all of the outstanding equity of Ultra Leader Investments Limited, or Ultra HK, which was established in Hong Kong. CDT BVI holds all of the outstanding equity of CDT Environmental Technology (Hong Kong) Limited, or CDT HK, which was established in Hong Kong.

Ultra HK holds 15% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT. CDT HK holds 85% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT.

CDT Cayman, through Ultra HK and CDT HK, holds 100% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT. See “Corporate History and Structure” for additional details.

2. Within our direct holding structure, the cross-border transfer of funds within our corporate group is legal and compliant with the laws and regulations of the PRC. After foreign investors’ funds enter CDT Cayman at the close of this offering, the funds can be directly transferred to CDT BVI, then transferred to CDT HK, and then to subordinate PRC entities through Shenzhen CDT, subject to applicable PRC regulations, as noted below. The net proceeds from this offering must be remitted to China before we will be able to use the funds to grow our business in China.

Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, including those received from this offering, must be transferred either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital and are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China, which may take several months. The net proceeds from this offering must be remitted to China before we will be able to use the funds to grow the business in China. The procedure to remit funds may take several months after completion of this offering, and we will be unable to use the offering proceeds in China until remittance is completed. An increase in registered capital procedure requires prior approval from each of the respective local counterparts of China’s Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, the State Administration for Market Regulation, or SAMR, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. In addition, (a) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with the SAFE or its local branches, and (b) our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the statutory amount as approved by the MOFCOM or its local branches. Further, any medium-or long- term loan to be provided by us to our PRC subsidiaries must be approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC, and the SAFE or its local branches.

Further, regulations on the control of currency conversions, including SAFE Circular 19 may significantly limit our ability to use Renminbi converted from the net proceeds of this offering to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries, or to establish consolidated variable interest entities in the PRC, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

Further, SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. When a registered overseas special purpose company changes basic information such as its Chinese resident individual shareholders, name or operating terms, or changes important matters such as capital increase, capital reduction, equity transfer or replacement, merger or division of Chinese resident individual shareholders, it shall promptly go through the registration formalities for changes in foreign exchange for overseas investment with the SAFE. According to the provisions of SAFE Circular 37, except for Yunwu Li, no other relevant personnel of this listing are required to register foreign exchange or foreign exchange changes. As of the date of this prospectus, to our knowledge, Yunwu Li, our chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors and chairman of the board of directors and general manager of Shenzhen CDT, had completed the foreign exchange registration, but had not completed the change registration and was in the process of registration. The completion of his change registration will affect the procedure of transferring any dividends he obtains from CDT Cayman to China. Yunwu Li will not be able to process the remittance of profits and dividends before completing the registration of foreign exchange changes in overseas investments. However, the net proceeds from this offering which must be remitted to China will not be affected since Shenzhen CDT previously completed the foreign direct investment foreign exchange registration in 2016. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.”

If we intend to distribute dividends, we will transfer the dividends to CDT HK in accordance with the laws and regulations of the PRC, then CDT HK will transfer the dividends to CDT BVI, and then to CDT Cayman, and the dividends will be distributed from CDT Cayman to all shareholders respectively in proportion to the shares they hold, regardless of whether the shareholders are U.S. investors or investors in other countries or regions.

3. As of the date of this prospectus, no cash and other asset transfers have occurred among us, CDT Cayman, and our subsidiaries; no dividends or distributions by any subsidiary have been made to date to us, CDT Cayman, or to investors; and no transfers, dividends or distributions have been made by us, CDT Cayman, to our subsidiaries or to U.S. investors to date. For the foreseeable future, we intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends. To date, we, CDT Cayman and our subsidiaries, have been funded through shareholder capital contributions, bank loans, third party loans and related party loans. See the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of change in shareholders’ equity on page F-4 and Notes 10 and 11 on pages F-21 through F-23 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. As of June 30, 2023, these consisted of shareholder capital contributions of $7.5 million, which are reflected as par value and additional paid-in capital in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus (see the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of change in shareholders’ equity on page F-4 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus), bank loans of $2.3 million (see pages F-22 and F-23 of Note 11 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus), third party loans of $0.3 million (see page F-23 of Note 11 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus) and related party loans of $4.3 million (see page F-22 of Note 10 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus). See the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of change in shareholders’ equity on page F-4 and Notes 10 and 11 on pages F-21 through F-23 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. As of the date of this prospectus, none of CDT Cayman or its subsidiaries has written cash management policies or procedures in place that dictate how funds are transferred. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations.

4. Our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon their distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit such PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of each of their respective registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

To address persistent capital outflows and the RMB’s depreciation against the U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China and the SAFE have implemented a series of capital control measures in the subsequent months, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls and our PRC subsidiaries’ dividends and other distributions may be subject to tightened scrutiny in the future. The PRC government also imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from the profits of any of our PRC subsidiaries, if any. Furthermore, if any of our subsidiaries in the PRC incur debt on their own in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax at a rate of 10% would be applicable to dividends paid by mainland China companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless reduced under treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and the governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are tax resident. Pursuant to the tax agreement between mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a mainland China enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise may be reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10%. However, if the relevant tax authorities determine that our transactions or arrangements are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may decide that a tax rate that is more than the favorable withholding tax rate of 5% will be applicable to dividends received by our Hong Kong subsidiary from our mainland China subsidiaries in the future. Accordingly, there is no assurance that the reduced 5% withholding rate will apply to dividends received by our Hong Kong subsidiary from our mainland China subsidiaries. A higher withholding tax rate will reduce the amount of dividends we may receive from our mainland China subsidiaries.

Before buying any shares, you should carefully read the discussion of material risks of investing in our ordinary shares in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 13 of this prospectus.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer” for additional information.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

(1) We have agreed to issue, on the closing date of this offering, warrants, or the representative’s warrants, to the representative of the underwriters, WestPark Capital, Inc., in an amount equal to 10% of the aggregate number of ordinary shares sold by us in this offering. For a description of other terms of the representative’s warrants and a description of the other compensation to be received by the underwriters, see “Underwriting” beginning on page 105.

We expect our total cash expenses for this offering (including cash expenses payable to our underwriters for their out-of-pocket expenses) to be approximately $0.64 million, exclusive of the above discounts. In addition, we will pay additional items of value in connection with this offering that are viewed by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, as underwriting compensation. These payments will further reduce proceeds available to us before expenses. See “Underwriting.”

This offering is being conducted on a firm commitment basis. The underwriters are obligated to take and pay for all of the shares if any such shares are taken. We have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 45 days after the closing of this offering to purchase up to 15% of the total number of our ordinary shares to be offered by us pursuant to this offering (excluding shares subject to this option), solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts. If the underwriters exercise the option in full, the total underwriting discounts payable will be $552,000 based on the initial public offering price of $4.00 per ordinary share, and the total gross proceeds to us, before underwriting discounts and expenses, will be $6,900,000. If we complete this offering, net proceeds will be delivered to us on the closing date. We will not be able to use such proceeds in China, however, until we complete capital contribution procedures which require prior approval from each of the respective local counterparts of China’s MOFCOM, the SAMR, and the SAFE, or shareholder loan procedures which require registration with the SAFE or its local branches. See also the section titled “Use of Proceeds” beginning on page 40. 

The underwriters expect to deliver the ordinary shares against payment as set forth under “Underwriting”, on or about April 22, 2024.

WESTPARK CAPITAL

The date of this prospectus is April 17, 2024.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide you with different information, and we and the underwriters take no responsibility for any other information others may give you. We are not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell our ordinary shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or the sale of any ordinary shares.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than the United States, where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the ordinary shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and a majority of our outstanding securities are owned by non-U.S. residents. Under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, we currently qualify for treatment as a “foreign private issuer.” As a foreign private issuer, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as domestic registrants whose securities are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

Until and including May 12, 2024 (25 days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade our ordinary shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This delivery requirement is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

CONVENTIONS THAT APPLY TO THIS PROSPECTUS

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to:

“PRC” or “China” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purpose of this prospectus, Taiwan. “RMB” or “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of China. “HKD” or “HK$” refers to the legal currency of Hong Kong. “$” or “U.S. dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States.

We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this prospectus. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all information in this prospectus assumes no exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option and no exercise of the representative’s warrants.

Our functional currency is RMB. Our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. We use U.S. dollars as the reporting currency in our consolidated financial statements and in this prospectus. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the unified exchange rates as quoted by the People’s Bank of China as of the balance sheet dates, the statements of income are translated using the average rate of exchange in effect during the reporting periods, and the equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the results of operations as incurred. Translation adjustments included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) amounted to $2,505,799, $1,490,621 and $559,752 as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The balance sheet amounts, with the exception of shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were translated at 7.23 RMB, 6.96 RMB RMB and 6.38 RMB to $1.00, respectively, and at 7.84 HKD, 7.80 HKD and 7.80 HKD to $1.00, respectively. The shareholders’ equity accounts are stated at their historical exchange rates. The average translation rates applied to the statements of income accounts for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were 6.93 RMB and 6.48 RMB to $1.00, respectively, and were 7.84 HKD and 7.83 HKD to $1.00, respectively. The average translation rates applied to the statements of income accounts for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were 6.73 RMB and 6.45 RMB to $1.00, respectively, and were 7.83 HKD and 7.77 HKD to $1.00, respectively. Cash flows are also translated at average translation rates for the periods, therefore, amounts reported on the statements of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the consolidated balance sheets.

With respect to amounts not recorded in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, unless otherwise stated, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars were made at RMB 7.2513 to $1.00, the noon buying rate on June 30, 2023, as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that the RMB or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this prospectus could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all.

In October 2019, our shareholders resolved to create an additional 50,000,000 of authorized ordinary shares with a par value of $0.001, or the Increase in Share Capital. Following the Increase in Share Capital, we issued 23,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of $0.001, or the USD Shares Issued, to our existing shareholders as fully paid shares at par value. Following the USD Shares Issued, we repurchased and cancelled 900,000 of the then outstanding ordinary shares with a par value of HK$0.01 then issued and outstanding from our existing shareholders and cancelled 38,000,000 of the authorized ordinary shares with a par value of HK$ 0.01.

We considered the above transactions to be a 25.56-for-1 share split of our ordinary shares and deemed the cancellation of 900,000 original ordinary shares with par value of HK$ 0.01 and the new issuance of 23,000,000 ordinary shares with par value of $0.001 to our existing shareholders to be part of our recapitalization prior to completion of this offering. We believe it is appropriate to reflect the above transactions on a retroactive basis similar to a stock split or dividend pursuant to the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 260. All share and per share amounts used herein and in the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein have been retroactively restated to reflect the share split, unless otherwise indicated. In December 2020, our shareholders resolved to divide 50,000,000 of our authorized ordinary shares with a par value of $0.001, or the Decrease in Share Capital, into 20,000,000 of our authorized ordinary shares with a par value of $0.0025. Following the Decrease in Share Capital, our then existing 23,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of $0.001 were divided into a total of 9,200,000 ordinary shares with a par value of $0.0025. We considered the above transactions to be a 1-for-2.5 reverse share split of our ordinary shares. We believe it is appropriate to reflect the above transactions on a retroactive basis similar to a stock split or dividend pursuant to FASB ASC 260. All share and per share amounts used herein and in the consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the share split, unless otherwise indicated.

 As a result, as of the date of this prospectus, our authorized ordinary share capital is 20,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of $0.0025 each and there are 9,200,000 issued and outstanding ordinary shares with a par value of $0.0025 each.

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following information about these risks, together with the other information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our ordinary shares. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects. In these circumstances, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

We have a limited operating history. There is no assurance that our future operations will be profitable operations. If we cannot generate sufficient revenues to operate profitably, we may suspend or cease operations.

Given our limited operating history, there can be no assurance that we can build our business such that we can earn a significant profit or any profit at all. The future of our business will depend upon our ability to obtain and retain customers and when needed, obtain sufficient financing and support from creditors, while we strive to achieve and maintain profitable operations. The likelihood of success must be considered in light of the problems, expenses, difficulties, complications and delays encountered in connection with the operations that we undertake. There is no history upon which to base any assumption that our business will prove to be successful, and there is significant risk that we will not be able to generate the sales volumes and revenues necessary to achieve profitable operations. To the extent that we cannot achieve our plans and generate revenues which exceed expenses on a consistent basis, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects will be materially adversely affected.

Our management team has limited public company experience. We have never operated as a public company in the United States and several of our senior management positions are currently held by employees who have been with us for a short period of time. Our entire management team, as well as other Company personnel, will need to devote substantial time to compliance, and may not effectively or efficiently manage our transition into a public company. If we are unable to effectively comply with the regulations applicable to public companies or if we are unable to produce accurate and timely financial statements, which may result in material misstatements in our financial statements or possible restatement of financial results, our stock price may be materially adversely affected, and we may be unable to maintain compliance with the listing requirements of Nasdaq. Any such failures could also result in litigation or regulatory actions by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, loss of investor confidence, delisting of our securities, harm to our reputation and diversion of financial and management resources from the operation of our business, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. Additionally, the failure of a key employee to perform in his or her current position could result in our inability to continue to grow our business or to implement our business strategy.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, particularly the coronavirus, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

In recent years, there have been outbreaks of epidemics in various countries, including China and the United States. In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus, or COVID-19 or the coronavirus, surfaced and it has spread rapidly to many parts of China and other parts of the world, including the United States. COVID-19 has resulted in quarantines, travel restrictions, and the temporary closure of stores and business facilities throughout China and several other parts of the world, including the United States. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. All of our revenue is concentrated in China through our subsidiaries. Consequently, our revenues were impacted by COVID-19 and were significantly lower in 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019. We had to comply with the temporary closure of facilities, or the ‘shelter in place’ order, in China in the first quarter of 2020. As a result, we closed our facilities in January 2020 and re-opened them in late March 2020. The COVID-19 outbreak materially adversely affected our business operations, financial condition and operating results for 2020 and 2021, including but not limited to material negative impact on our total revenues, slower collection of accounts receivable and additional allowances for doubtful accounts and could continue to adversely affect our business operations, financial condition and operating results. Despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we resumed relatively normal business operations after March 2020. However, the resurgence of COVID-19, particularly the Omnicron variant, has resulted in government restrictions in quarantines, travel and the temporary closures of stores and business facilities in parts of China and the world during the first few months of 2022. As of date of this prospectus, the PRC government has lifted the above mentioned restrictions. In December 2022, the Chinese government unveiled a series of new COVID-related policies to loosen its zero-COVID policy, and uplifted the existing prevention and control measures that were in place for the COVID-19 pandemic. On December 26, 2022, China’s National Health Commission announced that the COVID-19 infections will not be subject to the prevention and control measures of a Class A infectious disease, which means that COVID-19 infections will no longer be included in the administration of quarantinable infectious diseases. Starting from January 8, 2023, among other changes, China no longer conducts nucleic acid tests or centralized quarantine for all inbound travelers, and measures to control the number of international passenger flights have been lifted. We expect our business operations, financial condition and operating results to continue to recover from the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, due to the significant uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, the extent of the business disruption and the related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

In general, our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, health epidemics or other public safety concerns affecting China and the world, particularly the coronavirus. Natural disasters may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to operate our business and provide services and solutions. In recent years, there have been outbreaks of epidemics in China and globally, such as the coronavirus, H1N1 flu, and avian flu. Our business operations could be disrupted by any of these epidemics, in addition to any other epidemics. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any health epidemic harms the Chinese economy in general. A prolonged outbreak of any of these illnesses or other adverse public health developments in China or elsewhere in the world could have a material adverse effect on our business operations. Such outbreaks could significantly impact our industry, which could severely disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our headquarters and factory are located in Shenzhen and Nanping, China. Consequently, if any natural disasters, health epidemics or other public safety concerns were to affect Shenzhen or Nanping, our business may experience material disruptions, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in highly competitive markets and the size and resources of many of our competitors may allow them to compete more effectively than we can, preventing us from achieving profitability.

