Restructuring And Other Initiatives

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense.

The following table summarizes the reserves and charges related to restructuring and other initiatives, including postemployment benefit reserves and charges:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Balance at beginning of period	$	285	$	352	$	564
Additions, interest accretion and other	522		216		565
Payments	(275)		(278)		(678)
Revisions to estimates and effect of foreign currency	(12)		(5)		(99)
Balance at end of period	$	520	$	285	$	352

In the year ended December 31, 2022, restructuring and other initiatives primarily included strategic activities in GMNA related to Buick dealerships. We recorded charges of $511 million, which are included in the table above, and incurred $120 million in net cash outflows resulting from these dealer restructurings. The remaining $391 million is expected to be paid in 2023.

In the year ended December 31, 2020, restructuring and other initiatives primarily included actions in GMI related to the wind-down of GM Holden, Ltd. (Holden) sales, design and engineering operations in Australia and New Zealand, the sale of our vehicle and powertrain manufacturing facilities in Thailand and the execution of a binding term sheet to sell our manufacturing facility in India. We recorded charges of $683 million in the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily consisting of $360 million in dealer restructurings, employee separations and supplier claim charges, which are reflected in the table above, and $323 million in property and intangible asset impairments, inventory provisions, sales allowances and other charges, not reflected in the table above. We also recorded a $236 million charge to Income tax expense due to the establishment of a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in Australia and New Zealand in the year ended December 31, 2020. We incurred $197 million in net cash outflows in the year ended December 31, 2020 and $254 million in net cash outflows since program inception resulting from these restructuring actions primarily for dealer restructuring payments and employee separation payments, which includes proceeds of $143 million from the sale of our manufacturing facilities in Thailand. Holden and Thailand programs were substantially complete at December 31, 2020.