| Investments |
2. Investments The Company’s available-for-sale investments are summarized as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gross | | Gross | | | | | | Amortized | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair | September 30, 2022 | | Cost or Cost | | Gains | | Losses | | Value | | | | (in thousands) | Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. Governments | | $ | 52,021 | | $ | — | | $ | (2,423) | | $ | 49,598 | States, territories, and possessions | | | 7,671 | | | — | | | (958) | | | 6,713 | Political subdivisions | | | 4,922 | | | — | | | (677) | | | 4,245 | Special revenue excluding mortgage/asset-backed securities | | | 42,409 | | | — | | | (6,334) | | | 36,075 | Corporate and other | | | 269,308 | | | 5 | | | (28,893) | | | 240,420 | Mortgage/asset-backed securities | | | 154,661 | | | 4 | | | (14,922) | | | 139,743 | Total available-for-sale investments | | $ | 530,992 | | $ | 9 | | $ | (54,207) | | $ | 476,794 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gross | | Gross | | | | | | Amortized | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair | December 31, 2021 | | Cost or Cost | | Gains | | Losses | | Value | | | | (in thousands) | Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. Governments | | $ | 16,713 | | $ | 347 | | $ | (190) | | $ | 16,870 | States, territories, and possessions | | | 3,789 | | | 288 | | | (63) | | | 4,014 | Political subdivisions | | | 6,295 | | | 107 | | | (22) | | | 6,380 | Special revenue excluding mortgage/asset-backed securities | | | 43,301 | | | 1,273 | | | (76) | | | 44,498 | Corporate and other | | | 245,064 | | | 5,873 | | | (1,891) | | | 249,046 | Mortgage/asset-backed securities | | | 110,960 | | | 1,377 | | | (463) | | | 111,874 | Total available-for-sale investments | | $ | 426,122 | | $ | 9,265 | | $ | (2,705) | | $ | 432,682 |
Security holdings in an unrealized loss position As of September 30, 2022, the Company held 380 fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $475.8 million and total gross unrealized losses of $54.2 million. As of December 31, 2021, the Company held 231 fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position with a total estimated fair value of $170.1 million and total gross unrealized losses of $2.7 million. The aggregate fair value and gross unrealized losses of the Company’s investments aggregated by investment category and the length of time these individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, are as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Less Than 12 Months | | More Than 12 Months | | Total | | | Fair | | Unrealized | | Fair | | Unrealized | | Fair | | Unrealized | September 30, 2022 | | Value | | Losses | | Value | | Losses | | Value | | Losses | | | | (in thousands) | Fixed maturity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. Governments | | $ | 43,268 | | $ | (1,673) | | $ | 6,330 | | $ | (750) | | $ | 49,598 | | $ | (2,423) | States, territories, and possessions | | | 5,243 | | | (618) | | | 1,470 | | | (340) | | | 6,713 | | | (958) | Political subdivisions | | | 4,245 | | | (677) | | | — | | | — | | | 4,245 | | | (677) | Special revenue excluding mortgage/asset-backed securities | | | 31,254 | | | (4,841) | | | 4,821 | | | (1,493) | | | 36,075 | | | (6,334) | Corporate and other | | | 200,092 | | | (21,298) | | | 39,574 | | | (7,595) | | | 239,666 | | | (28,893) | Mortgage/asset-backed securities | | | 131,692 | | | (13,840) | | | 7,813 | | | (1,082) | | | 139,505 | | | (14,922) | Total | | $ | 415,794 | | $ | (42,947) | | $ | 60,008 | | $ | (11,260) | | $ | 475,802 | | $ | (54,207) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Less Than 12 Months | | More Than 12 Months | | Total | | | Fair | | Unrealized | | Fair | | Unrealized | | Fair | | Unrealized | December 31, 2021 | | Value | | Losses | | Value | | Losses | | Value | | Losses | | | | (in thousands) | Fixed maturity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. Governments | | $ | 5,968 | | $ | (147) | | $ | 1,457 | | $ | (43) | | $ | 7,425 | | $ | (190) | States, territories, and possessions | | | 1,444 | | | (63) | | | — | | | — | | | 1,444 | | | (63) | Political subdivisions | | | 1,815 | | | (22) | | | — | | | — | | | 1,815 | | | (22) | Special revenue excluding mortgage/asset-backed securities | | | 6,280 | | | (76) | | | — | | | — | | | 6,280 | | | (76) | Corporate and other | | | 94,020 | | | (1,468) | | | 5,570 | | | (423) | | | 99,590 | | | (1,891) | Mortgage/asset-backed securities | | | 51,246 | | | (412) | | | 2,319 | | | (51) | | | 53,565 | | | (463) | Total | | $ | 160,773 | | $ | (2,188) | | $ | 9,346 | | $ | (517) | | $ | 170,119 | | $ | (2,705) |