The markets we compete in are highly competitive. Competition may result in pricing pressures, reduced profit margins or lost market share, or a failure to grow our market share, any of which could substantially harm our business and results of operations. We compete for customers primarily on the basis of our brand name, price and the range of products and services that we offer. Across our business, we face competitors who are constantly seeking ideas which will appeal to customers and introducing new products that compete with our products. Many of our competitors have significant competitive advantages, including longer operating histories, larger and broader customer bases, less-costly production, more established relationships with a broader set of suppliers and customers, greater brand recognition and greater financial, research and development, marketing, distribution and other resources than we do. We cannot assure that we will be able to successfully compete against new or existing competitors. If we fail to maintain our reputation and competitiveness, customers demand for our products and projects could decline.

In addition to existing competitors, new participants with a popular product idea could gain access to customers and become a significant source of competition in a short period of time. These existing and new competitors may be able to respond more rapidly than us to changes in customer preferences. Our competitors’ products may achieve greater market acceptance than our products and potentially reduce demand for our products, lower our revenues and lower our profitability.  

Any decline in the availability or increase in the cost of raw materials could materially impact our earnings.

Our products and project installation operations depend heavily on the ready availability of various raw materials. The availability of raw materials may decline, and their prices may fluctuate greatly. If our suppliers are unable or unwilling to provide us with raw materials on terms favorable to us, we may be unable to produce certain products. The inability to produce certain products or installation projects for customers could result in a decrease in profit and damage to our reputation. In the event our raw material costs increase, we may not be able to pass these higher costs on to our customers in full or at all.

Our revenue will decrease if the industries in which we and our customers operate experience a protracted slowdown.

We are subject to general changes in economic conditions impacting the economy. If the industries in which we and our customers operate do not grow or if there is a contraction in these industries, including if government spending is affected, demand for our business will decrease. Demand for our business is typically affected by a number of overarching economic factors, including interest rates, environmental laws and regulations, government spending, including the availability and magnitude of private and governmental investment in infrastructure projects and the health of the overall economy. If there is a decline in economic activity in China and the markets in which we operate or a protracted slowdown in industries upon which we rely for our sales, demand for our projects, products and our revenue will likewise decrease which would have a materially adverse effect on our business.

Our business depends in large part on the success of our vendors and outsourcers, and our brand and reputation may be harmed by actions taken by third parties that are outside of our control. In addition, any material failure, inadequacy, or interruption resulting from such vendors or outsourcers could harm our ability to effectively operate our business.

We rely on vendor and outsourcing relationships with third parties for services and systems including manufacturing and logistics. We outsource manufacturing of our integrated rural sewage treatment system primarily to three vendors in the Jiangsu and Fujian provinces. Any shortcoming of a vendor or an outsourcer, particularly an issue affecting the quality of these services or systems, may be attributed by customers to us, thus damaging our reputation and brand value, and potentially affecting our results of operations. In addition, problems with transitioning these services and systems to or operating failures with these vendors and outsourcers could cause delays in product sales, and reduce efficiency of our operations, and significant capital investments could be required to remediate the problem.

We primarily rely on a limited number of vendors, and the loss of any such vendor could harm our business.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, one vendor accounted for 59.5%, respectively, of our total purchases, and three vendors accounted for 12.4%, 11.5%, and 10.8%, respectively, of our accounts payable. For the year ended December 31, 2022, two vendors accounted for 19.7% and 10.0%, respectively, of our total purchases, and two vendors accounted for 12.6% and 10.9%, respectively, of our accounts payable. For the year ended December 31, 2021, four vendors accounted for 40.7%, 23.6%, 11.7% and 10.0%, respectively, of our total purchases, and five vendors accounted for 15.3%, 14.5%, 13.2%, 11.3% and 10.3%, respectively, of our accounts payable. We generally do not have long term agreements or arrangements with our vendors. Our decision in choosing vendors is typically based on the compressive consideration of multiple factors including, among others, pricing, location, delivery terms and line of credit. Our vendors generally provide us with standard parts used in sewage treatment and integrated sewage treatment equipment. Any difficulty in replacing such vendors could negatively affect our performance. If we are prevented or delayed in obtaining products, or components for products, due to political, civil, labor or other factors beyond our control that affect our vendors, including natural disasters or pandemics, our operations may be substantially disrupted, potentially for a significant period of time. Such delays could significantly reduce our revenues and profitability and harm our business while alternative sources of supply are secured.

Our dependence on a limited number of customers could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

One or a few customers have in the past, and may in the future, represent a substantial portion of our total revenues in any one year or over a period of several years. For example, for the six months ended June 30, 2023, two customers accounted for 52.7% and 23.0%, respectively, of our total revenues, and three customers accounted for 17.6%, 16.7%, and 10.8%, respectively, of our accounts receivable. For the year ended December 31, 2022, three customers accounted for 48.5%, 15.2%, and 14.6%, respectively, of our total revenues, and four customers accounted for 18.2%, 15.1%, 12.9% and 11.2%, respectively, of our accounts receivable. For the year ended December 31, 2021, two customers accounted for 48.9% and 20.8%, respectively, of our total revenues, and four customers accounted for 16.1%, 13.1%, 11.6% and 10.2%, respectively, of our accounts receivable.

The customer that accounted for 52.7% of our total revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was attributable to the Lianjiang Project. We expect the percentage of revenue attributable to the Lianjiang Project will decrease once such project is completed. We secured the agreement to undertake the Lianjiang Project in January 2023. The total contracted amount of this project is tentatively fixed at RMB 140 million (approximately $19.1 million). We commenced early-stage construction and material acquisition in January 2023 and expect to complete the entire Lianjiang Project by May 2024. Key terms of our agreement for the Lianjiang Project include the project name and location, duration, price and payment terms, quality, safety and construction requirements, and breach of contract terms.

The customer that accounted for less than 10% of our total revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 15.2% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributable to the Wuyishan Project. We expect the percentage of revenue attributable to the Wuyishan Project will decrease once such project is completed. We secured the agreement to undertake the Wuyishan Project in September 2022. The total contracted amount of this project is tentatively fixed at RMB 37 million (approximately $5.1 million). We commenced early-stage construction and material acquisition in September 2022 and completed the entire Wuyishan Project in August 2023 according to verbal discussions with such customer. Key terms of our agreement for the Wuyishan Project include the project name and location, duration, price and payment terms, quality, safety and construction requirements, and breach of contract terms. Additionally, we entered into a separate agreement with this customer for extended scope of work in July 2023, which we refer to as the Wuyishan Project – Phase 2. The total contracted amount of Wuyishan Project – Phase 2 is tentatively fixed at RMB 30 million (approximately $4.1 million). We expect to complete the entire Wuyishan Project – Phase 2 by May 2024. Key terms of our agreement for the Wuyishan Project – Phase 2 project include the project name and location, duration, price and payment terms, quality, safety and construction requirements, and breach of contract terms.

The customer that accounted for 14.6% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 48.9% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021 was attributable to the Zhongshan Project. The Zhongshan Project accounted for less than 10% of our total revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023. We expect the percentage of revenue attributable to the Zhongshan Project will decrease once such project is completed. We secured the agreement to undertake the Zhongshan Project in April 2021. The total contracted amount of this project is tentatively fixed at RMB 180 million (approximately $26.9 million), and is subject to the actual construction quantity settlement, per the agreement. We commenced early-stage construction and material acquisition in June 2021 and expect to complete the entire Zhongshan Project by the end of June 2024 according to verbal discussions with such customer. Key terms of our agreement for the Zhongshan Project include the project name and location, duration, price and payment terms, quality, safety and construction requirements, and breach of contract terms. Pursuant to the agreement for the Zhongshan Project, liquidated damages equal to: (i) 0.1% of the total contract amount each day must be paid by Shenzhen CDT if it fails to complete a task within the time specified in the contract, and (ii) 10% of the total contract amount may be required to be paid by Shenzhen CDT if a task is not completed within 45 days of delay and if the customer chooses to terminate the contract and request Shenzhen CDT to pay such liquidated damages. Therefore, if such circumstances occur, Shenzhen CDT may be required to pay such liquidated damages, which could result in significant cash expenditures.

The customer that accounted for 23.0% of our total revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023, attributable to four different stages of such project, 48.5% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022, attributable to two different stages of such project, and 20.8% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021 was attributable to the Guankou Project. We do not have long term agreements or arrangements with such customer. We expect the percentage of revenue attributable to the Guankou Project will decrease as such project has been completed. We secured the agreement to undertake the Guankou Project in September 2021. The total contracted amount of this project is tentatively fixed at RMB 95 million (approximately $14.2 million), and is subject to the actual construction quantity settlement, per the agreement. We commenced early-stage construction and material acquisition in October 2021 and completed the entire Guankou Project in March 2023 according to verbal discussions with such customer. Key terms of our agreement for the Guankou Project include the project name and location, duration, price and payment terms, quality, safety and construction requirements, and breach of contract terms. Therefore, the loss of business from any one of such customers could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations. In addition, a default or delay in payment on a significant scale by a customer could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We face substantial inventory risk, which if such risk is not addressed could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We must order materials for our products and projects and build inventory in advance of production. We typically acquire materials through a combination of purchase orders, supplier contracts and open orders, in each case based on projected demand.

As our markets are competitive and subject to technology and price changes, there is a risk that we will forecast incorrectly and order or produce incorrect amounts of products or not fully utilize purchase commitments. If we were unsuccessful in accurately quantifying appropriate levels of inventory, our business, financial condition and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected.

Any disruption in the supply chain of raw materials and our products could adversely impact our ability to produce and deliver products which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In order to optimize our product manufacturing, we must manage our supply chain for raw materials and delivery of our products. Supply chain fragmentation and local protectionism within China further complicates supply chain disruption risks. Local administrative bodies and physical infrastructure built to protect local interests may pose transportation challenges for raw material transportation as well as product delivery. In addition, profitability and volume could be negatively impacted by limitations inherent within the supply chain, including competitive, governmental, legal, natural disasters, and other events that could impact both supply and price. Any of these occurrences could cause significant disruptions to our supply chain, manufacturing capability and distribution system that could adversely impact our ability to produce and deliver products. If we were unsuccessful in maintaining efficient operation of our supply chain, our business, financial condition and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected.

Our return on investment in client projects may be different from our projections.

Our return on investment in client projects typically takes some time to materialize. At the initial stages of project investment and construction, the depreciation of fixed assets may negatively affect our operating results. In addition, the projects may be subject to changes in market conditions during the installation and implementation phases. Changes in industry policy, the progress of the projects, project management, raw materials supply, market conditions and other variables may affect the profitability and the time in which we profit on projects, which may be different from our initial forecast, thus affecting the actual return on investment of the projects.

Issues or defects with products may lead to product liability, personal injury or property damage claims, recalls, withdrawals, replacements of products, or regulatory actions by governmental authorities that could divert resources, affect business operations, decrease sales, increase costs, and put us at a competitive disadvantage, any of which could have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition.

We may experience issues or defects with products that may lead to product liability, personal injury or property damage claims, recalls, withdrawals, replacements of products, or regulatory actions by governmental authorities. Any of these activities could result in increased governmental scrutiny, harm to our reputation, reduced demand by customers for our products, decreased willingness by our service providers to provide support for those products, absence or increased cost of insurance if insurance is available, or additional safety and testing requirements. Such results could divert development and management resources, adversely affect our business operations, decrease sales, increase legal fees and other costs, and put us at a competitive disadvantage compared to other companies not affected by similar issues with products, any of which could have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our future growth depends in part on new products and new technology innovation, and failure to invent and innovate could adversely impact our business prospects.

Our future growth depends in part on maintaining our current products in new and existing markets, as well as our ability to develop new products and technologies to serve such markets. To the extent that competitors develop competitive products and technologies, or new products or technologies that achieve higher customer satisfaction, our business prospects could be adversely impacted. In addition, regulatory approvals for new products or technologies may be required, these approvals may not be obtained in a timely or cost effective manner, adversely impacting our business prospects.

Changes in demand for our products and business relationships with key customers and vendors may negatively affect operating results.

To achieve our objectives, we must develop and sell products that are subject to the demands of our customers. This is dependent on several factors, including managing and maintaining relationships with key customers, responding to the rapid pace of technological change and obsolescence, which may require increased investment by us or result in greater pressure to commercialize developments rapidly or at prices that may not fully recover the associated investment, and the effect on demand resulting from customers’ research and development, capital expenditure plans and capacity utilization. If we are unable to keep up with our customers’ demands, our sales, earnings and operating results may be negatively affected.

We may be unable to deliver our backlog on time, which could affect future sales and profitability and our relationships with customers.

Our ability to meet customer delivery schedules for backlog is dependent on a number of factors including sufficient manufacturing capacity, adequate supply channel access to raw materials and other inventory required for production, an adequately trained and capable workforce, engineering expertise for certain projects and appropriate planning and scheduling of manufacturing resources. Failure to deliver in accordance with customer expectations could subject us to contract cancellations and financial penalties, and may result in damage to existing customer relationships and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our future success depends in part on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on the principal members of our executive team listed in the section entitled “Management” located elsewhere in this prospectus, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees for our business, including technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. Competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous companies for individuals with similar skill sets. The inability to recruit or loss of the services of any executive or key employee could adversely affect our business.

We will need to expand our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 114 employees, of whom 107 were full-time employees, 7 were part-time employees and all were located in China. As our Company matures, we expect to expand our employee base. In addition, we intend to grow by expanding our business, increasing market penetration of our existing products, developing new products and increasing our targeting of certain markets in China. Future growth would impose significant additional responsibilities on our management, including the need to develop and improve our existing administrative and operational systems and our financial and management controls and to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate, train, manage and integrate additional employees, consultants and contractors. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Future growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of our existing or future product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and grow revenue could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.

Failure of beneficial owners of our shares who are PRC residents to comply with certain PRC foreign exchange regulations could restrict our ability to distribute profits, restrict our overseas and cross-border investment activities and subject us to liability under PRC law.

SAFE has promulgated regulations, including the Notice on Relevant Issues Relating to Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents' Investment and Financing and Round-Trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, and its appendices. These regulations require PRC residents, including PRC institutions and individuals, to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents' legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a "special purpose vehicle", or SPV. The term "control" under SAFE Circular 37 is broadly defined as the operation rights, beneficiary rights or decision-making rights acquired by the PRC residents in the offshore SPVs by such means as acquisition, trust, proxy, voting rights, repurchase, convertible bonds or other arrangements. SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the SPV, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a SPV fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that SPV may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the SPV may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Further, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for foreign exchange evasion.

These regulations apply to our direct and indirect shareholders who are PRC residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions or share transfers that we make in the future if our shares are issued to PRC residents. However, in practice, different local SAFE branches may have different views and procedures on the application and implementation of SAFE regulations, and there remains uncertainty with respect to its implementation. We cannot assure you that these direct or indirect shareholders of our company who are PRC residents will be able to successfully update the registration of their direct and indirect equity interest as required in the future. If they fail to update the registration, our PRC subsidiaries could be subject to fines and legal penalties, and SAFE could restrict our cross-border investment activities and our foreign exchange activities, including restricting our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain loans denominated in foreign currencies from, our company, or prevent us from contributing additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, non-U.S. shareholders may experience unfavorable tax consequences if such non-U.S. shareholders are determined to be a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. See “Regulation—Legal Regulations on Tax in the PRC” and “Material Income Tax Considerations— PRC Taxation” for further information.

Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefits plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. If we fail to make contributions to various employee benefit plans and to comply with applicable PRC labor-related laws in the future, we may be subject to late payment penalties. We may be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines. If we are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We do not have business insurance coverage. Any future business liability, disruption or litigation we experience might divert management focus from our business and could significantly impact our financial results.

