
(Millions)	Safety and Industrial		Transportation and Electronics		Health Care		Consumer		Total Company
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	4,687	$	1,858	$	6,992	$	265	$	13,802


Translation and other	(65)		(33)		(206)		(12)		(316)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	4,622	$	1,825	$	6,786	$	253	$	13,486

Divestiture activity	—		—		(16)		—		(16)
Goodwill impairment	—		(271)		—		—		(271)
Translation and other	(113)		(53)		(255)		12		(409)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	4,509	$	1,501	$	6,515	$	265	$	12,790

Accounting standards require that goodwill be tested for impairment annually and between annual tests in certain circumstances such as a change in reporting units or the testing of recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit. At 3M, reporting units correspond to a division.

As described in Note 19, effective in the first quarter of 2022, the Company changed its business segment reporting. For any product changes that resulted in reporting unit changes, the Company applied the relative fair value method to determine the impact on goodwill of the associated reporting units, the results of which were immaterial. Goodwill balances reported above reflect these business segment reporting changes in the earliest period presented. The Company also completed its annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2022 for all reporting units and determined that no impairment existed. Additionally, in December 2022, as a result of 3M's commitment to a plan to exit per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) manufacturing as described in Note 15, 3M recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $0.3 billion related to the Advanced Materials reporting unit (within the Transportation and Electronics business) resulting in no remaining goodwill for that reporting unit. This also represents the Company's accumulated goodwill impairment losses as of December 31, 2022.


	December 31,
(Millions)	2022		2021
Customer related intangible assets	$	4,062	$	4,216
Patents	426		513
Other technology-based intangible assets	2,081		2,111
Definite-lived tradenames	1,166		1,171
Other amortizable intangible assets	84		105
Total gross carrying amount	7,819		8,116

Accumulated amortization — customer related	(1,747)		(1,616)
Accumulated amortization — patents	(421)		(500)
Accumulated amortization — other technology-based	(1,000)		(839)
Accumulated amortization — definite-lived tradenames	(509)		(447)
Accumulated amortization — other	(60)		(79)
Total accumulated amortization	(3,737)		(3,481)

Total finite-lived intangible assets — net	4,082		4,635

Non-amortizable intangible assets (primarily tradenames)	617		653
Total intangible assets — net	$	4,699	$	5,288

Certain tradenames acquired by 3M are not amortized because they have been in existence for over 60 years, have a history of leading-market share positions, have been and are intended to be continuously renewed, and the associated products of which are expected to generate cash flows for 3M for an indefinite period of time.

As discussed in Note 15, in December 2022, as a result of 3M's commitment to a plan to exit per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) manufacturing, 3M recorded a charge in the fourth quarter of 2022 related to impairment of long-lived assets and an immaterial charge related to impairment of indefinite-lived assets.

The preceding expected amortization expense is an estimate. Actual amounts of amortization expense may differ from estimated amounts due to additional intangible asset acquisitions, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, impairment of intangible assets, accelerated amortization of intangible assets and other events. 3M expenses the costs incurred to renew or extend the term of intangible assets.