The Company reviews all securities with unrealized losses on a quarterly basis to assess whether the decline in the securities fair value necessitates the recognition of an allowance for credit losses. The Company considers numerous factors in its review as described in Footnote 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company has recorded an insignificant allowance for credit losses pertaining to one investment security. Based on the Company’s review as of September 30, 2022, for the remainder of securities, the Company determined that the fixed maturity securities’ unrealized losses were primarily the result of the interest rate environment and not the credit quality of the issuers. The Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before the recovery of their amortized cost basis. Contractual maturities of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. | | | | | | | | | Amortized | | Fair | | | Cost | | Value | | | | (in thousands) | Due within one year | | $ | 37,321 | | $ | 36,730 | Due after one year through five years | | | 177,989 | | | 165,172 | Due after five years through ten years | | | 128,378 | | | 109,641 | Due after ten years | | | 32,643 | | | 25,508 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities | | | 154,661 | | | 139,743 | | | $ | 530,992 | | $ | 476,794 |
Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Net investment income summary Net investment income is summarized as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended | | Nine Months Ended | | | September 30, | | September 30, | | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | | | (in thousands) | | (in thousands) | Interest income | | $ | 3,688 | | $ | 2,254 | | $ | 9,328 | | $ | 6,755 | Dividend income | | | 178 | | | 104 | | | 518 | | | 261 | Investment expense | | | (122) | | | (122) | | | (384) | | | (367) | Net investment income | | $ | 3,744 | | $ | 2,236 | | $ | 9,462 | | $ | 6,649 |
Net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses The following table presents net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended | | Nine Months Ended | | | September 30, | | September 30, | | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | | | | (in thousands) | | | (in thousands) | Realized gains: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gains on sales of fixed maturity securities | | $ | 2 | | $ | 117 | | $ | 10 | | $ | 335 | Gains on sales of equity securities | | | — | | | 188 | | | — | | | 1,416 | Total realized gains | | | 2 | | | 305 | | | 10 | | | 1,751 | Realized losses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Losses on sales of fixed maturity securities | | | (195) | | | — | | | (309) | | | (1) | Losses on sales of equity securities | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | Total realized losses | | | (195) | | | — | | | (309) | | | (1) | Net realized investment gains (losses) | | | (193) | | | 305 | | | (299) | | | 1,750 | Net unrealized losses on equity securities | | | (2,163) | | | (618) | | | (8,070) | | | (2,502) | Net realized and unrealized losses on investments | | $ | (2,356) | | $ | (313) | | $ | (8,369) | | $ | (752) |
Realized gains and losses on disposition of investments are based on specific identification of the investments sold on the settlement date. Proceeds from the sale of fixed maturity securities were insignificant and $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Proceeds from the sale of fixed maturity securities were $5.8 million and $12.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company places securities on statutory deposit with certain state agencies to retain the right to do business in those states. These securities are included in available-for-sale investments on the balance sheet. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2022, the carrying value of securities on deposit with state regulatory authorities was $8.5 million and $7.5 million, respectively.
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