Availability of business insurance products and coverage in China is limited, and most such products are expensive in relation to the coverage offered. We have determined that the risks of disruption, cost of such insurance and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to maintain such insurance. As a result, we do not have any business liability, disruption or litigation insurance coverage for our operations in China. Accordingly, a business disruption, litigation or natural disaster may result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from our business, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We may require additional financing in the future and our operations could be curtailed if we are unable to obtain required additional financing when needed.

In addition to the proceeds to be raised in this offering, we may need to obtain additional debt or equity financing to fund future capital expenditures. While we do not anticipate seeking additional financing in the immediate future, any additional equity financing may result in dilution to the holders of our outstanding ordinary shares. Additional debt financing may impose affirmative and negative covenants that restrict our freedom to operate our business. We cannot guaranty that we will be able to raise proceeds in this offering or obtain additional financing on terms that are acceptable to us, or any financing at all, and the failure to obtain sufficient financing could adversely affect our business operations.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are not able to adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property and information, and protect against third party claims that we are infringing on their intellectual property rights, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The value of our business depends in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and information, including our patents, trade secrets, and rights under agreements with third parties, in China and around the world, as well as our customer, employee, and customer data. Third parties may try to challenge our ownership of our intellectual property in China and around the world. In addition, intellectual property rights and protections in China may be insufficient to protect material intellectual property rights in China. Further, our business is subject to the risk of third parties counterfeiting our products or infringing on our intellectual property rights. The steps we have taken may not prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property. We may need to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources. If we fail to protect our proprietary intellectual property and information, including with respect to any successful challenge to our ownership of intellectual property or material infringements of our intellectual property, this failure could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or if we are accused of infringing on the intellectual property rights of others, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.

Our commercial success will depend in part on our success in obtaining and maintaining issued patents, and other intellectual property rights in China and elsewhere and protecting our proprietary technology. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our technologies or the goodwill we have acquired in the marketplace and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability. The core of our business is our proprietary systems and technology, together with our experience and expertise in waste treatment services, particularly in rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment. As of December 31, 2023, we had 2 invention patents, 38 utility model patents, 3 trademarks and 2 computer software copyrights. We are continually working to upgrade our quick separation technology and septic tank treatment systems through independent research and development and partnerships with third-party institutions to further develop our mobile septic tank treatment system.

We cannot provide any assurances that any of our patents have, or that any of our pending patent applications that mature into issued patents will include, claims with a scope sufficient to protect our products, any additional features we develop for our products or any new products. Other parties may have developed technologies that may be related or competitive to our system, may have filed or may file patent applications and may have received or may receive patents that overlap or conflict with our patent applications, either by claiming the same methods or devices or by claiming subject matter that could dominate our patent position. Our patent position may involve complex legal and factual questions, and, therefore, the scope, validity and enforceability of any patent claims that we may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated or circumvented. Proceedings challenging our patents could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we may own may not provide any protection against competitors. Furthermore, an adverse decision in an interference proceeding can result in a third party receiving the patent right sought by us, which in turn could affect our ability to commercialize our products. 

Though an issued patent is presumed valid and enforceable, its issuance is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Competitors could purchase our products and attempt to replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our patents, or develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. We may be unable to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, suppliers, vendors, former employees and current employees.

Our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It may be difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components that are used in their products. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor's or potential competitor's product. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful.

In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable. If any of our patents covering our products are invalidated or found unenforceable, or if a court found that valid, enforceable patents held by third parties covered one or more of our products, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:

We rely, in part, upon unpatented trade secrets, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. Further, our trade secrets could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors.

Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from selling our products or affect our stock price. 

Our commercial success will depend in part on not infringing the patents or violating the other proprietary rights of others. Significant litigation regarding patent rights occurs in our industry. Our competitors in both the United States and abroad, many of which have substantially greater resources and have made substantial investments in patent portfolios and competing technologies, may have applied for or obtained or may in the future apply for and obtain, patents that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use and sell our products. We do not always conduct independent reviews of patents issued to third parties. In addition, patent applications in China and elsewhere can be pending for many years before issuance, or unintentionally abandoned patents or applications can be revived, so there may be applications of others now pending or recently revived patents of which we are unaware. These applications may later result in issued patents, or the revival of previously abandoned patents, that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use or sell our products. Third parties may, in the future, assert claims that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization, including claims from competitors or from non-practicing entities that have no relevant product revenue and against whom our own patent portfolio may have no deterrent effect. As we continue to commercialize our products in their current or updated forms, launch new products and enter new markets, we expect competitors may claim that one or more of our products infringe their intellectual property rights as part of business strategies designed to impede our successful commercialization and entry into new markets. The large number of patents, the rapid rate of new patent applications and issuances, the complexities of the technology involved, and the uncertainty of litigation may increase the risk of business resources and management's attention being diverted to patent litigation. We have, and we may in the future, receive letters or other threats or claims from third parties inviting us to take licenses under, or alleging that we infringe, their patents.

Moreover, we may become party to future adversarial proceedings regarding our patent portfolio or the patents of third parties. Patents may be subjected to opposition, post-grant review or comparable proceedings lodged in various foreign, both national and regional, patent offices. The legal threshold for initiating litigation or contested proceedings may be low, so that even lawsuits or proceedings with a low probability of success might be initiated. Litigation and contested proceedings can also be expensive and time-consuming, and our adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we can. We may also occasionally use these proceedings to challenge the patent rights of others. We cannot be certain that any particular challenge will be successful in limiting or eliminating the challenged patent rights of the third party.

Any lawsuits resulting from such allegations could subject us to significant liability for damages and invalidate our proprietary rights. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could force us to do one or more of the following:

Any litigation or claim against us, even those without merit, may cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core business and harm our reputation. If we are found to infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, we could be required to pay substantial damages (which may be increased up to three times of awarded damages) and/or substantial royalties and could be prevented from selling our products unless we obtain a license or are able to redesign our products to avoid infringement. Any such license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to redesign our products in a way that would not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. We could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to develop alternative methods or products. If we fail to obtain any required licenses or make any necessary changes to our products or technologies, we may have to withdraw existing products from the market or may be unable to commercialize one or more of our products.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position could be harmed. 

In addition to patent protection, we also rely upon trade secret protection as well as non-disclosure agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties, and may in the future rely on copyright and/or trademark protection, to protect our confidential and proprietary information. In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information using commonly accepted physical and technological security measures. Such measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee or third party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or reverse engineer certain aspects of our products that we consider proprietary. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Even though we use commonly accepted security measures, trade secret violations are often a matter of state law, and the criteria for protection of trade secrets can vary among different jurisdictions. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

Third parties may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions we develop, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Third parties may in the future make claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our intellectual property. Any infringement claims or lawsuits, even if not meritorious, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, divert management’s attention and resources, require us to redesign our products and services, if feasible, require us to pay royalties or enter into licensing agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies, and/or may materially disrupt the conduct of our business.

In addition, we may face claims by third parties that our agreements with employees, contractors or third parties obligating them to assign intellectual property to us are ineffective or in conflict with prior or competing contractual obligations of assignment, which could result in ownership disputes regarding intellectual property we have developed or will develop and interfere with our ability to capture the commercial value of such intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to resolve an ownership dispute, and if we are not successful, we may be precluded from using certain intellectual property or may lose our exclusive rights in that intellectual property. Either outcome could harm our business and competitive position.

Third parties may assert that our employees or contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets, which could result in litigation.

We may employ individuals who previously worked with other companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees or contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property or personal data, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third party. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims or settling those claims, in addition to paying monetary damages or a settlement payment, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Our computer systems and operations may be vulnerable to security breaches, which could adversely affect our business.

We believe the safety of our computer network and our secure transmission of information over the internet will be essential to our operations and our services. Our network and our computer infrastructure are potentially vulnerable to physical breaches or to the introduction of computer viruses, abuse of use and similar disruptive problems and security breaches that could cause loss (both economic and otherwise), interruptions, delays or loss of services to our users. It is possible that advances in computer capabilities or new technologies could result in a compromise or breach of the technology we use to protect user transaction data. A party that is able to circumvent our security systems could misappropriate proprietary information, cause interruptions in our operations or utilize our network without authorization. Security breaches also could damage our reputation and expose us to a risk of loss, litigation and possible liability. We cannot guarantee you that our security measures will prevent security breaches. 

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

We are based in, and our operations are located in, China through our subsidiaries. Our ability to operate in China may be impaired by changes in Chinese laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulation, restrictions on foreign investment, and other matters.

Because our operations are conducted in China through our subsidiaries, the Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, and may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares. The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. The central Chinese government or local governments having jurisdiction within China may impose new, stricter regulations, or interpretations of existing regulations, that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. As such, our subsidiaries in the PRC may be subject to governmental and regulatory interference in the provinces in which they operate. We could also be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including local and municipal agencies and other governmental subdivisions. Our ability to operate in China may be impaired by any such laws or regulations, or any changes in laws and regulations in the PRC. We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and future laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply.

The Chinese government recently promulgated a series of new statements and actions to regulate business operations in China. For example, Cybersecurity Review Measures was released on December 28, 2021 and became effective on February 15, 2022, and provides that critical information infrastructure operators, or CIIOs, that intend to purchase Internet products and online platform operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to cybersecurity review by the Cybersecurity Review Office of the PRC. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, a cybersecurity review assesses potential national security risks that may arise in connection with any procurement of data processing. The Cybersecurity Review Measures further requires that an online platform operator that possess personal data of more than one million users shall declare to the Office of Cybersecurity Review for cybersecurity review before listing in a foreign country. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any notice from any authorities identifying us as a CIIO or an online platform operator or requiring us to go through cybersecurity review by the CAC. We believe that our operations and listing will not be affected and that we will not be subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC for this offering, given that: (i) as a waste treatment company, we and our PRC subsidiaries are unlikely to be classified as CIIOs or online platform operators by the PRC regulatory agencies; (ii) our customers are enterprises in different provinces in China and we do not have customers who are individuals; as a result, we possess personal data of fewer than one million individuals in our business operations as of the date of this prospectus and do not anticipate that we will be collecting over one million individuals’ personal information in the near future, which we understand might otherwise subject us to the Cybersecurity Review Measures; and (iii) data processing in our industry is unlikely to have a bearing on national security and therefore is unlikely to be classified as core or important data by the relevant authorities. There remains uncertainty, however, as to how the Cybersecurity Review Measures will be interpreted or implemented and whether the PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementations and interpretations related to the Cybersecurity Review Measures. If any such new laws, regulations, rules, or implementations and interpretations come into effect, we will take all reasonable measures and actions to comply with them and to minimize any adverse effects on our business. We cannot guarantee, however, that we will not be subject to cybersecurity review in the future. If such review is or becomes necessary, we may be required to suspend our operations or experience other disruption to our operations. Cybersecurity review could also result in negative publicity with respect to our Company and diversion of our managerial and financial resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial conditions, and results of operations.

We could be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including local and municipal agencies and other governmental subdivisions, and rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little or no advance notice which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares.

We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and future laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply. While we believe, apart from the completed filing with the CSRC per the requirements of the Trial Measures, as described below, we are currently not required to obtain any other permission from any PRC authorities to operate or to issue our ordinary shares to foreign investors, and we believe we and our subsidiaries are not required to obtain any other permission or approval relating to our ordinary shares from PRC authorities, there are risks that such actions could require permission or consent from various PRC authorities. In addition, we believe that we and our subsidiaries are not required to obtain permission or approval relating to our ordinary shares from PRC authorities, including the CSRC, apart from the completed filing with the CSRC per the requirements of the Trial Measures, and the CAC, for our subsidiaries’ operations, nor have we or our subsidiaries received any other approvals or denial for our subsidiaries’ operations with respect to this offering. Therefore, the understanding is that we and our subsidiaries are not currently covered by permission requirements from the CSRC, apart from the completed filing with the CSRC per the requirements of the Trial Measures, the CAC or any other governmental agency that is required to approve our operations, and no such permissions or approvals have been received or denied, apart from the completed filing procedures with the CSRC. We have completed the filing with the CSRC and obtained the required Filing Notice from the CSRC regarding this offering on November 28, 2023, which serves as notification from the CSRC of our completion of the required filing procedures with the CSRC for this offering. The main contents of the Filing Notice are as follows: (1) we propose to issue not more than 2,300,000 ordinary shares (exclusive of the ordinary shares underlying the representative’s warrants) and list them on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC in the United States; (2) from the date of issuance of the Filing Notice to the completion of this offering, we shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the overseas issuance and listing of domestic enterprises, namely the Circular, the Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, report any major event to the CSRC through its filing management information system; (3) we shall, within 15 working days after completion of this offering, report the issuance and listing of our shares in connection with this offering through the CSRC’s filing management information system; and (4) if we fail to complete this offering within 12 months of the issuance date of the Filing Notice and intend to continue to proceed with this offering, we shall update the filing materials with the CSRC. Our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Dacheng Law Offices, LLP (Fuzhou), has advised us that, based on its understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, apart from the requirement of reporting the issuance and listing of our shares in connection with this offering within 15 working days after the completion of this offering as stated in the Filing Notice and above, we and our subsidiaries are not required to obtain any other permission, consent, or approval from, or make any filing or other notice to, the PRC authorities, including the CSRC, relating to this offering.

Recent statements by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in China based issuers. Recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the “Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law”, or the Opinions, which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen administration over illegal securities activities and the need to strengthen supervision with respect to overseas listings of Chinese companies. Certain measures, such as promoting effective regulatory systems, will be implemented to address the risks involved with the overseas listing of Chinese firms, cybersecurity, data privacy protection requirements, and other similar matters. The Opinions and any related implementing rules to be enacted may subject us to compliance requirements in the future. There is also a risk that approval by the CSRC may be required in connection with this offering. See “—The approval of the CSRC is required in connection with this offering under PRC law.” Given the current regulatory environment in the PRC, we are still subject to the uncertainty of different interpretation and enforcement of the rules and regulations in the PRC adverse to us, which may be announced or implemented with little or no advance notice. Our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to our business or industry. Accordingly, the Chinese government’s actions in the future, including any decision to intervene in or influence our operations at any time or to exert control over an offering of securities conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, may cause us to make material changes to our operations, may limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and/or may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

In addition, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC announced the Circular and released a set of new regulations which consists of the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines. The Trial Measures came into effect on March 31, 2023. The Trial Measures refine the regulatory system by subjecting both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing activities to the CSRC filing-based administration. Requirements for filing entities, time points and procedures are specified. A PRC domestic company that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC per the requirements of the Trial Measures. Where a PRC domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity, which shall, as the domestic responsible entity, file with the CSRC. The Trial Measures also lay out requirements for the reporting of material events. Breaches of the Trial Measures, such as offering and listing securities overseas without fulfilling the filing procedures, shall bear legal liabilities, including a fine between RMB 1.0 million (approximately $150,000) and RMB 10.0 million (approximately $1.5 million), and the Trial Measures heighten the cost for offenders by enforcing accountability with administrative penalties and incorporating the compliance status of relevant market participants into the Securities Market Integrity Archives.

The Trial Measures provide that if an issuer meets both of the following conditions, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be determined as an indirect overseas offering and listing which shall be subject to the filing procedure set forth under the Trial Measures: (i) 50% or more of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements over the same period for the most recent accounting year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in the PRC, or its main places of business are located in the PRC, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly Chinese citizens or domiciled in the PRC. As confirmed by our PRC counsel, this offering is an indirect overseas offering and listing.

According to the Circular, since the date of effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023, PRC domestic enterprises falling within the scope of filing that have been listed overseas or met the following circumstances are “existing enterprises”: before the effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023, the application for indirect overseas issuance and listing has been approved by the overseas regulators or overseas stock exchanges (such as the registration statement has become effective on the U.S. market), it is not required to perform issuance and listing supervision procedures of the overseas regulators or overseas stock exchanges, and the overseas issuance and listing will be completed by September 30, 2023. Existing enterprises are not required to file with the CSRC immediately, and filings with the CSRC should be made as required if they involve refinancings and other filing matters. PRC domestic enterprises that have submitted valid applications for overseas issuance and listing but have not been approved by overseas regulatory authorities or overseas stock exchanges at the date of effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023 can reasonably arrange the timing of filing applications with the CSRC and shall complete the filing with the CSRC before the overseas issuance and listing.

