v3.22.4
Property
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net [Abstract]  
Property Property
Estimated Useful Lives in YearsDecember 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Land$1,307 $1,301 
Buildings and improvements
5-40
11,461 10,542 
Machinery and equipment
3-27
33,413 31,444 
Special tools
1-13
24,775 23,719 
Construction in progress7,340 5,395 
Total property78,295 72,401 
Less: accumulated depreciation(33,047)(31,286)
Total property, net$45,248 $41,115 

The amount of capitalized software included in Property, net was $1.8 billion and $1.4 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The amount of interest capitalized and excluded from Automotive interest expense related to Property, net was insignificant in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Years Ended December 31,
202220212020
Depreciation and amortization expense$6,297 $5,829 $5,354 
Impairment charges$12 $— $86 
Capitalized software amortization expense(a)$614 $515 $457 
__________
(a)    Included in depreciation and amortization expense.