12. Income Taxes

The following table provides details of income taxes for the periods indicated:

The Company recorded an income tax provision of $1.1 million and an income tax benefit $1.6 million for the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company recorded an income tax provision of $5.0 million and $1.1 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in income tax expense for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022 was primarily due to a decrease in the U.S. federal research tax credit, a decrease in tax benefits from excess stock-based compensation deductions, and an increase in non-deductible stock-based compensation, partially offset by a decrease in the proportion of profits generated in higher tax jurisdictions.

The Company files federal and state income tax returns in the United States and in various foreign jurisdictions. The Internal Revenue Service is currently examining the Company’s U.S. federal income tax return for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017. The tax years 2013 to 2021 remain open to examination by U.S. federal tax authorities. The tax years 2009 to 2021 remain open to examination by U.S. state tax authorities. The tax years 2015 to 2021 remain open to examination by foreign tax authorities. Fiscal years outside of the normal statute of limitations remain open to audit by tax authorities due to tax attributes generated in those earlier years, which have been carried forward and may be audited in subsequent years when utilized.

The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from potential tax examinations to determine the adequacy of its provision for income taxes. These assessments can require considerable estimates and judgments. As of October 31, 2022, the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits was approximately $31.5 million. If the estimates of income tax liabilities prove to be less than the ultimate assessment, then a further charge to expense could be required. If events occur, and the payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities could result in tax benefits being recognized in the period in which the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary. The Company does not anticipate significant changes to its uncertain tax positions during the next twelve months.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was enacted on August 16, 2022. The IRA applies to tax years beginning after December 31, 2022 and introduces a 15% minimum tax for corporations whose average annual adjusted financial statement income for any consecutive three-tax-year period preceding the tax year exceeds $1 billion. The tax also applies to U.S. members of a non-U.S. parented group if the group satisfies the $1 billion threshold and the U.S. members have adjusted financial statements income of $100 million or more.  It also introduced a 1% excise tax on the fair market value of stock repurchases made by certain corporations after December 31, 2022 and several tax credits and incentives.  The Company does not expect a material impact to its financial statements from these new tax laws.