We are not classified as an existing enterprise. We therefore are required to file with the CSRC and shall complete the filing with the CSRC in accordance with the Trial Measures before this offering. On August 2, 2023, we submitted our filing materials and applied for registration to the CSRC in accordance with the requirements of the Trial Measures. We have completed the filing with the CSRC and obtained the required Filing Notice from the CSRC regarding this offering on November 28, 2023, which serves as notification from the CSRC of our completion of the required filing procedures with the CSRC for this offering. The main contents of the Filing Notice are as follows: (1) we propose to issue not more than 2,300,000 ordinary shares (exclusive of the ordinary shares underlying the representative’s warrants) and list them on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC in the United States; (2) from the date of issuance of the Filing Notice to the completion of this offering, we shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the overseas issuance and listing of domestic enterprises, namely the Circular, the Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, report any major event to the CSRC through its filing management information system; (3) we shall, within 15 working days after completion of this offering, report the issuance and listing of our shares in connection with this offering through the CSRC’s filing management information system; and (4) if we fail to complete this offering within 12 months of the issuance date of the Filing Notice and intend to continue to proceed with this offering, we shall update the filing materials with the CSRC.

As of the date of this prospectus, except for comments from the CSRC regarding the filing materials and the Filing Notice noted above, we have not received any formal inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or objection from the CSRC with respect to this offering. Our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Dacheng Law Offices, LLP (Fuzhou), has advised us that, based on its understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, apart from the requirement of reporting the issuance and listing of our shares in connection with this offering within 15 working days after the completion of this offering as stated in the Filing Notice and above, we and our subsidiaries are not required to obtain any other permission, consent, or approval from, or make any filing or other notice to, the PRC authorities, including the CSRC, relating to this offering.

We and our investors would be adversely affected if we or our subsidiaries were required to receive or maintain such permission or approvals and did not do so, if we inadvertently concluded that such approvals are not required, or if applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we become required to obtain approval in the future. For example, if it is determined in the future that any other approval of the CSRC, the CAC or any other regulatory authority is required for this offering, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies if we fail to obtain such approval. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price and/or listing of our securities. The CSRC, the CAC, or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before settlement and delivery of our ordinary shares. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC, the CAC or other regulatory PRC agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals for this offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our securities.

The approval of the CSRC is required in connection with this offering under PRC law.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC announced the Circular and released a set of new regulations which consists of the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines. The Trial Measures came into effect on March 31, 2023. The Trial Measures refine the regulatory system by subjecting both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing activities to the CSRC filing-based administration. Requirements for filing entities, time points and procedures are specified. A PRC domestic company that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC per the requirements of the Trial Measures. Where a PRC domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in overseas markets, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity, which shall, as the domestic responsible entity, file with the CSRC. The Trial Measures also lay out requirements for the reporting of material events. Breaches of the Trial Measures, such as offering and listing securities overseas without fulfilling the filing procedures, shall bear legal liabilities, including a fine between RMB 1.0 million (approximately $150,000) and RMB 10.0 million (approximately $1.5 million), and the Trial Measures heighten the cost for offenders by enforcing accountability with administrative penalties and incorporating the compliance status of relevant market participants into the Securities Market Integrity Archives.

The Trial Measures provide that if an issuer meets both of the following conditions, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be determined as an indirect overseas offering and listing which shall be subject to the filing procedure set forth under the Trial Measures: (i) 50% or more of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements over the same period for the most recent accounting year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in the PRC, or its main places of business are located in the PRC, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly Chinese citizens or domiciled in the PRC. As confirmed by our PRC counsel, this offering is an indirect overseas offering and listing.

According to the Circular, since the date of effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023, PRC domestic enterprises falling within the scope of filing that have been listed overseas or met the following circumstances are “existing enterprises”: before the effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023, the application for indirect overseas issuance and listing has been approved by the overseas regulators or overseas stock exchanges (such as the registration statement has become effective on the U.S. market), it is not required to perform issuance and listing supervision procedures of the overseas regulators or overseas stock exchanges, and the overseas issuance and listing will be completed by September 30, 2023. Existing enterprises are not required to file with the CSRC immediately, and filings with the CSRC should be made as required if they involve refinancings and other filing matters. PRC domestic enterprises that have submitted valid applications for overseas issuance and listing but have not been approved by overseas regulatory authorities or overseas stock exchanges at the date of effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023 can reasonably arrange the timing of filing applications with the CSRC and shall complete the filing with the CSRC before the overseas issuance and listing.

We are not classified as an existing enterprise. We therefore are required to file with the CSRC and shall complete the filing with the CSRC in accordance with the Trial Measures before this offering. On August 2, 2023, we submitted our filing materials and applied for registration to the CSRC in accordance with the requirements of the Trial Measures. We have completed the filing with the CSRC and obtained the required Filing Notice from the CSRC regarding this offering on November 28, 2023, which serves as notification from the CSRC of our completion of the required filing procedures with the CSRC for this offering. The main contents of the Filing Notice are as follows: (1) we propose to issue not more than 2,300,000 ordinary shares (exclusive of the ordinary shares underlying the representative’s warrants) and list them on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC in the United States; (2) from the date of issuance of the Filing Notice to the completion of this offering, we shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the overseas issuance and listing of domestic enterprises, namely the Circular, the Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, report any major event to the CSRC through its filing management information system; (3) we shall, within 15 working days after completion of this offering, report the issuance and listing of our shares in connection with this offering through the CSRC’s filing management information system; and (4) if we fail to complete this offering within 12 months of the issuance date of the Filing Notice and intend to continue to proceed with this offering, we shall update the filing materials with the CSRC.

As of the date of this prospectus, except for comments from the CSRC regarding the filing materials and the Filing Notice noted above, we have not received any formal inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or objection from the CSRC with respect to this offering. Our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Dacheng Law Offices, LLP (Fuzhou), has advised us that, based on its understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, apart from the requirement of reporting the issuance and listing of our shares in connection with this offering within 15 working days after the completion of this offering as stated in the Filing Notice and above, we and our subsidiaries are not required to obtain any other permission, consent, or approval from, or make any filing or other notice to, the PRC authorities, including the CSRC, relating to this offering.

In addition, the M&A Rules purport to require offshore SPVs that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals and that have been formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies or assets to obtain CSRC approval prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. In September 2006, the CSRC published a notice on its official website specifying documents and materials required to be submitted to it by a SPV seeking CSRC approval of its overseas listings. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and this offering may ultimately require approval from the CSRC pursuant to the M&A Rules. If CSRC approval is required pursuant to the M&A Rules, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval, and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for this offering would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies.

Our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Dacheng Law Offices, LLP (Fuzhou), has advised us that, based on its understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, pursuant to the M&A Rules, we will not be required to submit an application to the CSRC for the approval of the listing and trading of our ordinary shares on Nasdaq because we established our PRC subsidiaries by means of direct investment and not through a merger or acquisition of the equity or assets of a "PRC domestic company" as such term is defined under the M&A Rules.

However, Beijing Dacheng Law Offices, LLP (Fuzhou), as our PRC legal counsel, has further advised us that there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering, and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC legal counsel, and hence we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price and/or listing of our ordinary shares. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before settlement and delivery of the ordinary shares offered hereby. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for this offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of the ordinary shares.

Regulatory bodies of the United States may be limited in their ability to conduct investigations or inspections of our operations in China.

From time to time, we may receive requests from certain U.S. agencies to investigate or inspect our operations or to otherwise provide information. While we will comply with requests from these regulators, there is no guarantee that such requests will be honored by those entities that provide services to us or with which we associate, especially for any such entities that are located in China. Furthermore, an on-site inspection of our facilities by any of these regulators may be limited or entirely prohibited. Such inspections, though permitted by us and our affiliates, are subject to the unpredictability of the Chinese enforcement and other government agencies and may therefore be impossible to facilitate.

Our current auditor, Wei, Wei & Co., LLP, is PCAOB registered and based in Flushing, New York. Under the HFCAA, the PCAOB is permitted to inspect our current independent public accounting firm. In addition, on December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a determination report which found that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of the PRC, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions, which determinations were vacated by the PCAOB on December 15, 2022. Wei, Wei & Co., LLP is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified by the PCAOB in its report as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determinations, which determinations were vacated by the PCAOB on December 15, 2022. However, if the PCAOB later determined that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor, trading in our securities may be prohibited under the HFCAA, and, as a result, Nasdaq may determine to delist our securities.

Changes in China's economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

All of our assets and operations are located in China through our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and therefore by the significant discretion of Chinese governmental authorities. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. The increased global focus on environmental and social issues and China’s potential adoption of more stringent standards in these areas may adversely impact the operations of China-based issuers, including us.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to a reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and operating results.

If we become subject to the recent scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed China-based companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and resolve the matter which could harm our business operations, this offering and our reputation and could result in a loss of your investment in our ordinary shares, especially if such matter cannot be addressed and resolved favorably.

Recently, U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has centered around financial and accounting irregularities, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in some cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity, the publicly traded stock of many U.S.-listed China-based companies has decreased in value and, in some cases, has become virtually worthless. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this sector-wide scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity will have on us, our business and this offering. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our company. This situation may be a major distraction to our management. If such allegations are not proven to be groundless, our business operations will be severely hindered and your investment in our ordinary shares could be rendered worthless.

Uncertainties with respect to China’s legal system could adversely affect us.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, PRC law still restricts certain foreign investments in China, and such laws are continually evolving, as more fully described under “Regulation - Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment”. China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. These uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements and our ability to enforce our contractual arrangements and rights or tort claims. In addition, the regulatory uncertainties may be exploited through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats in attempts to extract payments or benefits from us.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all and may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Further, such evolving laws and regulations and the inconsistent enforcement thereof could also lead to failure to obtain or maintain licenses and permits to do business in China, which would adversely affect us.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigation or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. See also “—Risks Related to our Ordinary Shares and this Offering—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company.

Changes in international trade policies, trade disputes, barriers to trade, or the emergence of a trade war may dampen growth in China and may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Political events, international trade disputes, and other business interruptions could harm or disrupt international commerce and the global economy, and could have a material adverse effect on us and our customers, service providers, and other partners. International trade disputes could result in tariffs and other protectionist measures that could adversely affect our business. Tariffs could increase the cost of the goods and products which could affect customers’ spending levels. In addition, political uncertainty surrounding international trade disputes and the potential of the escalation to trade war and global recession could have a negative effect on customer confidence, which could adversely affect our business. We may have also access to fewer business opportunities, and our operations may be negatively impacted as a result. In addition, the current and future actions or escalations by either the United States or China that affect trade relations may cause global economic turmoil and potentially have a negative impact on our markets, our business, or our results of operations, and we cannot provide any assurances as to whether such actions will occur or the form that they may take.

Our current sewage treatment system customers are primarily state-owned companies in China and the end users of our system are primarily local governments in China, and the payment approval process from local governments is complex, which may increase our days sales outstanding and could impact our liquidity should any major delay of payment from our major customers occur.

Our current sewage treatment system customers are primarily state-owned companies in China and the end users of our system are primarily local governments in China. The payment approval process from local governments is complex as it requires us to go through several procedures and typically takes a longer period of time as all of the proper inspection documents must be provided in order for funds to be released. In addition, there are other contractors also working on the job sites for the non-sewage treatment related sections and the inspectors sometimes require the other contractors to complete their sections before the full projects can be inspected. As a result, our days sales outstanding rose from 171 days at December 31, 2017 to 180 days at December 31, 2018 to 306 days at December 31, 2019 to 615 days at December 31, 2020, decreased to 204 days at December 21, 2021, then increased to 220 days at December 31, 2022, then increased to 231 days at June 30, 2023. The liquidity of our operations highly depends on the timing of payment from our major customers, and should any major delay of payment from them occur, our operations and liquidity may be impacted.

We must remit the offering proceeds to China before they may be used to benefit our business in China, and we cannot assure that we can finish all necessary governmental registration processes in a timely manner.

The proceeds of this offering must be sent to China before they may be used to benefit our business in China, and the process for sending such proceeds to China may take several months after the closing of this offering. In utilizing the proceeds of this offering in the manner described in “Use of Proceeds,” as a Cayman Islands holding company of our PRC subsidiaries, we may only make (i) loans to our PRC subsidiaries, or (ii) additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries. Any shareholder loan or additional capital contribution are subject to PRC regulations. For example, loans by us or making additional capital contributions to our subsidiaries in China, which are FIEs, to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits, while shareholder loans must be also registered with the SAFE and additional capital contributions are subject to prior PRC governmental approval. The statutory limit for the total amount of foreign debts of a foreign-invested company is the difference between the amount of total investment as approved by MOFCOM or its local counterpart and the amount of registered capital of such foreign-invested company. 

To remit the proceeds of this offering, we must take the steps legally required under the PRC laws, including obtaining PRC governmental registrations and approvals. In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds from this offering in China and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, our ability to fund and expand our business and our ordinary shares.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments, including those obtained in the U.S., or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the prospectus based on foreign laws.

We, CDT Cayman, are a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We, CDT Cayman, through our subsidiaries, conduct all of our operations in China and all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all our senior employees reside within China for a significant portion of the time and most are PRC residents. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside mainland China, including our management. In addition, China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and many other countries and regions. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these non-PRC jurisdictions, including the U.S., in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult or impossible.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We, CDT Cayman, are a Cayman Islands holding company and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including for services of any debt we may incur. To date, we, CDT Cayman and our subsidiaries, have been funded through shareholder capital contributions, bank loans, third party loans and related party loans. As of June 30, 2023, these consisted of shareholder capital contributions of $7.5 million, which are reflected as par value and additional paid-in capital in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, bank loans of $2.3 million, third party loans of $0.3 million and related party loans of $4.3 million. See the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of change in shareholders’ equity on page F-4 and Notes 10 and 11 on pages F-21 through F-23 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We may in the future also rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries. Our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon its distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to its respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of our PRC subsidiaries as a FIE is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at its discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to their respective shareholders could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are incorporated.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, including those received from this offering, must be transferred either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, and are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China, which may take several months. According to the relevant PRC regulations on FIEs in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the prior approval of each of the respective local counterparts of the MOFCOM, the SAMR, and the SAFE and registration with other governmental authorities in China. In addition, (a) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE or its local branches, and (b) our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the statutory amount as approved by the MOFCOM or its local branches. Any medium-or long- term loan to be provided by us to our PRC subsidiaries must be approved by the NDRC and the SAFE or its local branches. We may not obtain these government approvals or complete such registrations on a timely basis, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to receive such approvals or complete such registration, our ability to use the proceeds of this offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. 

In 2008, SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142. SAFE Circular 142 regulates the conversion by FIEs of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting the usage of converted Renminbi. SAFE Circular 142 provides that any Renminbi capital converted from registered capitals in foreign currency of FIEs may only be used for purposes within the business scopes approved by PRC governmental authority and such Renminbi capital may not be used for equity investments within China unless otherwise permitted by PRC law. In addition, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of Renminbi capital converted from registered capital in foreign currency of FIEs. The use of such Renminbi capital may not be changed without SAFE approval, and such Renminbi capital may not in any case be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been utilized. On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the Circular of the SAFE on Relevant Issues Concerning the Pilot Reform in Certain Areas of the Administrative Method of the Conversion of Foreign Exchange Funds by Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 36, which launched the pilot reform of administration regarding conversion of foreign currency registered capitals of FIEs in 16 pilot areas. According to SAFE Circular 36, some of the restrictions under SAFE Circular 142 will not apply to the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of an ordinary FIE in the pilot areas, and such FIE is permitted to use Renminbi converted from its foreign-currency registered capital to make equity investments in the PRC within and in accordance with the authorized business scope of such FIEs, subject to certain registration and settlement procedure as set forth in SAFE Circular 36. As this circular is relatively new, there remains uncertainty as to its interpretation and application and any other future foreign exchange related rules. On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Notice of the SAFE on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19 took effect as of June 1, 2015 and has been partially repealed and superseded SAFE Circular 142 on the same date. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of FIEs and allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit FIEs from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond their business scopes, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises. Violations of these Circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties. SAFE Circular 19 may significantly limit our ability to use Renminbi converted from the net proceeds of this offering to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries, or to establish consolidated variable interest entities in the PRC, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China's foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the regular five-year review of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or the SDR, and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, Renminbi is determined to be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from this offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Renminbi relative to U.S. dollars would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms regardless of any underlying change in our business or results of operations. 

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited, and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure, or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

Changes in China’s environmental laws and policies may affect our financial condition.

Our products and projects are mainly used in the fields of rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment in urban and rural areas. We believe our business is in line with China’s current focus on environmental protection policies, particularly the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, also known as the Water Ten Plan, and the 13th Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the PRC (2016–2020), also known as the 13th Five Year Plan. However, should China alter its environmental policies towards less regulation, we believe demand for our products could decrease, adversely impacting our results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our earnings effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency into or out of China, which essentially may restrict the ability to transfer funds into or out of China. We receive all of our revenues in Renminbi through our subsidiaries. Under our current corporate structure, we, CDT Cayman, a Cayman Islands holding company, may rely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. To date, we, CDT Cayman and our subsidiaries, have been funded through shareholder capital contributions, bank loans, third party loans and related party loans. As of June 30, 2023, these consisted of shareholder capital contributions of $7.5 million, which are reflected as par value and additional paid-in capital in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, bank loans of $2.3 million, third party loans of $0.3 million and related party loans of $4.3 million. See the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of change in shareholders’ equity on page F-4 and Notes 10 and 11 on pages F-21 through F-23 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

Certain PRC regulations may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions.

Among other things, the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. Such regulation requires, among other things, that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor acquires control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, issued by the State Council in 2008, are triggered. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the NPC which became effective in 2008 requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the MOFCOM before they can be completed. In addition, PRC national security review rules which became effective in September 2011 require acquisitions by foreign investors of PRC companies engaged in military related or certain other industries that are crucial to national security be subject to security review before consummation of any such acquisition. We may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations. Complying with the requirements of these regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents' Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents' Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75, which ceased to be effective upon the promulgation of SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future. 

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct or indirect investments in offshore SPVs will be required to register such investments with the SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of a SPV is required to update its filed registration with the local branch of SAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any material change. Moreover, any subsidiary of such SPV in China is required to urge the PRC resident shareholders to update their registration with the local branch of SAFE. If any PRC shareholder of such SPV fails to make the required registration or to update the previously filed registration, failure in the completion or update of such registration by any PRC shareholder of such SPV will affect the procedure of transferring any dividend he obtains from the listed company back to China. On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Under SAFE Circular 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of the SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of the SAFE.

We cannot assure you that all of our shareholders that may be subject to SAFE regulations have completed all necessary registrations with the local SAFE branch or qualified banks as required by SAFE Circular 37, and we cannot assure you that these individuals may continue to make required filings or updates on a timely manner, or at all. We can provide no assurance that we are or will in the future continue to be informed of identities of all PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company. When a registered overseas special purpose company changes basic information such as its Chinese resident individual shareholders, name or operating terms, or changes important matters such as capital increase, capital reduction, equity transfer or replacement, merger or division of Chinese resident individual shareholders, it shall promptly go through the registration formalities for changes in foreign exchange for overseas investment with the SAFE. According to the provisions of SAFE Circular 37, except for Yunwu Li, no other relevant personnel of this listing are required to register foreign exchange or foreign exchange changes. As of the date of this prospectus, to our knowledge, Yunwu Li, our chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors and chairman of the board of directors and general manager of Shenzhen CDT, had completed the foreign exchange registration, but had not completed the change registration and was in the process of registration. The completion of Yunwu Li’s change registration will affect the procedure of transferring any dividends he obtains from CDT Cayman to China. However, the net proceeds from this offering which must be remitted to China will not be affected since Shenzhen CDT previously completed the foreign direct investment foreign exchange registration in 2016. Any failure or inability by such individuals to comply with the SAFE regulations may subject us to fines or legal sanctions.

Furthermore, as these foreign exchange regulations are still relatively new and their interpretation and implementation has been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Relating to Enterprise Income Tax on Transfers of Assets between Non-resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, which was partially abolished on December 29, 2017. SAT Bulletin 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to transactions involving transfer of taxable assets through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Bulletin 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which was partially revised. SAT Bulletin 37 came into effect on December 1, 2017 and was revised on June 15, 2018. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

Where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an Indirect Transfer, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a "substance over form" principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes. 

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. For transfer of shares in our company by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and/or SAT Bulletin 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Additional factors outside of our control related to doing business in China could negatively affect our business.

Additional factors that could negatively affect our business include a potential significant revaluation of the Renminbi, which may result in an increase in the cost of producing products in China, labor shortages and increases in labor costs in China as well as difficulties in moving products manufactured in China out of the country, whether due to port congestion, labor disputes, slowdowns, product regulations and/or inspections or other factors. Prolonged disputes or slowdowns can negatively impact both the time and cost of transporting goods. Natural disasters or health pandemics impacting China can also have a significant negative impact on our business. Further, the imposition of trade sanctions or other regulations against products imported by us from, or the loss of “normal trade relations” status with, China, could significantly increase our cost of products exported outside of China and harm our business.

The recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the HFCAA all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering.

On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in “Restrictive Market”, (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of director for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditors.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCAA requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for two consecutive years, the issuer’s securities will be prohibited to trade on a U.S. securities exchange or U.S. over-the-counter market. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCAA. On December 18, 2020, the HFCAA was signed into law. Additionally, in July 2020, the U.S. President’s Working Group on Financial Markets issued recommendations for actions that can be taken by the executive branch, the SEC, the PCAOB or other federal agencies and department with respect to Chinese companies listed on U.S. securities exchanges and their audit firms, in an effort to protect investors in the United States. In response, on November 23, 2020, the SEC issued guidance highlighting certain risks, and their implications to U.S. investors, associated with investments in China-based issuers and summarizing enhanced disclosures the SEC recommends China-based issuers make regarding such risks.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted final amendments to its rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCAA, which took effect on January 10, 2022. We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a “non-inspection” year, as defined in the rules. Under the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from trading on the Nasdaq or other U.S. securities exchange or any U.S. over-the-counter market if our auditor is not inspected by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, and this ultimately could result in our shares being delisted. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which, was enacted on December 29, 2022 under the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as further described below, and amended the HFCAA to require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. securities exchange or any U.S. over-the-counter market if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years, meaning the number of “non-inspection” years was decreased from three to two, and thus, this reduced the time before securities would be prohibited from trading or delisted. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a non-U.S. jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in any non-U.S. jurisdiction.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a determination report which found that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of the PRC, because of positions taken by PRC authorities in those jurisdictions, which determinations were vacated by the PCAOB on December 15, 2022. Our current auditor, Wei, Wei & Co., LLP, is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified by the PCAOB in its report on December 16, 2021 as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determinations, which determinations were vacated by the PCAOB on December 15, 2022.

On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol, or SOP, Agreement with the CSRC and China’s Ministry of Finance. The SOP, together with two protocol agreements governing inspections and investigation, establishes a specific, accountable framework to make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and has resumed regular inspections since March 2023. The PCAOB is continuing pursuing ongoing investigations and may initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor, then such lack of inspection could cause our securities to be delisted from the stock exchange. The delisting of our shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

On December 29, 2022, the U.S. President signed into law the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, which, among other things, amended the HFCAA to reduce the number of consecutive non-inspection years that would trigger the trading prohibition under the HFCAA from three years to two years (originally such threshold under the HFCAA was three consecutive years), and so that any non-U.S. jurisdiction could be the reason why the PCAOB does not have complete access to inspect or investigate a company’s public accounting firm (originally the HFCAA only applied if the PCAOB’s ability to inspect or investigate was due to a position taken by an authority in the jurisdiction where the relevant public accounting firm was located). As noted above, on December 15, 2022, the PCAOB vacated its previous 2021 determinations that it was unable to inspect and investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. 

If the PCAOB in the future again determines that it is unable to inspect and investigate completely auditors in mainland China and Hong Kong, then the lack of access to the PCAOB inspection in China would prevent the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the auditors based in China. As a result, investors could be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections, if the PCAOB in the future again determines that it is unable to inspect and investigate completely auditors in mainland China and Hong Kong. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China would make it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these accounting firms’ audit procedures or quality control procedures, which could cause existing and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements. Although our auditor was not identified by the PCAOB in its report as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determinations, which determinations were vacated by the PCAOB on December 15, 2022, should the PCAOB be unable to fully conduct an inspection of our auditor’s work papers in China, this could adversely affect us and our securities for the reasons noted above.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this prospectus, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess our auditor’s compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is headquartered in Flushing, New York, and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis with the last inspection in 2020. However, the recent developments would add uncertainties to our offering and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements. 

All of our operations are located in China through our subsidiaries. Our ability to operate in China may be impaired by changes in Chinese laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulation, restrictions on foreign investment, and other matters.

 We, CDT Cayman, are a Cayman Islands holding company. All of our operations are located in China through our subsidiaries. The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China may be impaired by changes in laws and regulations in the PRC. The PRC government recently promulgated a series of new statements and actions to regulate business operations in China.

According to the Circular, since the date of effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023, PRC domestic enterprises falling within the scope of filing that have been listed overseas or met the following circumstances are “existing enterprises”: before the effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023, the application for indirect overseas issuance and listing has been approved by the overseas regulators or overseas stock exchanges (such as the registration statement has become effective on the U.S. market), it is not required to perform issuance and listing supervision procedures of the overseas regulators or overseas stock exchanges, and the overseas issuance and listing will be completed by September 30, 2023. Existing enterprises are not required to file with the CSRC immediately, and filings with the CSRC should be made as required if they involve refinancings and other filing matters. PRC domestic enterprises that have submitted valid applications for overseas issuance and listing but have not been approved by overseas regulatory authorities or overseas stock exchanges at the date of effectiveness of the Trial Measures on March 31, 2023 can reasonably arrange the timing of filing applications with the CSRC and shall complete the filing with the CSRC before the overseas issuance and listing.

We are not classified as an existing enterprise. We therefore are required to file with the CSRC and shall complete the filing with the CSRC in accordance with the Trial Measures before this offering. On August 2, 2023, we submitted our filing materials and applied for registration to the CSRC in accordance with the requirements of the Trial Measures. We have completed the filing with the CSRC and obtained the required Filing Notice from the CSRC regarding this offering on November 28, 2023, which serves as notification from the CSRC of our completion of the required filing procedures with the CSRC for this offering. The main contents of the Filing Notice are as follows: (1) we propose to issue not more than 2,300,000 ordinary shares (exclusive of the ordinary shares underlying the representative’s warrants) and list them on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC in the United States; (2) from the date of issuance of the Filing Notice to the completion of this offering, we shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the overseas issuance and listing of domestic enterprises, namely the Circular, the Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, report any major event to the CSRC through its filing management information system; (3) we shall, within 15 working days after completion of this offering, report the issuance and listing of our shares in connection with this offering through the CSRC’s filing management information system; and (4) if we fail to complete this offering within 12 months of the issuance date of the Filing Notice and intend to continue to proceed with this offering, we shall update the filing materials with the CSRC.

While we believe, apart from the completed filing with the CSRC per the requirements of the Trial Measures, we are currently not required to obtain any other permission from any PRC authorities to operate or to issue our ordinary shares to foreign investors, and we believe we and our subsidiaries are not required to obtain any other permission or approval relating to our ordinary shares from PRC authorities, there are risks that such actions could require permission or consent from various PRC authorities. In addition, we believe that we and our subsidiaries are not required to obtain permission or approval relating to our ordinary shares from PRC authorities, including the CSRC, apart from the completed filing with the CSRC per the requirements of the Trial Measures, and the CAC, for our subsidiaries’ operations, nor have we or our subsidiaries received any other approvals or denial for our subsidiaries’ operations with respect to this offering. Therefore, the understanding is that we and our subsidiaries are not currently covered by permission requirements from the CSRC, apart from the completed filing with the CSRC per the requirements of the Trial Measures, the CAC or any other governmental agency that is required to approve our operations, and no such permissions or approvals have been received or denied, apart from the completed filing procedures with the CSRC.

 As of the date of this prospectus, except for comments from the CSRC regarding the filing materials and the Filing Notice noted above, we have not received any formal inquiry, notice, warning, sanction, or objection from the CSRC with respect to this offering. Our PRC legal counsel, Beijing Dacheng Law Offices, LLP (Fuzhou), has advised us that, based on its understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, apart from the requirement of reporting the issuance and listing of our shares in connection with this offering within 15 working days after the completion of this offering as stated in the Filing Notice and above, we and our subsidiaries are not required to obtain any other permission, consent, or approval from, or make any filing or other notice to, the PRC authorities, including the CSRC, relating to this offering.

 Governmental actions in China, including any decision to intervene or influence our operations at any time or to exert control over an offering of securities conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, may cause us to make material changes to our operations, may limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and/or may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. 

Risks Related to our Ordinary Shares and this Offering

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal control, we may be unable to accurately report our operating results, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

Prior to this offering, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures. Our management has not completed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. 

In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as well as other control deficiencies. As defined in standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified relate to (1) our lack of sufficient skilled staff with U.S. GAAP knowledge and the SEC reporting knowledge for the purpose of financial reporting as well as the lack in formal accounting policies and procedures manual to ensure proper financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements; and (2) our lack of internal audit function to establish formal risk assessment process and internal control framework.

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 will require that we include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our first required annual report for the prior fiscal year after completion of this offering. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Generally, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, and harm our results of operations. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

There has been no prior public market for our ordinary shares and an active trading market may never develop or be sustained.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our ordinary shares. An active trading market for our ordinary shares may never develop following completion of this offering or, if developed, may not be sustained. The lack of an active trading market may impair the value of your shares and your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them. An inactive trading market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling our ordinary shares and entering into strategic partnerships or acquiring other complementary products, technologies or businesses by using our ordinary shares as consideration. In addition, if we fail to satisfy exchange listing standards, we could be delisted, which would have a negative effect on the price of our ordinary shares.

We expect that the price of our ordinary shares will fluctuate substantially and you may not be able to sell the shares you purchase in this offering at or above the initial public offering price.

The initial public offering price for our ordinary shares sold in this offering is determined by negotiation between the representative of the underwriters and us. This price may not reflect the market price of our ordinary shares following this offering. In addition, the market price of our ordinary shares is likely to be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to many factors, including:  

In recent years, the stock markets generally have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may significantly affect the market price of our ordinary shares, regardless of our actual operating performance. These fluctuations may be even more pronounced in the trading market for our ordinary shares shortly following this offering. If the market price of our ordinary shares after this offering does not ever exceed the initial public offering price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment.

In addition, in the past, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in market price. Securities litigation brought against us following volatility in our stock price, regardless of the merit or ultimate results of such litigation, could result in substantial costs, which would hurt our financial condition and operating results and divert management's attention and resources from our business.

Our stock is expected to initially trade under $5.00 per ordinary share and thus could be known as a penny stock, subject to certain exceptions. Trading in penny stocks has certain restrictions and these restrictions could negatively affect the price and liquidity of our ordinary shares.

Our stock is expected to initially trade below $5.00 per share. As a result, our stock could be known as a “penny stock”, subject to certain exceptions, which is subject to various regulations involving disclosures to be given to you prior to the purchase of any penny stock. The SEC has adopted regulations which generally define a “penny stock” to be any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. Depending on market fluctuations, our ordinary shares could be considered to be a “penny stock”, subject to certain exceptions. A penny stock is subject to rules that impose additional sales practice requirements on broker/dealers who sell these securities to persons other than established members and accredited investors. For transactions covered by these rules, the broker/dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchase of these securities. In addition, a broker/dealer must receive the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to the purchase and must also provide certain written disclosures to the purchaser. Consequently, the “penny stock” rules may restrict the ability of broker/dealers to sell our ordinary shares, and may negatively affect the ability of holders of shares of our ordinary shares to resell them, if the “penny stock” rules apply. These disclosures require you to acknowledge that you understand the risks associated with buying penny stocks and that you can absorb the loss of your entire investment. Penny stocks generally do not have a very high trading volume. Consequently, the price of the stock is often volatile and you may not be able to buy or sell the stock when you want to.

If we fail to meet applicable listing requirements, Nasdaq may delist our ordinary shares from trading, in which case the liquidity and market price of our ordinary shares could decline.

Assuming our ordinary shares are listed on Nasdaq, we cannot assure you that we will be able to meet the continued listing standards of Nasdaq in the future. For example, legislative or other regulatory action in the United States could result in listing standards or other requirements that, if we cannot meet, may result in delisting and adversely affect our liquidity or the trading price of our shares that are listed or traded in the United States. If we fail to comply with the applicable listing standards and Nasdaq delists our ordinary shares, we and our shareholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

If you purchase our ordinary shares in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution in the book value of your shares.

Investors purchasing our ordinary shares in this offering will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share. As a result, investors purchasing ordinary shares in this offering will incur immediate dilution of $1.23 per share, representing the difference between the initial public offering price of $4.00 per share and our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $2.77 per share as of June 30, 2023. For more information on the dilution you may experience as a result of investing in this offering, see “Dilution.”

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that these sales may occur, could result in a decrease in the market price of our ordinary shares. Immediately after this offering, we will have 10,700,000 outstanding ordinary shares, based on the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2023, assuming no exercise of the underwriters' over-allotment option. This includes the shares that we are selling in this offering, which may be resold in the public market immediately without restriction, unless purchased by our affiliates or existing shareholders. Of that amount, 9,200,000 shares are currently restricted as a result of securities laws and/or lock-up agreements, but will be able to be sold after the closing of this offering, subject to securities laws and/or lock-up agreements. If held by one of our affiliates, the resale of those securities will be subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 of the Securities Act. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale.”

Our directors, officers and principal shareholders have significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

As of the date of this prospectus, our directors, officers and principal shareholders holding 5% or more of our ordinary shares, collectively, control approximately 81% of our ordinary shares. After this offering, our directors, officers and principal shareholders holding 5% or more of our ordinary shares, collectively, will control approximately 69% of our outstanding ordinary shares. As a result, these shareholders, if they act together, will be able to control the management and affairs of our Company and most matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. The interests of these shareholders may not be the same as or may even conflict with your interests. For example, these shareholders could attempt to delay or prevent a change in control of us, even if such change in control would benefit our other shareholders, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their ordinary shares as part of a sale of us or our assets, and might affect the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares due to investors' perceptions that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. As a result, this concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

We will have broad discretion in the use of proceeds of this offering designated for working capital and general corporate purposes.

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital for our rural sewage treatment business, including to build our sewage treatment equipment, implementation of new systems and services and potential mergers and acquisitions of subsidiaries, although no definitive merger or acquisition targets have been identified, research and development, sales and marketing, and additional working capital and general corporate purposes, including increasing our liquidity. Within those categories, we have not determined the specific allocation of the net proceeds of this offering. Our management will have broad discretion over the use and investment of the net proceeds of this offering within those categories. Accordingly, investors in this offering have only limited information concerning management's specific intentions and will need to rely upon the judgment of our management with respect to the use of proceeds.

We expect to incur significant additional costs as a result of being a public company, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Upon completion of this offering, we expect to incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements that will become applicable to us as a public company, including rules and regulations of the SEC, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, and the Exchange Act, as well as the rules of the Nasdaq. These rules and regulations are expected to significantly increase our accounting, legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming. We also expect these rules and regulations to make it more expensive for us to obtain and maintain directors' and officers' liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. Accordingly, increases in costs incurred as a result of becoming a publicly traded company may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

Upon the closing of this offering, we will become subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We will design our disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our ordinary shares will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Securities analysts may not publish favorable research or reports about our business or may publish no information at all, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

If a trading market for our ordinary shares develops, the trading market will be influenced to some extent by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us and our business. We do not control these analysts. As a newly public company, we may be slow to attract research coverage and the analysts who publish information about our ordinary shares will have had relatively little experience with us or our industry, which could affect their ability to accurately forecast our results and could make it more likely that we fail to meet their estimates. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us provide inaccurate or unfavorable research or issue an adverse opinion regarding our stock price, our stock price could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports covering us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline and result in the loss of all or a part of your investment in us.

Recently introduced economic substance legislation of the Cayman Islands may impact us and our operations.

The Cayman Islands, together with several other non-European Union jurisdictions, has recently introduced legislation aimed at addressing concerns raised by the Council of the European Union as to offshore structures engaged in certain activities which attract profits without real economic activity. With effect from January 1, 2019, the International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act, 2018, or the Substance Law, and issued Regulations and Guidance Notes came into force in the Cayman Islands introducing certain economic substance requirements for “relevant entities” which are engaged in certain “relevant activities,” which in the case of exempted companies incorporated before January 1, 2019, will apply in respect of financial years commencing July 1, 2019 and onwards. A “relevant entity” includes an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands; however, it does not include an entity that is tax resident outside the Cayman Islands. Accordingly, for so long as we are a tax resident outside the Cayman Islands, we are not required to satisfy the economic substance test. Although it is presently anticipated that the Substance Law will have little material impact on us and our operations, as the legislation is new and remains subject to further clarification and interpretation it is not currently possible to ascertain the precise impact of these legislative changes on us and our operations.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (2023 Revision) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, or our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, will become effective and replace our current memorandum and articles of association in its entirety immediately prior to the completion of this offering. Our directors have discretion under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders unless required by the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands or other applicable law or authorized by the directors or by ordinary resolution. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. Currently, we do not plan to rely on home country practices with respect to any corporate governance matter. To the extent we choose to follow home country practices with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital and Governing Documents — Comparison of Cayman Islands Corporate Law and U.S. Corporate Law.”

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We, CDT Cayman, are a Cayman Islands holding company and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. All of our current operations are conducted in China through our subsidiaries. In addition, most of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and will take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act, and we are taking advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we remain an emerging growth company. As a result, as we will not comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors will not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. We do not plan to "opt out" of such exemptions afforded to an emerging growth company. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to those of companies that comply with public company effective dates.

We qualify as a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we will not be subject to U.S. proxy rules and will be subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that permit less detailed and less frequent reporting than that of a U.S. domestic public company.

Upon the closing of this offering, we will report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (i) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder. Therefore, our shareholders may not know on a timely basis when our officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell our ordinary shares. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers also are exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are not foreign private issuers.

If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the cost we would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs and would make some activities highly time consuming and costly. We also expect that if we were required to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, it would make it more difficult and expensive for us to obtain and maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with corporate governance listing standards.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to take advantage of certain provisions in the Nasdaq rules that allow us to follow our home country law for certain governance matters. Certain corporate governance practices in our home country, the Cayman Islands, may differ significantly from corporate governance listing standards. Currently, we do not plan to rely on home country practices with respect to our corporate governance after we complete this offering. However, if we choose to follow home country practices in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ordinary shares.

A non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of "passive" income; or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, or the asset test. Based on our current and expected income and assets (taking into account the expected cash proceeds and our anticipated market capitalization following this offering), we do not presently expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future. However, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC is a fact-intensive inquiry made on an annual basis that depends, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets. In addition, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, will agree with our conclusion or that the IRS would not successfully challenge our position. Fluctuations in the market price of our ordinary shares may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years because the value of our assets for the purpose of the asset test may be determined by reference to the market price of our ordinary shares. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. If we were to be or become a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. See “Material Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences.”

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of our ordinary shares are directly or indirectly held by residents of the United States and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status on this date, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq rules. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer, and accounting, reporting and other expenses in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange. 

The price of our ordinary shares could be subject to rapid and substantial volatility, and such volatility may make it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our ordinary shares.

There have been instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines and strong stock price volatility with recent initial public offerings, especially among those with relatively smaller public floats. As a relatively small-capitalization company with relatively small public float, we may experience greater stock price volatility, extreme price run-ups, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. In particular, our ordinary shares may be subject to rapid and substantial price volatility, low volumes of trades and large spreads in bid and ask prices. Such volatility, including any stock-run up, may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our ordinary shares.

In addition, if the trading volumes of our ordinary shares are low, persons buying or selling in relatively small quantities may easily influence prices of our ordinary shares. This low volume of trades could also cause the price of our ordinary shares to fluctuate greatly, with large percentage changes in price occurring in any trading day session. Holders of our ordinary shares may also not be able to readily liquidate their investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. Broad market fluctuations and general economic and political conditions may also adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our ordinary shares. A decline in the market price of our Ordinary Shares also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional ordinary shares and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. No assurance can be given that an active market in our ordinary shares will develop or be sustained. If an active market does not develop, holders of our ordinary shares may be unable to readily sell the shares they hold or may not be able to sell their shares at all.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “objective,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” and “ongoing,” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements and opinions contained in this prospectus are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus and, while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. Forward-looking statements include statements about:

You should refer to the section titled “Risk Factors” for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

This prospectus includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties, as well estimates by our management based on such data. The market data and estimates used in this prospectus involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such data and estimates. While we believe that the information from these industry publications, surveys and studies is reliable, the industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of important factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds from the sale of 1,500,000 ordinary shares in this offering will be approximately $4.9 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us, based on the initial public offering price of $4.00 per ordinary share. If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, we estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $5.7 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The primary purposes of this offering are to create a public market for our shares for the benefit of all shareholders, retain talented employees, and obtain additional capital. We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

This expected use of the net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and prevailing business conditions, which could change in the future as our plans and prevailing business conditions evolve. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering and we reserve the right to change the use of proceeds that we presently anticipate and describe herein.

Pending any use described above, we plan to invest the net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing, debt instruments.

We have agreed with the underwriters in this offering to establish an escrow account in the United States and to fund such account with $600,000 from this offering that may be utilized by the underwriters to fund any bona fide indemnification claims of the underwriters arising during a 24 month period following the closing of this offering. The escrow account will be interest bearing, and we will be free to invest the assets in securities. All funds that are not subject to an indemnification claim will be returned to us after the applicable period expires.

The net proceeds from this offering must be remitted to China before we will be able to use the funds to grow our business in China. The procedure to remit funds may take several months after completion of this offering, and we will be unable to use the offering proceeds in China until remittance is completed.

In utilizing the proceeds of this offering in the manner described herein, as a Cayman Islands holding company of our PRC subsidiaries, we may only make (i) loans to our PRC subsidiaries, or (ii) additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries. Any shareholder loan or additional capital contribution are subject to PRC regulations. For example, loans by us or making additional capital contributions to our subsidiaries in China, which are FIEs, to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits, while shareholder loans must be also registered with the SAFE and additional capital contributions are subject to prior PRC governmental approval. The statutory limit for the total amount of foreign debts of a foreign-invested company is the difference between the amount of total investment as approved by MOFCOM or its local counterpart and the amount of registered capital of such foreign-invested company.

To remit the proceeds of this offering, we must take the steps legally required under the PRC laws, including obtaining PRC governmental registrations and approvals, which may take several months. In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds from this offering in China and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, our ability to fund and expand our business and the value of our ordinary shares.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid a dividend, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business.

We, CDT Cayman, are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC, Hong Kong and British Virgin Islands regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC, Hong Kong and British Virgin Islands subsidiaries to pay dividends to us.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of June 30, 2023 on:

You should read this information together with our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and the information set forth under the sections titled “Exchange Rate Information,” “Use of Proceeds” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” 

(1) Reflects the sale of ordinary shares in this offering at an initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Additional paid-in capital reflects the net proceeds we expect to receive, after deducting the underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We estimate that such net proceeds will be approximately $4.9 million. For an itemization of an estimation of the total offering expenses payable by us, see “Expenses Related to this Offering”.

(2) Noncontrolling interest represents the portion of the net assets of CDT Cayman’s subsidiaries attributable to interests that are not owned by CDT Cayman and its subsidiaries.

DILUTION

If you invest in our ordinary shares in this offering, your interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per ordinary share in this offering and the net tangible book value per ordinary share after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the initial public offering price per ordinary share is substantially in excess of the net tangible book value per ordinary share. As of June 30, 2023, we had a historical net tangible book value of approximately $24.7 million or $2.69 per ordinary share. Our net tangible book value per share represents total tangible assets less total liabilities, all divided by the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2023.

After giving effect to the sale of ordinary shares in this offering at the initial public offering price of $4.00 per ordinary share and after deducting the underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value at June 30, 2023 would have been approximately $29.6 million, or $2.77 per ordinary share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $0.08 per ordinary share to existing investors and immediate dilution of $1.23 per ordinary share to new investors. The following table illustrates this dilution to new investors purchasing ordinary shares in this offering:

If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share after this offering would be $2.78 per share, the increase in net tangible book value per ordinary share to existing shareholders would be $0.10 per share, and the immediate dilution in net tangible book value per ordinary share to new investors in this offering would be $1.22 per share.

The table and discussion above is based on 9,200,000 ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2023.

To the extent that we issue additional ordinary shares in the future, there will be further dilution to new investors participating in this offering.

EXCHANGE RATE INFORMATION

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and our business is primarily conducted in China through our subsidiaries, and the financial records of our subsidiaries in China are maintained in RMB, their functional currency. However, we use the U.S. dollar as our reporting and functional currency; therefore, reports made to shareholders will include current period amounts translated into U.S. dollars using the then-current exchange rates, for the convenience of the readers. Our consolidated financial statements have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 830, “Foreign Currency Matters.” The financial information is first prepared in RMB and then is translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates as to assets and liabilities and average exchange rates as to the statements of income Equity accounts are translated at their historical exchange rates when the equity transactions occurred. Translation adjustments resulting from this process are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the results of operations as incurred. Translation adjustments included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) amounted to $2,505,799, $1,490,621 and $559,752 as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The balance sheet amounts, with the exception of shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were translated at 7.23 RMB, 6.96 RMB and 6.38 RMB to $1.00, respectively, and at 7.84 HKD, 7.80 HKD and 7.80 HKD to $1.00, respectively. The shareholders’ equity accounts are stated at their historical exchange rates. The average translation rates applied to the statements of income accounts for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were 6.93 RMB and 6.48 RMB to $1.00, respectively, and were 7.84 HKD and 7.83 HKD to $1.00, respectively. The average translation rates applied to the statements of income accounts for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were 6.73 RMB and 6.45 RMB to $1.00, respectively, and were 7.83 HKD and 7.77 HKD to $1.00, respectively. Cash flows are also translated at average translation rates for the periods, therefore, amounts reported on the statements of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the consolidated balance sheets.

We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. We do not currently engage in currency hedging transactions.

With respect to amounts not recorded in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, unless otherwise stated, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars were made at RMB 7.2513 to $1.00, the noon buying rate on June 30, 2023, as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. We make no representation that the RMB or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this prospectus could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all.

CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE

Corporate History and Structure

CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited, or CDT Cayman, is a holding company incorporated on November 28, 2016, under the laws of the Cayman Islands. CDT Cayman has no substantive operations other than holding all of the outstanding equity of Chao Qiang Holdings Limited, or CQ BVI, established under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on December 14, 2015, and all of the outstanding equity of CDT Environmental Technology Group Limited, or CDT BVI, established under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on June 26, 2015.

CQ BVI is a holding company holding all of the outstanding equity of Ultra Leader Investments Limited, or Ultra HK, which was established in Hong Kong on February 27, 2015. Ultra HK is a holding company holding 15% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen CDT, which was established on August 27, 2012 under the laws of the PRC.

CDT BVI is a holding company holding all of the outstanding equity of CDT Environmental Technology (Hong Kong) Limited, or CDT HK, which was established in Hong Kong on July 30, 2015. CDT HK is also a holding company holding 85% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT. We, through Ultra HK and CDT HK, hold 100% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT. Shenzhen CDT holds equity interests in the PRC subsidiaries noted in the charts below.

We, through our subsidiaries, including Shenzhen CDT, engage in developing, producing, selling and installing sewage treatment systems and providing sewage treatment services.

The charts below summarize our corporate legal structure and identify our subsidiaries as of the date of this prospectus and upon completion of this offering:

The structure of cash flows within our organization, and a summary of the applicable regulations, is as follows:

1. Our equity structure is a direct holding structure. The overseas entity to be listed in the U.S., CDT Environmental Technology Investment Holdings Limited, or CDT Cayman, which was established in the Cayman Islands, directly controls all of the outstanding share capital of Shenzhen CDT Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen CDT, which was established in the PRC, and other operating subsidiaries in the PRC.

CDT Cayman holds all of the outstanding equity of Chao Qiang Holdings Limited, or CQ BVI, which was established in the British Virgin Islands, and CDT Environmental Technology Group Limited, or CDT BVI, which was established in the British Virgin Islands.

CQ BVI holds all of the outstanding equity of Ultra Leader Investments Limited, or Ultra HK, which was established in Hong Kong. CDT BVI holds all of the outstanding equity of CDT Environmental Technology (Hong Kong) Limited, or CDT HK, which was established in Hong Kong.

Ultra HK holds 15% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT. CDT HK holds 85% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT.

CDT Cayman, through Ultra HK and CDT HK, hold 100% of the outstanding equity of Shenzhen CDT. See “Corporate History and Structure” for additional details.

2. Within our direct holding structure, the cross-border transfer of funds within our corporate group is legal and compliant with the laws and regulations of the PRC. After foreign investors’ funds enter CDT Cayman at the close of this offering, the funds can be directly transferred to CDT BVI, then transferred to CDT HK, and then to subordinate PRC entities through Shenzhen CDT, subject to applicable PRC regulations, as noted below. The net proceeds from this offering must be remitted to China before we will be able to use the funds to grow our business in China.

Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, including those received from this offering, must be transferred either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China, which may take several months. The net proceeds from this offering must be remitted to China before we will be able to use the funds to grow the business in China. The procedure to remit funds may take several months after completion of this offering, and we will be unable to use the offering proceeds in China until remittance is completed. An increase in registered capital procedure requires prior approval from each of the respective local counterparts of the MOFCOM, the SAMR, and the SAFE. In addition, (a) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with the SAFE or its local branches, and (b) our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the statutory amount as approved by the MOFCOM or its local branches. Further, any medium-or long- term loan to be provided by us to our PRC subsidiaries must be approved by the NDRC and the SAFE or its local branches.

Further, regulations on the control of currency conversions, including SAFE Circular 19 may significantly limit our ability to use Renminbi converted from the net proceeds of this offering to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries, or to establish consolidated variable interest entities in the PRC, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

Further, SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. When a registered overseas special purpose company changes basic information such as its Chinese resident individual shareholders, name or operating terms, or changes important matters such as capital increase, capital reduction, equity transfer or replacement, merger or division of Chinese resident individual shareholders, it shall promptly go through the registration formalities for changes in foreign exchange for overseas investment with the SAFE. According to the provisions of SAFE Circular 37, except for Yunwu Li, no other relevant personnel of this listing are required to register foreign exchange or foreign exchange changes. As of the date of this prospectus, to our knowledge, Yunwu Li, our chief executive officer and chairman of our board of directors and chairman of the board of directors and general manager of Shenzhen CDT, had completed the foreign exchange registration, but had not completed the change registration and was in the process of registration. The completion of his change registration will affect the procedure of transferring any dividends he obtains from CDT Cayman to China. Yunwu Li will not be able to process the remittance of profits and dividends before completing the registration of foreign exchange changes in overseas investments. However, the net proceeds from this offering which must be remitted to China will not be affected since Shenzhen CDT previously completed the foreign direct investment foreign exchange registration in 2016. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.”

If we intend to distribute dividends, we will transfer the dividends to CDT HK in accordance with the laws and regulations of the PRC, then CDT HK will transfer the dividends to CDT BVI, and then to CDT Cayman, and the dividends will be distributed from CDT Cayman to all shareholders respectively in proportion to the shares they hold, regardless of whether the shareholders are U.S. investors or investors in other countries or regions.

3. As of the date of this prospectus, no cash and other asset transfers have occurred among us, CDT Cayman, and our subsidiaries; no dividends or distributions by any subsidiary have been made to date to us, CDT Cayman, or to investors; and no transfers, dividends or distributions have been made by us, CDT Cayman, to our subsidiaries or to U.S. investors to date. For the foreseeable future, we intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends. To date, we, CDT Cayman and our subsidiaries, have been funded through shareholder capital contributions, bank loans, third party loans and related party loans. See the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of change in shareholders’ equity on page F-4 and Notes 10 and 11 on pages F-21 through F-23 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. As of June 30, 2023, these consisted of shareholder capital contributions of $7.5 million, which are reflected as par value and additional paid-in capital in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus (see the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of change in shareholders’ equity on page F-4 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus), bank loans of $2.3 million (see pages F-22 and F-23 of Note 11 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus), third party loans of $0.3 million (see page F-23 of Note 11 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus) and related party loans of $4.3 million (see page F-22 of Note 10 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus). See the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of change in shareholders’ equity on page F-4 and Notes 10 and 11 on pages F-21 through F-23 of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. As of the date of this prospectus, none of CDT Cayman or its subsidiaries has written cash management policies or procedures in place that dictate how funds are transferred. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations.

4. Our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon their distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit such PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of each of their respective registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

To address persistent capital outflows and the RMB’s depreciation against the U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China and SAFE have implemented a series of capital control measures in the subsequent months, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls and our PRC subsidiaries’ dividends and other distributions may be subject to tightened scrutiny in the future. The PRC government also imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from the profits of any of our PRC subsidiaries, if any. Furthermore, if any of our subsidiaries in the PRC incur debt on their own in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax at a rate of 10% would be applicable to dividends paid by mainland China companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless reduced under treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and the governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC resident enterprises are tax resident. Pursuant to the tax agreement between mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a mainland China enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise may be reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10%. However, if the relevant tax authorities determine that our transactions or arrangements are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may decide that a tax rate that is more than the favorable withholding tax rate of 5% will be applicable to dividends received by our Hong Kong subsidiary from our mainland China subsidiaries in the future. Accordingly, there is no assurance that the reduced 5% withholding rate will apply to dividends received by our Hong Kong subsidiary from our mainland China subsidiaries. A higher withholding tax rate will reduce the amount of dividends we may receive from our mainland China subsidiaries.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion and analysis and other parts of this prospectus contain forward-looking statements based upon current beliefs, plans and expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements.

Overview

We, through our subsidiaries, are a waste treatment company that generates revenue through design, development, manufacture, sales, installation, operation, and maintenance of sewage treatment systems and by providing sewage treatment services. We, through our subsidiaries, primarily engage in two business lines: sewage treatment systems and sewage treatment services in both urban and rural areas. Sewage treatment systems are sometimes also referred to herein as rural sewage treatment, and sewage treatment services are sometimes also referred to herein as septic tank treatment. Our goal is to become one of the premier sewage treatment solution companies in China.

For sewage treatment systems, we sell and install our proprietary rural sewage treatment systems and provide on-going operation and maintenance services to our customers. For sewage treatment services, we provide on-site treatment services with our mobile and fixed septic tank treatment systems.

The core of our business is our proprietary systems and technology, together with our experience and expertise in waste treatment services, particularly in rural sewage treatment and septic tank treatment. As of December 31, 2023, we had 2 invention patents, 38 utility model patents, 3 trademarks and 2 computer software copyrights. We are continually working to upgrade our quick separation technology and septic tank treatment systems through independent research and development and partnerships with third-party institutions to further develop our mobile septic tank treatment system.

We have grown rapidly since our inception. We generate revenues primarily from establishment and setup of sewage treatment systems installation with government and non-government contracts and providing sewage treatment services for sewage systems. However, we were negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic throughout 2020 and our business started to gradually recover in 2021 and beyond. Our total revenues gained upward momentum by increasing approximately $2.6 million, or 20.2%, to approximately $15.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to approximately $12.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Furthermore, our total revenue increased approximately $5.3 million, or 22.5%, to approximately $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to approximately $23.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. As of the date of this prospectus, as the COVID-19 related restrictions have been lifted by the PRC government, we expect most of our projects from sewage treatment systems installation to resume upon approval from the local governments and our total revenues to continue to recover due to demand for our services.

As of date of this prospectus, we have two projects in backlog, which are referred to as the Lianjiang Project and the Wuyishan Project - Phase 2. The Lianjiang Project was signed and commenced in January 2023, and Wuyishan Project - Phase 2 was signed and commenced in July 2023. Per the agreements for the projects, the total tentative contracted amount of the two projects is approximately RMB 170 million ($23.2 million), consisting of the tentatively fixed amount of RMB 140 million (approximately $19.1 million) for the Lianjiang Project, and the tentatively fixed amount of RMB 30 million (approximately $4.1 million) for the Wuyishan Project - Phase 2, per the terms of the agreements. Key terms of the agreements for the two projects include:

The summaries of such agreements are qualified by reference to the full text of the translated agreements which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

We are also in the process of acquiring four projects for our sewage treatment systems, which are expected to be signed and commenced in the second quarter of 2024. There can be no guarantee that these remaining projects will be acquired, or that, even if they are acquired, that they will be completed in a timely manner or at all.

Key Factors that Affect Operating Results

Our management has observed the trends and uncertainties of government efforts to control sewage waste discharge, which we believe may have a direct impact on our operations in the near future.

Our operating subsidiaries are incorporated, and our operations and assets are all located, in China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are affected by China’s economic and regulatory conditions, which could be influenced by the following factors: (a) an economic downturn in China or any regional market in China; (b) economic policies and initiatives undertaken by the Chinese government; (c) changes in the Chinese or regional business or regulatory environment affecting our customers; and (d) changes in the Chinese government policy on sewage waste discharge. Unfavorable changes could affect demand for services that we provide and could materially and adversely affect the results of operations. Although we have generally benefited from China’s economic growth and the policies to encourage the improvement of reducing of sewage waste discharge, we are also affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in the Chinese economic conditions and regulations governing the sewage industry. 

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus, or COVID-19 or the coronavirus, surfaced and it has spread rapidly to many parts of China and other parts of the world, including the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in quarantines, travel restrictions, and the temporary closure of stores and business facilities in China and several other parts of the world, including the United States. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. All of our revenue is concentrated in China through our subsidiaries. Consequently, our revenues were impacted by COVID-19 and were significantly lower in 2020 as compared to the same period of 2019. We had to comply with the temporary closure of stores and business facilities, or the ‘shelter in place’ order, in China in the first quarter of 2020. As a result, we closed our facilities in January 2020 and re-opened them in late March 2020. The COVID-19 outbreak materially adversely affected our business operations, financial condition and operating results for 2020 and 2021, including but not limited to material negative impact on our total revenues, slower collection of accounts receivable and additional allowances for doubtful accounts. Despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we resumed relatively normal business operations after March 2020. However, the resurgence of COVID-19, particularly the Omnicron variant, has resulted in government restrictions in quarantines, travel and the temporary closures of stores and business facilities in parts of China and the world during the first few months of 2022. As of date of this prospectus, the PRC government has lifted the above mentioned restrictions. In December 2022, the Chinese government unveiled a series of new COVID-related policies to loosen its zero-COVID policy, and uplifted the existing prevention and control measures that were in place for the COVID-19 pandemic. On December 26, 2022, China’s National Health Commission announced that the COVID-19 infections will not be subject to the prevention and control measures of a Class A infectious disease, which means that COVID-19 infections will no longer be included in the administration of quarantinable infectious diseases. Starting from January 8, 2023, among other changes, China no longer conducts nucleic acid tests or centralized quarantine for all inbound travelers, and measures to control the number of international passenger flights have been lifted. We expect our business operations, financial condition and operating results to continue to recover from the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, due to the significant uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, the extent of the business disruption and the related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. For a discussion of the risks associated with COVID-19, see “COVID-19 Update” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, particularly the coronavirus, which could significantly disrupt our operations.” 

Results of Operations

Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

Revenues

Our revenues are derived from sewage treatment systems and sewage treatment services in both urban and rural areas. Total revenues increased by approximately $2.6 million, or 20.2%, to approximately $15.5 million for six month ended June 30, 2023, compared to approximately $12.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The overall increase was mainly due to the increase in our sewage treatment systems revenues by approximately $2.5 million, or 21.0%, to $14.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to approximately $11.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Our revenues from our revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Sewage treatment systems revenues

Revenues from sewage treatment system installations increased by approximately $2.5 million, or 21.0%, to approximately $14.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from approximately $11.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. This increase was primarily attributed to the progress or completion of projects initiated in 2021 and 2022, along with our involvement in two new projects in 2023. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, we successfully initiated two new projects, and completed four projects from 2019 to 2022. Meanwhile, we had six projects which were still in progress as of June 30, 2023. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, we had not initiated any new projects due to the resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic in the first half of 2022 that caused the delay of the project bidding process and eventually effected our ability to acquire new projects during such time.

As of the date of this prospectus, one projects outstanding from the year ended December 31, 2022 had been completed, and the rest are expected to be completed within the next twelve months. Meanwhile, we have acquired one project in July 2023 through participating in new projects’ bidding processes related to our sewage treatment systems business. Our revenue from sewage treatment systems will continue to grow for the remaining of 2023 and beyond.

Sewage treatment services revenues

Revenues from sewage treatment services increased by approximately $86,000, or 9.2%, to approximately $1.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from approximately $932,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Revenue from sewage treatment services will remain minimal as our business development will mainly focus on sewage treatment systems.

Cost of Revenues

Total cost of revenues increased by approximately $2.5 million, or 30.1% to approximately $10.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to approximately $8.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in cost of revenues is a direct result of our increase of revenues.

Our cost of revenues from our revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Our cost of revenues from sewage treatment systems increased by approximately $2.4 million, or 31.4%, to approximately $9.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from approximately $7.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. This increase in the cost of revenues from sewage treatment systems is due to increase in revenues from sewage treatment systems while we also experienced increase in labor and material cost.

Our cost of revenues from sewage treatment services increased by approximately $80,000, or 13.1%, to approximately $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from approximately $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease in the cost of revenues from sewage treatment services is in line with the increase of revenue from sewage treatment services.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit from our major revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Our gross profit increased by approximately $0.1 million, or 2.9 %, to approximately $4.8 million for six months ended June 30, 2023 from approximately $4.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in gross profit is primarily due to the increase of sewage treatment systems revenue as discussed above.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, our overall gross profit percentage was 31.2% and 36.4%, respectively. The decrease in gross profit percentage of 5.2% was primarily due to the following:

Gross profit percentage for sewage treatment systems was 31.1% and 36.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease of gross profit percentage of 5.5% was mainly attributable to increase material and labor cost.

Operating Expenses  

Total operating expenses decrease by approximately $1.4 million or 36.5% to approximately $2.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from approximately $3.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease was mainly attributable to the following:

The approximately $38,000 decrease in selling expenses can be mainly attributed to decrease of approximately $25,000 in advertising expenses.

The approximately $0.2 million decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to $0.3 million decrease in salary expense due to we maintained less staff from our administrative department as we intended to minimize our general and administrative expenses.

The approximately $1.1 million decrease in allowance for credit loss was result of our effect to improve our collection cycle of our accounts receivable.

Other expense, net 

The approximately $94,000 increase in other expense, net was mainly attributable to the increase in loss from disposal of fixed assets as we disposed of a few malfunctioned sewages cleaning equipment from our sewage treatment service.

Provision for income taxes

Our provision for income taxes increased by approximately $0.2 million to approximately $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from approximately $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increase in our income before tax. Additionally, it was also attributable to a decreased deferred tax benefit as we recognized less provision for credit loss during the six months ending June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022.

Net income

Our net income increased by approximately $1.3 million, or 226.6%, to net income of approximately $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from approximately $0.6 million net income for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Such change was due to the reasons as discussed above.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 Revenues

Our revenues are derived from sewage treatment systems and sewage treatment services in both urban and rural areas. Total revenues increased by approximately $5.3 million, or 22.5%, to approximately $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to approximately $23.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The overall increase was mainly due to the increase in our sewage treatment systems revenues.

Our revenues from our revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Sewage treatment systems revenues

Revenues from sewage treatment system installations increased by approximately $6.3 million, or 31.0%, to approximately $26.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from approximately $20.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributed to the progress or completion of projects initiated in 2021, along with our involvement in new projects in 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we successfully initiated four new projects, and completed two projects from 2020 and 2021. Meanwhile, we had nine projects which were still in progress as of December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we successfully initiated three new projects, and completed two projects from 2019 and 2021. As of the date of this prospectus, five projects outstanding from the year ended December 31, 2022 had been completed, and the rest are expected to be completed within the next twelve months. Our revenue from sewage treatment systems will continue to grow in the remaining of 2023 and beyond.

Sewage treatment services revenues

Revenues from sewage treatment services decreased by approximately $1.0 million, or 30.1%, to approximately $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from approximately $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was mainly due to our shift in focus to sewage treatment systems operation and dedicated more capital resources for its business development.

Cost of Revenues

Total cost of revenues increased by approximately $3.5 million, or 23.5% to approximately $18.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to approximately $15.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in cost of revenues is a direct result of our increase of revenues.

Our cost of revenues from our revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Our cost of revenues from sewage treatment systems increased by approximately $4.4 million, or 34.0%, to approximately $17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from approximately $12.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in the cost of revenues from sewage treatment systems is in line with the increase in revenues from sewage treatment systems.

Our cost of revenues from sewage treatment services decreased by approximately $0.8 million, or 36.5%, to approximately $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, down from approximately $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in the cost of revenues from sewage treatment services was primarily due to the decrease in revenue from sewage treatment services.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit from our major revenue categories are summarized as follows:

Our gross profit increased by approximately $1.8 million, or 20.7 %, to approximately $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from approximately $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in gross profit is primarily due to the increase of sewage treatment systems revenue as discussed above.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our overall gross profit percentage was 35.5% and 36.1%, respectively. The decrease in gross profit percentage of 0.5% was primarily due to the following:

Gross profit percentage for sewage treatment systems was 35.3% and 36.8% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The slight decrease of gross profit percentage of 1.5% was mainly attributable to increase material and labor cost.

The gross profit percentage for sewage treatment services was 37.9% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 31.6% for the same period in 2021. The increase of 6.3% increase in the gross profit percentage was primarily attributed to our efforts to streamline our staff as we retained only well-qualified and experienced technicians to serve our customers. Consequently, we were able to enhance the efficiency of our sewage treatment services and reduce labor costs. 

Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses increased by approximately $3.1 million or 359.5% to approximately $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from approximately $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was mainly attributable to the following:

The approximately $13,000 decrease in selling expenses can be mainly attributed to a reduction of approximately $32,000 in advertising expenses.

The approximately $0.8 million increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to $0.6 million increase in audit expenses as we incurred additional audit fees due to re-audit work performed by the new auditor on some of our prior-period data as a result of change of auditor.

We incurred provision for doubtful accounts of approximately $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as we make additional provision for allowance of doubtful account for certain accounts receivable or other receivables with extended aging. For the same period in 2021, we recorded recovery of doubtful accounts of accounts receivable balance amounted to approximately $1.9 million which has been previously allowanced.

Other income, net 

The approximately $98,000 decrease in other income was mainly attributable to the decrease in interest income of $76,000 from loans to third parties as most of the outstanding balance from 2020 was collected in late 2021, and we did not incur any new loans to third parties for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Provision for (benefit of) income taxes

Our provision for income taxes decreased by approximately $50,000 to approximately $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from approximately $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in deferred tax expense as we reserved more allowance for doubtful account for the year ended December 31, 2022 resulting in increase of deferred tax assets. The decrease was offset by an increase of approximately $0.2 million increase in current income tax expenses resulting from an increase of our taxable income.

Net income

Our net income decreased by approximately $1.4 million, or 20.3%, to net income of approximately $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from approximately $6.6 million net income for the year ended December 31, 2021. Such change was due to the reasons as discussed above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In assessing our liquidity, we monitor and analyze our cash on-hand and our operating expenditure commitments. Our liquidity needs are to meet our working capital requirements and operating expense obligations. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from operations, and short-term borrowing from banks and third parties.

As of June 30, 2023, our working capital was approximately $11.2 million, cash and restricted cash amounted to approximately $0.5 million, our current assets were approximately $40.8 million and our current liabilities were approximately $29.6 million. We had net income of approximately $1.8 million and $5.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022, respectively. We believe our current working capital and cash position is sufficient to support our operations for the next twelve months from the issuance of the financial statements.

We intend to use the net proceeds raised from this offering to grow our business primarily by:

As of June 30, approximately $0.5 million and $19,000 were deposited with financial institutions located in the PRC and Hong Kong, respectively. Current foreign exchange and other regulations in the PRC may restrict our PRC entities in their ability to transfer their net assets to us in the Cayman Islands and to our subsidiaries in the British Virgin Islands and Hong Kong. However, because we have no present plans to declare dividends, these restrictions will likely have no impact on us. Instead, we plan to use our retained earnings to continue to grow our business. These restrictions also have no impact on our ability to meet our cash obligations as all of our current cash obligations are in the PRC.

The following summarizes the key components of our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and was primarily attributable to (i) an approximately $4.8 million net increase in contract assets and contract costs, which was due to the reasons discussed below under the section “contract assets” and “contract costs”, and (ii) approximately $0.8 million increase in accounts receivable which was due to the reason discussed below under the section “accounts receivable”, (iii) approximately $0.1 million increase in other receivables for additional service deposits with our third party service provider and advances to our employee for operational purposes, (iv) approximately $0.2 million decrease in other payables and accrued liabilities as we make more timely payments for accrued expense, (v) approximately $0.1 million from the deferred tax benefit related to the additional allowance for doubtful account from long aging accounts receivable, offset by (i) a net income of approximately $1.8 million, (ii) approximately $1.6 million in non-cash items such as depreciation and amortization, provision for doubtful accounts, and loss on disposal of equipment, (iii) an approximately $ 0.9 million increase in accounts payable, which was due to the reasons discussed below under the section “accounts payable”, (iv) an approximately $0.3 million decrease in prepayments and other current assets as we utilized prepayment made in prior period for contractor labor, material in current sewage treatment systems projects, and (v) approximately $0.1 million increase in taxes payable due to an increase in income taxes payable due to our current taxable income. 

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and was primarily attributable to (i) approximately $0.3 million from the deferred tax benefit related to the additional allowance for doubtful account from long aging accounts receivable, (ii) an approximately $0.3 million increase in prepayments as we prepaid third party contractor labor and materials which we expect to utilize in our sewage treatment systems projects and consulting fees related to obtaining future contracts with customers, (iii) approximately $0.4 million increase in other receivables for additional service deposits with our third party service provider and advances to our employee for operational purposes, and (iv) an approximately $6.5 million increase in contract assets and contract costs, which was due to the reasons discussed below under the section “contract assets” and “contract costs”, and (v) approximately $0.6 million increase in accounts receivable which was due to the reasons discussed below under the section “accounts receivable”. This was partially offset by (i) net income of approximately $0.6 million, (ii) approximately $2.4 million in non-cash items such as bad debt expense, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets and amortization of right-of- use assets, (iii) an approximately $ 2.8 million increase in accounts payable, which was due to the reasons discussed below under the section “accounts payable”, and (iv) approximately $0.4 million increase in taxes payable as we experienced increased revenue and income which resulted in increase in VAT and income tax payable, respectively.

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and was primarily attributable to (i) an approximately $11.4 million net increase in contract assets and contract costs, which was due to the reasons discussed below under the section “contract assets” and “contract costs”, (ii) approximately $7.4 million increase in accounts receivable which was due to the reason discussed below under the section “accounts receivable”, and (iii) approximately $0.1 million increase in other receivables for additional service deposits with our third party service provider and advances to our employee for operational purposes, offset by (i) a net income of approximately $5.2 million, (ii) approximately $1.0 million in non-cash items such as depreciation and amortization, and provision for doubtful accounts, (iii) an approximately $ 5.6 million increase in accounts payable, which was due to the reasons discussed below under the section “accounts payable”, (iv) an approximately $1.3 million decrease in prepayments and other current assets as we utilized prepayment made in prior period for contractor labor, material in current sewage treatment systems projects, and (v) approximately $1.3 million increase in taxes payable due to an increase in income taxes payable due to our current taxable income. 

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and was primarily attributable to (i) an approximately $11.0 million increase in contract assets and contract costs, which was due to the reasons discussed below under the section “contract assets” and “contract costs”, (ii) an approximately $1.2 million increase in prepayments and other current assets as we prepaid third party contractor labor and materials which we expect to utilize in our sewage treatment systems projects and consulting fees related to obtaining future contracts with customers, (iii) approximately $0.4 million increase in accounts receivable which was due to the reason discussed below under the section “accounts receivable”, and (iv) approximately $1.9 million increase in recovery from doubtful accounts, offset by (i) a net income of approximately $6.6 million, (ii) approximately $0.6 million in non-cash items such as depreciation and amortization, provision for doubtful accounts and deferred tax expense, (iii) an approximately $ 5.8 million increase in accounts payable, which was due to the reasons discussed below under the section “accounts payable”, (iv) an approximately $0.5 million increase in other payables we incurred more accrued expense, and (v) approximately $0.9 million increase in taxes payable due to VAT taxes and an increase in income taxes payable due to our net income. 

Accounts receivable

Our accounts receivable increased by approximately $0.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was mainly due to the increase of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Our accounts receivable increased by approximately $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was mainly due to the increase of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Our accounts receivable increased by approximately $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was mainly due to the increase of revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Our accounts receivable decreased by approximately $3.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021. The major reason for the decrease during the six months ended June 30, 2021 is mainly due to the payments made by our customers as a result of our timely collection effort made by our accounts receivable teams and project managers. 

Our days sales outstanding are as follows:

Our days sales outstanding increased from 180 days to 306 days to 615 days, decreased to 204 days, increased to 220 days, and increased to 231 days from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020 to December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022, and to June 30, 2023, respectively. Our current sewage treatment system projects are primarily funded by local governments while the end users of our system are also primarily local governments. The payment approval process from local governments is complex as it requires us to go through several procedures and typically takes a longer period of time as all of the proper inspection documents must be provided in order for the funds to be released. In addition, there are other contractors also working on the job sites for the non-sewage treatment related sections and the inspectors sometime require the other contractors to complete their sections before the full project can be inspected. As a result, our days sales outstanding rose from 180 days at December 31, 2018 to 306 days at December 31, 2019 as we just commence sewage treatment system revenue in late 2018. We have experienced significant increase of our days sales outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2020 from 306 days at December 31, 2019 to 615 days at December 31, 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the COVID-19 pandemic started to ease in the PRC in the second half of 2021, as well as we actively communicated with local governments regarding the payment approval process, we have improved our days sales outstanding to 204 days at December 31, 2021. However, the days sales outstanding had slightly increase to 220 days and 231 days at December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively, as we experienced increase in our revenue and some of the revenue generated from our sewage treatment systems are undergoing payment approval, or inspection process from local government.

For our accounts receivable, we are required to make estimates of the expected credit losses. In establishing the allowance for doubtful accounts, we mainly used our historical collection experience, current economic environment, industry trend analysis, and the financial conditions of our customers to develop a combination of specified account and aging methods to provide the allowance for our expected credit losses. After reviewing the historical collection data from 2019 to 2021, our management revised our current allowance for doubtful accounts policy to better estimate the expected credit losses of our accounts receivable. Currently, we provide a provision of 15% for accounts receivable past due more than 270 days but less than one year, 25% for accounts receivable past due more than one year but less than two years, 100% for accounts receivable past due beyond two years, and we add or subtract additional amounts as deemed necessary using the specific account method as discussed below.

We provided a 17.0%, 13.7%, and 17.7% allowance for doubtful accounts of our total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2021, December 31, 2022, and June 30, 2023, respectively. We expect our days sales outstanding to be between 300 days to 365 days in future periods, mainly because the payment approval process from local governments is complex as it requires us to go through several procedures and typically takes a longer period of time as all of the proper inspection documents must be provided in order for funds to be released. The payment process normally takes less than one year while the local governments usually approve and settle the outstanding balances during the second half of each calendar year based on the municipal administration on budget and payment practices. Historically, it took us approximately 417 days to collect 99.3% of our 2018 progress billings of our sewage treatment systems revenue, approximately 442 days to collect 99.8% of our 2019 progress billings of our sewage treatment system revenues, approximately 585 days to collect 96.2% of our 2020 progress billing of our sewage treatment systems revenue, approximately 412 days to collect 54.0% of our 2021 progress billing, approximately 94 days to collect 50.5% of our 2022 progress billing, and approximately 123 days to collect 26.2% of our 2023 progress billing from our sewage treatment system revenue which we believe proves that we are able to collect substantially all of our receivables. The liquidity of our operations highly depends on the timing of payments from our major customers, and should there be any delay of payment, our operations and liquidity may be impacted.

The aging method of providing our allowance policy is based upon a combination of our historical collection pattern of our sewage treatment service revenues and progress billings of our sewage treatment system revenues from prior periods and the probable uncollectable rate of our aged accounts receivable as of our latest balance sheet date. The default rate is determined by using the aged accounts receivable in the aging bracket between one and two years divided by the prior one year of sewage treatment services revenues and progress billings of our sewage treatment systems. Once we determine our probable default rate, we apply this ratio to the aging bracket to determine our allowance for doubtful accounts. Currently, we apply incremental ratios of 15%, 25%, and 100% of our accounts receivable with outstanding balance aged between 270 days and one year, one year and two years, and beyond two years, respectively. In addition, we also use the specific account method after applying the above aging method if we believe it is necessary in determining our allowance for doubtful accounts. The specific account method includes evaluation of historical collection experience from each individual customer as well as the credit worthiness of our customers. We determined that historical collection experience from each individual customer is a reasonable indicator in calculating our allowance for doubtful accounts. Furthermore, in evaluating the credit worthiness of our customers, we first consider whether they are state-owned companies, local governments or business property management companies. If our customers are state-owned companies or local governments, and they have been constantly communicating with us without ignoring our collection efforts and are able to provide their estimated payment date in writing, we would also exclude the amount in calculating the allowance since the end users of our products are from the local governments of which the payment process normally takes a longer process as it may potentially take approximately 345 days to collect from our past experience. In addition, historically, our collection experience for those customers with updated payment plans are usually paid timely as promised. If our customers are business property management companies, we will only consider their payment history and current credit-worthiness in calculating the allowance for doubtful accounts without consideration of their payment plan as they are not backed by a local government. We believe our current allowance policy is reasonable because we have never experienced any significant losses on collections from our past experience. Since our sewage treatment systems customers are mainly state-owned companies, which are backed by the local governments, we believe our current allowance policy is reasonable as of June 30, 2023.

As of June 30, 2023, our accounts receivable aging is as follows: