UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 2017

OR

For the Transition Period From to

Commission File Number 001-36462

Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc.

2600 McCormick Drive, Suite 300, Clearwater, Florida 33759

(727) 362-7200

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $233,092,426 on June 30, 2017, computed on the basis on the closing sale price of the Registrant’s common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on that date.

As of March 1, 2018, the number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s common stock was 26,560,004.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, provided that if such Proxy Statement is not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, an amendment to this Form 10-K shall be filed no later than the end of such 120-day period.

HERITAGE INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC.

FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017

Table of Contents

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding: our core strategy; our growth, results of operations or liquidity; statements concerning projections, predictions, expectations, estimates or forecasts as to our business, financial and operational results and future economic performance; statements of management’s goals and objectives; projections of revenue, earnings, capital structure and other financial items; assumptions underlying statements regarding us and our business; and other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ. A detailed discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from such forward-looking statements is included throughout this filing and particularly in Item 1A: "Risk Factors" and Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to revise or publicly release any revision to any such forward-looking statement, except as may otherwise be required by law.

These statements are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the industry and market in which we operate, and management’s beliefs and assumptions. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “estimate,” or “continue” or the negative variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. The risks and uncertainties include, without limitation:

Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.

The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrences of anticipated events. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. Consequently, you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

PART I

Our Business

Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc., (“we”, “our”, “us” and “Heritage Insurance”) is a property and casualty insurance holding company that provides personal and commercial residential property insurance. We are headquartered in Clearwater, Florida and, through our insurance company subsidiaries, Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Heritage P&C”), Narragansett Bay Insurance Company (“NBIC”) and Zephyr Insurance Company (“Zephyr”), we write personal residential property insurance for single-family homeowners and condominium owners, and rental property insurance in the states of Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina. We also provide commercial residential insurance for Florida properties and are also licensed in the states of Mississippi and Pennsylvania. We are vertically integrated and control or manage substantially all aspects of insurance underwriting, customer service, actuarial analysis, distribution and claims processing and adjusting. We are led by an experienced senior management team with an average of 25 years of insurance industry experience. We began operations in August 2012 as a Florida only property insurer and converted from a Florida limited liability to a state of Delaware Corporation in 2014. Our growth initially resulted from assumption of policies from Citizens Property Insurance Corporation (“Citizens”), a Florida state-supported insurer. We participated in a legislatively established “depopulation program” designed to reduce the state’s risk exposure by encouraging private companies to assume insurance policies from Citizens. Our last assumption from Citizens was in May 2016 and we do not expect to continue to assume policies from Citizens in the foreseeable future. We actively write policies in Florida and have expanded Heritage P&C’s operations to several southeastern coastal states. We have expanded and diversified our property insurance presence to Hawaii and coastal states in the northeast through acquisitions of Zephyr and NBIC. Heritage P&C, Zephyr, and NBIC are each currently rated “A” (“Exceptional”) or better by Demotech, Inc. (“Demotech”), a rating agency specializing in evaluating the financial stability of insurers.

Our operating subsidiaries include: Heritage P&C, which provides personal and commercial residential property insurance; NBIC, which provides personal residential property insurance; Zephyr, which provides residential wind-only property insurance within the State of Hawaii; Osprey Re Ltd. (“Osprey”), our reinsurance subsidiary that may provide a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by our insurance subsidiaries; Heritage MGA, LLC, our managing general agent; NBIC Service Company, which provides services to NBIC; Contractors’ Alliance Network, LLC (“CAN”), our vendor network manager for Florida claims which includes BRC Restoration Specialists, Inc. (“BRC”), our provider of restoration, emergency and recovery services; Skye Lane Properties, LLC, our property management subsidiary; and First Access Insurance Group, LLC, our retail agency.

The following chart depicts our organizational structure:

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Our Company

Our primary products are personal and commercial residential insurance, which at December 31, 2017 were offered in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina. Our Florida domiciled insurance company, Heritage P&C, is authorized by each of the respective state insurance departments in Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina. Our Hawaii domiciled insurance company, Zephyr, writes business only in Hawaii and is authorized by the Hawaii Insurance Division. Our Rhode Island domiciled insurance company, NBIC, is authorized by each of the respective state insurance departments in New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. We conduct our operations under one business segment.

As of December 31, 2017, we had 521,350 personal residential policies in force, representing $850.7 million of annualized premium and approximately 3,100 commercial residential policies in force, representing $90.1 million of annualized premium for a total number of policies and annualized premium of 524,450 and $940.8 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, we had gross premiums written of $625.5 million, $626.7 million, and $586.1 million, respectively and operating income of $49.5 million, $56.8 million and $150.0 million respectively. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had total assets of $1.8 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively, and total stockholders’ equity of $379.8 million and $358.0 million, respectively.

Recent Developments

On February 26, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a $0.06 per share quarterly cash dividend totaling approximately $1.6 million payable on April 3, 2018, to stockholders of record on March 15, 2018.

On November 30, 2017, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of NBIC Holdings, Inc. (“NBIC Holdings”) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries in exchange for approximately $250 million, consisting of $210 million in cash and $40 million in shares of our common stock. NBIC Holdings includes two property insurance companies, NBIC and PIC. This acquisition will further the Company’s strategic goal of continued geographic diversification of our property insurance business operations which is expected to achieve reinsurance and administrative cost synergies.

On September 10, 2017, Hurricane Irma, a Category 4 storm made landfall in Florida affecting policies written by Heritage P&C. The ultimate loss is currently estimated at $560.0 million, of which Heritage P&C’s retention is $20.0 million we estimate a ceded loss of $540.0 million.

On September 1, 2017, the Company acquired policies representing approximately $30 million of premium from Sawgrass Mutual Insurance Company, at no cost to the Company.

Our Strategy

Our strategy is to grow and geographically diversify our property insurance operations to achieve consistent positive results for our shareholders while mitigating the risk from a single or series of catastrophic weather events. This diversification also serves to enhance our supply of risk transfer partners and optimize reinsurance pricing. We began insurance operations in Florida through selective assumptions of business from Citizens, expanded our Florida business to include commercial and voluntary business, expanded our Florida insurance company to multiple new states, and through mergers and acquisitions have expanded to operations in Hawaii and the northeastern United States. We intend to continue to grow profitably by undertaking the following:

Mergers and Acquisitions and/or Making Strategic Investments

We successfully closed strategic acquisitions in each of 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. This includes the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of SVM to create CAN, the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of BRC, the acquisition of policies from Sunshine State Insurance Company, the acquisition of the stock of Zephyr Acquisition Company, Inc. (“ZAC”), the acquisition of policies from Sawgrass Mutual Insurance Company, and acquisition of the stock of NBIC Holdings. The acquisitions of SVM and BRC provided unique claims adjusting and repair resources to better serve our policyholders and better manage loss costs. The acquisitions of ZAC and NBIC Holdings provided an immediate presence in the state of Hawaii with approximately $58.0 million in annual premium and five states in the Northeast United States with approximately $330.0 million in annual premium, a strategic diversification to our platform, and reinsurance and administrative cost synergies. In 2016, we conducted a private placement of senior secured notes, which provided net proceeds of approximately $72.9 million, and in 2017 we conducted a convertible note offering, which provided net proceeds of over $106 million, net of monies used to repurchase shares, the proceeds of which were used primarily to acquire NBIC Holdings. These activities demonstrate our commitment and capability to successfully identify, finance, and execute mergers and acquisitions to effectively grow and diversify our business.

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Expand to New Geographic Markets

Heritage P&C is authorized to write property business in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina and is actively writing in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. We intend to continue to explore opportunities to enter other states where we can utilize our underwriting and claims expertise to attract and manage profitable business. We believe further increasing our geographic diversification is an important factor in reducing our potential risk of loss from any single catastrophic event, reducing our per policy reinsurance costs and providing an additional arena for future growth beyond our existing market. Through our acquisition of Zephyr, we acquired over 70,000 policies in the state of Hawaii. The acquisition of NBIC resulted in an increase of approximately 197,000 policies in the states of New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. We plan to amplify the NBIC product offering in existing states as well as expand operations to new states.

Improve the Profitability of our Florida Portfolio

Our Florida book of business has evolved to include commercial residential business and expansion of the voluntary personal lines business. While we have significantly expanded our Florida marketing efforts, our goal is also to improve the profitability of our Florida personal lines business through enhancing the product offerings while carefully underwriting the risk and ensuring product rate adequacy. We may expand market share through strategic opportunities to acquire profitable business from private insurers as we have done in the past with Sunshine State Insurance Company and Sawgrass Mutual Insurance Company. Our last assumption of policies from Citizens was May 2016 and we do not anticipate continuing to assume policies from Citizens.

Optimize Our Reinsurance Program

We continue to strategically evaluate our reinsurance program to obtain what we believe to be the most appropriate levels and sources of reinsurance. Our reinsurance program includes excess loss, quota share, per risk and facultative reinsurance. We believe there is sufficient capital to support our reinsurance program and that we have an opportunity to obtain favorable pricing and contract terms and conditions, including multi-year commitments on our catastrophe bond program. For the 2015, 2016 and 2017 hurricane seasons, we entered into fully collateralized multi-year catastrophe reinsurance agreements funded through the issuance of catastrophe bonds by Citrus Re, and we will continue to evaluate cost-efficient alternatives to traditional reinsurance. Each year we evaluate whether to meet a portion of our reinsurance needs through the use of our reinsurance subsidiary, Osprey, which helps to manage our reinsurance expense and reduces our reliance on third-party reinsurance. Osprey Re did not absorb any losses from Hurricane Irma because we used third party reinsurers to cover catastrophe losses beyond the insurance companies’ retentions for the 2017 hurricane season.

Efficiently Manage Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

We are committed to proactively manage our loss costs through prudent underwriting, performing critical aspects of claims adjusting through our employees, and the use of internal claims adjustment and repair services. In March 2014, we acquired the largest vendor in the CAN network, which we believe has allowed us to expand our in-house mitigation and restoration services. Additionally, the 2015 acquisition of assets of BRC provides us with additional resources and capabilities to perform restoration services in-house, as well as provide construction resources after a catastrophic event. To date, CAN and BRC have been deployed in Florida only. We have additional contracted resources to adjust claims and mitigate losses, which were deployed after Hurricanes Hermine, Matthew and Irma. We believe the multitude of internal and external resources allowed us to deliver timely service to our policyholders and better manage claims costs.

Effectively Manage the Bottom Line

In addition to our proactive efforts to manage loss costs, we will continue to be proactive with respect to technology to better serve our agents and policyholders, streamline our processes, manage system implementation costs, and focus on efficiency.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that our growth to date and our ability to capitalize on our future growth prospects are a result of the following competitive strengths of our business:

Experienced Management Team With a Long History in the Residential Property Insurance Market

We have an experienced executive management team led by Bruce Lucas, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Richard Widdicombe, President, Kirk Lusk, Co-Chief Financial Officer, Steven Martindale, Co-Chief Financial Officer and Ernesto Garateix, Chief Operating Officer. Our senior management team includes eleven insurance professionals, with an average of 25 years of insurance industry experience, has extensive experience in the personal and commercial residential insurance market, has built

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longstanding relationships with key participants in the insurance industry and is supported by a group of highly qualified individuals with industry expertise, including a Chief Actuary with more than 37 years of industry experience.

Strong, Conservative Capital Structure

As of December 31, 2017, we had stockholders’ equity of $379.8 million. As of December 31, 2017, Heritage P&C, Zephyr and NBIC had policyholder surplus, as defined by statutory accounting principles, of $186.0 million, $76.4 million and $111.1 million, respectively. The surplus for each of our insurance subsidiaries is in excess of the minimum capital levels required by our insurance regulators and Demotech for similarly rated insurance companies.

Selective Underwriting and Policy Acquisition Criteria

We believe our proprietary data analytics capabilities and underwriting processes allowed us to make better selections of the insurance policies we had assumed from the Citizens depopulation program, leading to profitability and high levels of retention of business. These analytics and underwriting processes also contribute to successful underwriting of our voluntary personal and commercial lines business. Our data analytics are embedded in the underwriting process and are used for strategic expansion into new product lines and states.

Unique Claims Servicing Model and Superior Customer Service

We believe that the vertical integration in Florida of our claims adjustment, water mitigation, and repair services provides us with a competitive advantage. Through our management of both claims adjusting and repair services, we are generally able to begin the adjustment and mitigation process timely which serves to better manage loss costs. We also believe our unique model provides a superior level of customer service for our policyholders, enhancing our reputation and increasing the likelihood that our policyholders will renew their policies with us. We anticipate expansion of this model in other states will improve customer service levels and operating results.

Relationships with Highly Rated Reinsurers

We manage our exposure to catastrophic events through, among other things, the purchase of reinsurance. Our relationships with highly rated reinsurers have been developed as a result of our management team’s industry experience, and our reputation for selective underwriting and effective claims management. Our financial strength, underwriting results and the long-term relationships between our management team and our reinsurance partners help improve the cost-effectiveness of our reinsurance program.

Relationships with Independent Agents and National Underwriters

We have developed relationships with a substantial network of independent insurance agents. We have partnerships with certain large retail agencies which amplify our production. We believe we have been able to build this network due to our reputation for financial stability, commitment to our markets and integrity in the underwriting and claims process. We have entered strategic relationships with national insurers and agencies that no longer write substantial personal residential insurance in some of the states in which we do business, which provides us access to their network of agents.

Our Competition

The market for residential property insurance is highly competitive in many of the states in which we do business. We compete to varying degrees with insurers including large national carriers, state-sponsored homeowners’ insurance entities, and single state or regional carriers. We believe Heritage differentiates itself from many competitors with our service levels, financial resources, streamlined processes, and vertical integration which provides loss mitigation and repair services.

Products, Distribution, and Catastrophe Loss Management

Our growth strategy centers on expansion of product offerings in our existing markets and expansion to new coastal areas of the United States which could include opportunistic acquisitions.

Heritage P&C writes voluntary personal and commercial insurance policies through a network of independent agents in each of the states in which we are licensed. We have more than 2,500 actively writing independent agents in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Approximately 25% of our voluntary premium is written by agents that are affiliated with eight large agency networks with which we have entered into master agency agreements.

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Zephyr writes voluntary personal and commercial insurance policies through a network of independent agents in Hawaii. We have approximately 70 actively writing independent agencies. Approximately 52% of our voluntary premium is written by agents that are affiliated with three large agency networks with which we have entered into master agency agreements.

NBIC writes voluntary personal lines policies through a network of retail independent agents, wholesale agents and a partnership with a large direct agency. We maintain master agency agreements with approximately 170 retail independent agents, representing over 500 agency locations, including several large agency networks. We also distribute indirectly to over 1,500 retail locations through 8 wholesale agency relationships. Our three largest relationships represent approximately $150 million in annualized premiums.

We currently write commercial residential policies only in the state of Florida. We market and write commercial residential policies through a network of approximately 400 independent agents. We intend to pursue additional voluntary business from these agents in our existing independent agent network, expand our independent agent network and seek additional opportunities to increase our commercial residential policies in Florida and other strategically targeted states. At December 31, 2017, we had 3,100 commercial residential policies with in force premium of $90.1 million.

In order to limit our potential exposure to individual risks and catastrophic events, we purchase significant reinsurance from third party reinsurers. Purchasing reinsurance is an important part of our risk strategy, and premiums paid (or ceded) to reinsurers is one of our largest costs. We have strong relationships with reinsurers which we believe are a result of our management’s industry experience and reputation for selective underwriting and effective claim management. For each of the twelve months beginning June 1, 2016 and 2017, we purchased catastrophe reinsurance from the following sources: (i) the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund, a state-mandated catastrophe fund (“FHCF”), (ii) private reinsurers, all of which were rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”) or Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“S&P”) or were fully collateralized, (iii) sponsorship of multiple catastrophe bonds that provide $687.5 million of principal limit that can be drawn upon over a three year period, and (iv) our wholly-owned reinsurance subsidiary, Osprey. In addition to purchasing catastrophe reinsurance, we also purchased quota share and property per risk and facultative reinsurance. Our net quota share program limits our exposure on non-catastrophe losses and provides ceding commission income. Our per risk program limits our net exposure in the event of a severe non-catastrophe loss impacting a single location or risk. We also utilize facultative reinsurance to supplement our per risk reinsurance program where our capacity needs dictate. See “-Reinsurance – 2017 – 2018 Reinsurance Program” of this report for additional information.

Our insurance regulators require all insurance companies, like us, to have a certain amount of capital reserves and reinsurance coverage to cover losses upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event. Our reinsurance programs provide reinsurance in excess of regulatory requirements, which are based on the probable maximum loss that we would incur from an individual catastrophic event estimated to occur once every 100 years based on our portfolio of insured risks. We also purchase reinsurance coverage to protect against the potential for multiple catastrophic events occurring in the same year.

We closely manage all aspects of our claims adjustment process. Claims are initially reviewed by our managers and staff adjusters, who determine the extent of the loss and the resources needed to adjust each claim. In the case of a catastrophic event, we have contracted with multiple large national claims adjusting firms to assist our adjusters with the increased volume of claims and ensure timely responses to our policyholders. In March 2014, we completed the acquisition of the assets and personnel of our main water mitigation services vendor and created our wholly-owned subsidiary, CAN. This acquisition has allowed us to better service our Florida based customers and expand our mitigation and restoration services. CAN primarily handles water damage-related claims, which comprised approximately 65.3% of our Florida losses and loss adjustment expenses through December 31, 2017. We also leverage our 2015 acquisition, BRC, to manage and provide restoration services to CAN customers for all types of claims. We deployed our extensive resources at CAN and BRC to perform emergency claim services and repairs after Hurricane Irma struck Florida. We believe our approach to claims handling results in a higher level of customer service and reduces our losses and loss adjustment expenses.

Our Market

Approximately 96% of our premium in force is generated from properties located in the States of Florida, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey and Hawaii. The following chart depicts the distribution of our in-force premium as of December 31, 2017.

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The states in which we do business are exposed to an increased risk of hurricanes during the entire six months of the Atlantic and Pacific hurricane season, which spans from June 1 through November 30. Florida experienced two hurricanes in 2016 and one hurricane in 2017. Eight hurricanes in 2004 and 2005, including Hurricanes Charley, Katrina, Rita and Wilma, caused a combined estimated property damage of over $110 billion, a significant portion of which occurred in Florida. While a significant hurricane has not made landfall in Hawaii since 1992, at which time Hurricane Iniki caused a combined estimated property damage of over $1.8 billion. While hurricane losses have not historically been prevalent in the northeastern United States, catastrophe losses could be substantial. Additionally, winter storm losses in the northeast could generate significant losses. As a result, residential insurance and claims servicing are vitally important to our policyholders.

Underwriting

Our underwriters evaluate and accept only those risks that they believe will enable us to achieve an underwriting profit. To achieve underwriting profitability on a consistent basis, we focus on (1) the suitability of the risk to be assumed or written, (2) the adequacy of the premium with regard to the risk to be assumed or written and (3) the geographic distribution of existing policies for our business.

All of our underwriting is performed internally with our experienced staff. The underwriting team includes an actuarial staff, underwriters, and product development personnel. Our underwriting team uses our proprietary data analytics, which include a number of automated processes, to analyze a number of risk evaluation factors, including the age, construction, location and value of the residence as well as premiums to be received from insuring the residence. New technological advances in computer generated geographical mapping afford us an enhanced perspective as to geographic concentrations of policyholders. When considering the geographic distribution of existing policies, our underwriters may consider the number of other properties we insure within the same region, county, city and zip code. We also consider the cost of reinsurance when assessing the adequacy of the premium with regard to the risk to be assumed or written. The underwriting criteria that we consider will continue to evolve as our business grows and expands.

We also review our expiring policies to determine whether those risks continue to meet our underwriting guidelines. If a given policy no longer meets our underwriting guidelines, we will take appropriate action regarding that policy, including raising premium rates or, to the extent permitted by applicable law and our assumption agreements with Citizens (for Florida business), not offering to renew the policy.

Policy Administration

We have engaged providers of web-based software solutions and insurance personnel, to provide us with policy administration services for our business, including processing, billing and policy maintenance. The software is able to adapt to a variety of forms and rates, handle the administration of an increasing number of policies as our Company grows and expands, and provide detailed information about our book of business to our internal underwriters so that they can adjust our underwriting criteria as necessary. The software provides us with daily updates regarding the insurance policies that we have issued. The systems also allow us to provide renewal notices, late payment notices, cancellation notices, endorsements and policies to our policyholders in a timely fashion.

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Claims Administration

We closely manage all aspects of the claims process, from processing the initial filing to providing remediation services for claims through our wholly-owned subsidiary, CAN, or preferred vendors. When a policyholder contacts us to report a claim, members of our claims department create a claim file and aggregate the appropriate supporting documentation. Claims are then reviewed by our managers and staff adjusters, who assess the extent of the loss, including through on-site investigations, and determine the resources needed to adjust each claim. Our claims are generally adjusted by our staff claims professionals, except in the case of a catastrophic event for which we have contracted with several large national claims adjusting firms and experienced independent contractors to assist our adjusters with the increased volume of claims and ensure timely responses to our policyholders. We currently leverage our CAN vendor network to provide repair and remediation services to Florida policyholders and we anticipate this model will be expanded to other states.

We perform or supervise the services rendered to our policyholders at all stages of the claims process, which we believe allows us to reduce cost and provide a high level of customer service to our policyholders. We have in-house resources as well as outsourced vendor relationships for water mitigation and rebuilding after a loss. For Florida claims, we engage our affiliates CAN and BRC and for losses outside of Florida, we engage preferred service providers. To encourage our Florida policyholders to allow us to manage their claims from beginning to end, we developed our Platinum Program. Under the Platinum Program, participating customers receive a 10% discount on their claim deductible, and we obtain control over inspection, claims adjusting and repair services.

Citizens Assumption Transactions

Our last assumption of policies from Citizens was in May 2016. As of December 31, 2017, our in-force policy count included approximately 139,000 policies through participation in the Citizens depopulation program. We strive to retain these policies by offering competitive rates and efficient claims handling to our policyholders. Given the current population of policies written by Citizens, we do not anticipate participating in the depopulation program for the foreseeable future.

Liability For Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Our liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses represents our preliminary estimated lability of (i) claims that have been incurred, but not yet paid (case reserves), (ii) claims that have been incurred but not yet reported to us (“IBNR”), and (iii) loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) which are intended to cover the ultimate cost of settling claims, including investigation and defense of lawsuits resulting from such claims.

Considerable time can pass between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss and the payment of that loss. Our liability for losses and LAE, which we believe represents the best estimate at a given point in time based on facts, circumstances and historical trends then known, may necessarily be adjusted to reflect additional facts that become available during the loss settlement period. We continually review and adjust our estimated losses as necessary based on industry development trends, evolving claims experience and new information obtained.

For a discussion and summary of the activity in the liability for losses and LAE for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, see Note 10 — “Reserve for Unpaid Losses” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Technology

Our business depends upon the use, development and implementation of integrated technology systems. These systems enable us to provide a high level of service to agents and policyholders by processing business efficiently, communicating and sharing data with agents, providing a variety of methods for the payment of premiums and allowing for the accumulation and analysis of information for our management. We believe the availability and use of these technology systems has resulted in improved service to agents and customers, increased efficiencies in processing our multi-state insurance business and lower operating costs.

We license policy and claims administration and catastrophe modeling software from third parties. We also own or license other technology systems used by our insurance company affiliates. These technology systems consist primarily of an integrated central processing computer, a series of server-based computer networks, a back-up server and various Internet-based communications systems.

Reinsurance

In order to limit our potential exposure to catastrophic events, we purchase significant reinsurance from third party reinsurers and sponsor catastrophe bonds (Citrus Re). The catastrophe reinsurance may be on an excess of loss or quota share basis. We also purchase reinsurance for non-catastrophe losses on a quota share, per risk or facultative basis. Purchasing a sufficient amount of

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reinsurance to consider catastrophic losses from single or multiple events or significant non-catastrophe losses is an important part of our risk strategy, and premiums paid (or ceded) to reinsurers is one of our largest cost components. Reinsurance involves transferring, or “ceding”, a portion of the risk exposure on policies we write to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain liable for the entire insured loss.

Our reinsurance agreements are, prospective contracts. We record an asset, prepaid reinsurance premiums, and a liability, reinsurance payable, for the entire contract amount upon commencement of our new reinsurance agreements. We generally amortize our catastrophe reinsurance premiums over the 12-month contract period on a straight line basis, which is June 1 through May 31. Our quota share reinsurance is amortized over the 12-month contract period and may be purchased on a calendar or fiscal year basis.

In the event that we incur losses and loss adjustment expenses recoverable under our reinsurance program, we record amounts recoverable from our reinsurers on paid losses plus an estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses. The estimate of amounts recoverable on unpaid losses is a function of our liability for unpaid losses associated with the reinsured policies; therefore, the amount changes in conjunction with any changes to our estimate of unpaid losses. As a result, a reasonable possibility exists that an estimated recovery may change significantly in the near term from the amounts included in our consolidated financial statements.

Our insurance regulators require all insurance companies, like us, to have a certain amount of capital and reinsurance coverage in order to cover losses and loss adjustment expenses upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event. Our 2017-2018 reinsurance program provides reinsurance in excess of our state regulator requirements, which are based on the probable maximum loss that we would incur from an individual catastrophic event estimated to occur once in every 100 years based on our portfolio of insured risks. The nature, severity and location of the event giving rise to such a probable maximum loss differs for each insurer depending on the insurer’s portfolio of insured risks, including, among other things, the geographic concentration of insured value within such portfolio. As a result, a particular catastrophic event could be a one-in-100-year loss event for one insurance company while having a greater or lesser probability of occurrence for another insurance company. We also purchase reinsurance coverage to protect against the potential for multiple catastrophic events occurring in the same year.  We may share portions of our reinsurance program coverage among our insurance company affiliates.  

2017 – 2018 Reinsurance Program

Heritage P&C and Zephyr program

The Company placed its reinsurance program for the period from June 1, 2017 through May 31, 2018 during the second quarter of 2017. This reinsurance program, which was purchased prior to our November 2017 acquisition of NBIC, incorporates the catastrophe risk of two of our insurance subsidiaries, Heritage P&C, a Florida based insurer writing property insurance in multiple states, and Zephyr, a Hawaii based insurer writing property insurance only in Hawaii. The programs are allocated amongst traditional reinsurers, catastrophe bonds issued by Citrus Re Ltd., a Bermuda special purpose insurer formed in 2014 (“Citrus Re”), and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (“FHCF”). Coverage is specific to each insurer unless otherwise noted. The 2017-2018 reinsurance program provides, including retention, first event coverage up to $1.75 billion in Florida, first event coverage up to $731 million in Hawaii, and multiple event coverage up to $2.6 billion. This coverage exceeds the requirements established by the Company’s rating agency, Demotech, Inc., the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation, and the Hawaii Insurance Division. For the twelve months ending May 31, 2018, no single uncollateralized private reinsurer represented more than 10% of the overall limit purchased from our total reinsurance coverage.  

The reinsurance program, which is segmented into layers of coverage, protects the Company for excess property catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses. The Company’s 2017-2018 reinsurance program incorporates the mandatory coverage required by law to be placed with FHCF, which is available only for Florida catastrophe risk. For the 2017 hurricane season, the Company maintained the prior year selected participation percentage in the FHCF at 45%. The Company also purchased private reinsurance below and alongside the FHCF layer, as well as aggregate reinsurance coverage. The Company did not utilize its captive, Osprey, for any catastrophe risk for the 2017 hurricane season. The Company has a primary retention of the first $20 million of losses and loss adjustment expenses.

Heritage P&C provides property insurance coverage for states other than Hawaii. The following describes the various layers of its June 1, 2017 to May 31, 2018 reinsurance program; prepayments described herein reflect reinstatement premium protection purchased by the Company.

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Layers above the FHCF - Florida program

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Zephyr provides property insurance coverage for Hawaii. The various layers of its 2017-2018 reinsurance program are as follows:

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For a first catastrophic event striking Florida, our reinsurance program provides coverage up to $1.75 billion of losses and loss adjustment expenses, including our retention, and we are responsible for all losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of such amount. For a first catastrophic event striking Hawaii, our reinsurance program provides coverage up to $731 million of losses and loss adjustment expenses, including our retention, and we are responsible for all losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of such amount. For subsequent catastrophic events, our total available coverage depends on the magnitude of the first event, as we may have coverage remaining from layers that were not previously fully exhausted. An aggregate of $632 million of limit purchased in 2017 includes a prepaid reinstatement. In total, we have purchased $2.6 billion of potential reinsurance coverage, including our retention, for multiple catastrophic events. Our ability to access this coverage, however, will be subject to the severity and frequency of such events. Hurricane losses in states other than Hawaii would be covered under the Heritage P&C program with the exception of the FHCF coverage and the series 2015, 2016 and 2017 catastrophe bonds. Management deemed this reinsurance protection to be sufficient given the level of catastrophe exposure in 2017 for Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina.

     In placing our 2017-2018 reinsurance program, we sought to capitalize on favorable reinsurance pricing and mitigate uncertainty surrounding the future cost of our reinsurance by negotiating multi-year arrangements. The $687.5 million of aggregate coverage we have purchased from Citrus Re Ltd, which includes the 2015 Class A, B, and C notes, the 2016 Class D & E notes, and the 2017 Series notes extends $277.5 million of coverage until May 2018, $250 million of coverage for two-year period and $160 million of coverage for a three-year period. To the extent coverage is all or partially exhausted before the end of three years, it cannot be reinstated. In the aggregate, multi-year coverage from Citrus Re Ltd accounts for approximately 26% of our purchases of private reinsurance for the 2017 hurricane season. The terms of each of the multi-year coverage arrangements described above are subject to adjustment depending on, among other things, the size and composition of our portfolio of insured risks in future periods.

Per Risk Coverage: The Company also purchased property per risk coverage for losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of $1 million per claim. The limit recovered for an individual loss is $9 million and total limit for all losses is $27 million. There are two reinstatements available with additional premium due based on the amount of the layer exhausted. In addition, the Company purchased facultative reinsurance in excess of $10 million for any commercial properties it insured where the total insured value exceeded $10 million.

NBIC Program:

NBIC, our insurance subsidiary located in Rhode Island, provides property insurance coverage in the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island. NBIC’s catastrophe reinsurance program provides coverage for loss occurrences up to $1 billion (1:100-year event) on the first event and includes automatic reinstatement protection. The program includes coverage for catastrophic events such as hurricanes, severe winter storms and tornadoes. During 2017, NBIC’s net retention for a catastrophic event of up to $1.0 billion is $1.3 million.  NBIC’s reinsurance program also covers non catastrophic losses. A summary of NBIC’s combined reinsurance protection follows.  The reinsurance program is placed with strong participation from leading reinsurers across global markets with no one reinsurer exceeding 10%. The reinsurance partners are all rated A- to A+ by Standard and Poor’s.

Property Catastrophe Excess of Loss

NBIC’s property catastrophe program protects NBIC from the aggregation of losses in a single occurrence.  Reinstatement provisions (one reinstatement at 100% of premium) on the first three layers and a portion of the fourth layer provides protection for NBIC from a second catastrophic event.  The program is 81.25% placed, with the remaining 18.75% of catastrophe protection coming from NBIC’s gross quota share contract.  NBIC’s net retention of $20 million is further reduced with a net quota share reinsurance contract described below.

Reinstatement Premium Protection

NBIC’s Reinstatement Premium Protection locks in the cost of a potential reinstatement premium charge that would occur should an event trigger catastrophe reinsurance.  NBIC buys reinstatement premium protection for the first three layers and a portion of the fourth catastrophe excess of loss layers.  

Aggregate Contract

For the year ended December 31, 2017, NBIC had 25% of an Aggregate contract, in two sections:

NBIC placed 25% of an aggregate contract on December 31, 2017, expiring May 31, 2018.  The limit on the contract is $13.5 million, retention of $18.5 million and franchise deductible of $1.0 million.

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Gross Quota Share

NBIC purchased an 18.75% gross account quota share reinsurance treaty which provides ground up loss recoveries of up to $1 billion.    

Net Lines Quota Share

NBIC’s net lines quota share is proportional reinsurance for which certain of our other reinsurance inures to the quota share (property catastrophe excess of loss and reinstatement premium protection and the second layer of the general excess of loss.)  An occurrence limit of $20 million for catastrophe losses is in effect on the quota share, subject to certain aggregate loss limits that vary by reinsurer. The amount and rate of reinsurance commissions slide, within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance. NBIC ceded 60% of net premiums and losses during 2017 to the Net Quota Share. The net quota share program was renewed on December 31, 2017 ceding 49.5% of the net premiums and losses and 8% of the prior year quota share will runoff.  

General Excess of Loss

NBIC’s general excess of loss reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, both property and casualty.  The casualty coverage provided by this contract also responds on a “Clash” basis, meaning that multiple policies involved in a single loss occurrence can be aggregated into one loss and applied to the reinsurance contract. The coverage is in two layers in excess of NBIC’s retention of the first $300,000 of loss.  The first layer is $450,000 excess $300,000 and the second layer is $2.75 million excess $750,000 (Casualty second layer is $1.25 million excess $750,000).  Both layers are 81.25% placed with the gross quota share providing the additional 18.75% coverage.

Semi-Automatic Facultative Excess of Loss

NBIC’s automatic property facultative reinsurance protects NBIC from single risk losses, for property risks with a total insured value excess of $3.5 million subject to a limit of $2.5 million.  

Product specific reinsurance for Umbrella and Home Systems Protection

NBIC’s umbrella facultative program protects NBIC’s Umbrella Liability business through the quota share reinsurance contract. NBIC has limits of liability of up to $1 million with 90% quota share, subject to an additional limit of liability of up to $4 million with 100% quota share. The home system protection (HSP) product is designed to protect customers from sudden and accidental mechanical breakdowns to furnaces, boilers, HVAC systems, home entertainment systems, pool heating and filtering equipment, and other mechanical systems that are not covered by standard homeowners’ insurance policies. The coverage is included in NBIC’s base policy and is 100% reinsured through Hartford Steam Boiler.

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The following graphics depict our reinsurance program structure for the 2017-2018 hurricane season:

2017 – 2018 Heritage P&C and Zephyr Reinsurance Tower

2017 NBIC Reinsurance Tower

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2018 NBIC Reinsurance Tower

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For the twelve months ending May 31, 2018, we purchased reinsurance from the following sources: (i) FHCF (i.e. Florida risks only), (ii) Citrus Re Ltd, and (iii) over 50 third-party private reinsurers, all of which were rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best or S&P or which were fully collateralized. There is no single reinsurer representing more than 10% of the limit purchased for our program, excluding Citrus Re catastrophe bonds and FHCF. The chart below list our third-party reinsurers with A.M. Best and S&P ratings for both Heritage P&C and Zephyr.

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The chart below lists our third-party reinsurers with A.M. Best and S&P ratings for NBIC:

2016 - 2017 Reinsurance Program

The Company placed its reinsurance program for the period from June 1, 2016 through May 31, 2017 during the second quarter of 2016. This reinsurance program incorporates the catastrophe risk of our two insurance subsidiaries, Heritage P&C, a Florida based insurer and Zephyr, a Hawaii based insurer, into one reinsurance structure. The programs were incorporated into one reinsurance structure and were allocated amongst traditional reinsurers, catastrophe bonds issued by Citrus Re Ltd., a Bermuda special purpose

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insurer formed in 2014 (“Citrus Re”), and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (“FHCF”). Coverage was shared by both insurers unless otherwise noted. The 2016-2017 reinsurance program provides, including retention, first event coverage up to $1.9 billion in Florida, first event coverage up to $1.1 billion in Hawaii, and multiple event coverage up to $3 billion.

The reinsurance program, which was segmented into layers of coverage, protects the Company for excess property catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses. The Company’s 2016-2017 reinsurance program incorporates the mandatory coverage required by law to be placed with FHCF, which was available only for Florida catastrophe risk. For the 2016 hurricane season, the Company reduced its selected participation percentage in the FHCF from 75% to 45%. The Company also purchased private reinsurance below, alongside and above the FHCF layer, as well as aggregate reinsurance coverage. The following describes the various layers of the Company’s June 1, 2016 to May 31, 2017 reinsurance program.

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Layers above the FHCF - Florida program

For a first catastrophic event striking Florida, our reinsurance program provided coverage for $2 billion of losses and loss adjustment expenses, including our retention, and we were responsible for all losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of such amount. For a first catastrophic event striking Hawaii, our reinsurance program provided coverage for $1.1 billion of losses and loss adjustment expenses, including our retention, and we were responsible for all losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of such amount. For subsequent catastrophic events, our total available coverage depended on the magnitude of the first event, as we may have coverage remaining from layers that were not previously fully exhausted. $860 million of limit purchased in 2016 included a reinstatement, with $825 million being prepaid. In total, we had purchased $3.1 billion of potential reinsurance coverage, including our retention, for multiple catastrophic events. Our ability to access this coverage, however, will be subject to the severity and frequency of such events. Hurricane losses in North Carolina and South Carolina would be covered under the Florida program with

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the exception of the FHCF and the series 2014 and 2015 CAT bonds. Management deemed this reinsurance protection to be sufficient given the level of catastrophe exposure in 2016 for North Carolina and South Carolina.

In placing our 2016-2017 reinsurance program, we sought to capitalize on favorable reinsurance pricing and mitigate uncertainty surrounding the future cost of our reinsurance by negotiating multi-year arrangements. The $727.5 million of aggregate coverage we had purchased from Citrus Re Ltd, which included the 2014 Class A & B notes, the 2015 Class A, B, and C notes, and the 2016 Class D & E notes extends $200 million until May of 2017, $277.5 million for another two-year period and $250 million for a three-year period. To the extent coverage was all or partially exhausted before the end of three years, it cannot be reinstated. In the aggregate, multi-year coverage from Citrus Re Ltd accounts for approximately 42% of our purchases of private reinsurance for the 2016 hurricane season. The terms of each of the multi-year coverage arrangements described above were subject to adjustment depending on, among other things, the size and composition of our portfolio of insured risks in future periods.

Investments

Our investments are managed by eight third-party asset managers. We have designed our investment policy to provide a balance between current yield, conservation of capital and the liquidity requirements of our operations. As such, our investable assets are primarily held in cash and bonds of high credit quality with relatively short durations. Our investment policy sets guidelines that provide for a well-diversified investment portfolio that is compliant with insurance regulations applicable to the states in which we operate. Our investment objectives include liquidity, safety and security of principal, and returns. The investment policy limits investments in common and preferred stocks and requires a minimum weighted average portfolio quality of A for our bond portfolio with an overall duration of 2-5 years. No more than 2% of admitted assets can be invested in any one issuer, with slightly higher limits for highly rated securities, excluding government-related securities. Investments in commercial mortgages cannot exceed 10% of admitted assets. Prohibited investments include short sales and margin purchases, oil, gas, mineral or other types of leases, speculative uses of futures and options, unrated corporate securities, non-US denominated securities, convertible securities high risk CMO instruments, repurchase agreements, securities lending transactions and speculative foreign currency valuation transactions. Our investment policy, which may change from time to time, is approved by our Investment Committee and is reviewed on a regular basis in order to ensure that our investment policy evolves in response to changes in the financial markets. See Note 3 “Investments” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As of December 31, 2017, we held $153.7 million in cash and cash equivalents and $567.0 million in securities, which were comprised of $549.8 million in fixed maturities, $14.3 million in nonredeemable preferred stocks and $2.9 million in common stock.

Government Regulation

The insurance industry is extensively regulated. Our insurance company subsidiaries are subject to the laws and regulations of the states in which they do business. The insurance regulatory statutes and rules provide for regulation of virtually all aspects of the business of insurance companies. The states in which we conduct business, like many states, have adopted several model laws and regulations as promulgated by the NAIC. State statutes and administrative rules generally require each insurance company that is part of a holding company group to register with the department of insurance in its state of domicile and to furnish information concerning the operations of the companies within the holding company system which may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the group. As part of its registration, each insurance company must identify material agreements, relationships and transactions with affiliates, including without limitation loans, investments, asset transfers, transactions outside of the ordinary course of business, certain management, service, and cost sharing agreements, reinsurance transactions, dividends and consolidated tax allocation agreements. In some instances, individual state insurance laws and regulations are even more stringent that those promulgated by the NAIC or other states.

We are subject to regulations administered by a department of insurance in each state in which we do business. These regulations relate to, among other things:

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The State of Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (“FLOIR”) imposed certain additional solvency related requirements as a condition of receiving a certificate of authority for our Florida insurance company subsidiary. This includes a requirement for a higher level of statutory surplus ($18 million), required pre-approval for any dividends paid by our Florida insurance company subsidiary until July 31, 2017, and limitations of dividends paid by our parent company prior to July 31, 2015. Finally, we are subject to consent orders setting conditions for FLOIR’s approval of the Citizens assumption transactions in which we have participated. We are required by consent order to comply with the assumption agreements entered into with Citizens at the time of each assumption transaction, which requires that for the assumed policies, we must offer to renew each policy for a minimum of three years. We are in full compliance with all consent orders issued with regard to Citizens’ depopulation program.

State regulators where we are and may become licensed and offer insurance products conduct periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies and require the filing of annual and other reports relating to financial condition, holding company issues and other matters. These regulatory authorities also conduct periodic examinations into insurers’ business practices. Additionally, we are subject to assessments levied by governmental and quasi-governmental entities from the states in which we conduct business.

Employees

As of December 31, 2017, we had 431 employees, 427 of whom are full-time. We are not a party to any collective bargaining agreement and have not experienced any work stoppages or strikes as a result of labor disputes. We consider relations with our employees to be satisfactory.

Available Information

Heritage Insurance Holdings Inc.’s, Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) are made available, free of charge, on or through the “Investor Relations” portion of our Internet website https://heritagepci.com. Reports filed with or furnished to the SEC will also be available as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with or furnished to the SEC and are available over the internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

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Set forth below are certain risk factors that could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. You should carefully read the following risk factors, together with the financial statements, related notes and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business, financial condition and operating results may suffer if any of the following risks are realized. If any of these risks or uncertainties occur, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that contain risks and uncertainties. Please refer to the discussion of “Forward-Looking Statements” of this Annual Report in connection with your consideration of the risk factors and other important factors that may affect future results described herein.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our loss reserves are estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual liability for losses, causing our results of operations to be adversely affected.

We maintain reserves to cover our estimated ultimate liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, also referred to as loss reserves. We have a limited operating history and a limited loss history which may negatively impact our ability to accurately establish loss reserves. Our current loss reserves are based primarily on our historical data and statistical projections of what we believe the resolution and administration of claims will cost based on facts and circumstances then known to us. As a company with limited operating history, our claims experience and our experience with the risks related to certain claims is inherently limited. We use company historical data to the extent it is available and rely on industry historical data which may not be indicative of future periods. As a result, our projections and our estimates may be inaccurate, which in turn may cause our actual losses to exceed our loss reserves. If our actual losses exceed our loss reserves, our financial results, our ability to expand our business and to compete in the property and casualty insurance industry may be negatively affected.

Factors that affect unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses include the estimates made on a claim-by-claim basis known as “case reserves” coupled with bulk estimates known as “incurred but not yet reported” (or “IBNR”). Periodic estimates by management of the ultimate costs required to resolve all claims are based on our analysis of historical data and estimations of the impact of numerous factors such as (i) per claim information, (ii) industry and company historical loss experience and development patterns, (iii) legislative enactments, judicial decisions, legal developments in the awarding of damages and changes in political attitudes, and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. Management revises its estimates based on the results of its analysis. This process assumes that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for estimating the ultimate resolution of all claims. There is no precise method for subsequently evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of the reserves because the eventual redundancy or deficiency is affected by multiple factors.

Because of the inherent uncertainties in the reserving process, we cannot be certain that our reserves will be adequate to cover our actual losses and loss adjustment expenses. If our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are less than actual losses and loss adjustment expenses, we will be required to increase our reserves with a corresponding reduction in our net income in the period in which the deficiency is identified. Future loss experience substantially in excess of our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses could substantially harm our results of operations and financial condition.

Because a large portion of our insurance business is conducted in coastal states, any single catastrophic event, or a series of such events, or other condition affecting losses could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2017, over 95% of our premium in force related to business in Florida, Hawaii, New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts. The distribution of our policies is generally consistent with that of the populations in those states and is therefore more concentrated in densely-populated coastal areas. A single catastrophic event, or a series of such events, destructive weather pattern, general economic trend, regulatory development or other condition specifically affecting the states in which we conduct business, particularly the more densely populated areas of those states, could have a disproportionately adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we actively manage our exposure to catastrophic events through our underwriting process and the purchase of reinsurance on an excess of loss and quota share basis, the fact that our business is concentrated in coastal states subjects us to increased exposure to certain catastrophic events and destructive weather patterns such as hurricanes, tropical storms, tornadoes, and winter storms in the northeastern United States. Changes in the prevailing regulatory, legal, economic, political, demographic and competitive environment, and other conditions in the states in which we conduct business could also make it less attractive for us to do business and would have a more pronounced effect on our business than it would on other insurance companies that are more geographically diversified than we are. Since our business is concentrated in this manner, the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events or other conditions affecting losses in Florida, Hawaii, New York, New Jersey, or Massachusetts could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We have exposure to unpredictable catastrophes, which can materially and adversely affect our financial results.

We write insurance policies that cover homeowners, condominium owners and commercial residential buildings for losses that result from, among other things, catastrophes. We are therefore subject to losses, including claims under policies we have assumed or written, arising out of catastrophes that may have a significant effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. A significant catastrophe, or a series of catastrophes, could also have an adverse effect on our reinsurers. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, tropical storms, snow storms, tornadoes, earthquakes, hailstorms, explosions, power outages, fires and by man-made events, such as terrorist attacks. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable. The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected and the severity of the event. Our policyholders are currently concentrated in coastal states, which are especially subject to adverse weather conditions such as hurricanes, tropical storms, and winter storms. Therefore, although we attempt to manage our exposure to catastrophes through our underwriting process and the purchase of reinsurance protection, an especially severe catastrophe or series of catastrophes could exceed our reinsurance protection and may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. In total, for the period from June 1, 2017 through May 31, 2018, we have purchased up to $2.6 billion and $1.0 billion of reinsurance coverage for Heritage P&C/Zephyr and NBIC, respectively including our retention, for multiple catastrophic events. Our ability to access this coverage, however, is subject to the severity and frequency of such events. We may experience significant losses and loss adjustment expenses in excess of our retention.

Our results of operations may fluctuate significantly based on industry factors.

The insurance business historically has been a cyclical industry characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excess underwriting capacity, as well as periods when shortages of capacity permitted an increase in pricing. As premium levels increase, there may be new entrants to the market, which could then lead to increased competition, a significant reduction in premium rates, less favorable policy terms and fewer opportunities to underwrite insurance risks, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. In addition to these considerations, changes in the frequency and severity of losses suffered by insureds and insurers, including changes resulting from multiple and/or catastrophic weather events, may affect the cycles of the insurance business significantly. We cannot predict whether market conditions will improve, remain constant or deteriorate. Negative market conditions may impair our ability to write insurance at rates that we consider appropriate relative to the risk assumed. If we cannot write insurance at appropriate rates, our business would be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, the uncertainties inherent in the reserving process, together with the potential for unforeseen developments, including changes in laws and the prevailing interpretation of policy terms, may result in losses and loss adjustment expenses materially different from the reserves initially established. Changes to prior year reserves will affect current underwriting results by increasing net income if the prior year reserves prove to be redundant or by decreasing net income if the prior year reserves prove to be insufficient. We are not allowed to record contingency reserves to account for expected future losses. As a result, we expect volatility in operating results in periods in which significant loss events occur because generally accepted accounting principles do not permit insurers or reinsurers to reserve for loss events until they have occurred and are expected to give rise to a claim. We anticipate that claims arising from future events may require the establishment of substantial reserves from time to time.

We may not be able to collect reinsurance amounts due to us from the reinsurers with which we have contracted.

Reinsurance is a method of transferring part of an insurance company’s risk under an insurance policy to another insurance company. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain liable for the entire insured loss. We use reinsurance arrangements to limit and manage the amount of risk we retain, to stabilize our underwriting results and to increase our underwriting capacity. Our ability to recover amounts due from reinsurers under the reinsurance treaties we currently have in effect is subject to the reinsurance company’s ability and willingness to pay and to meet its obligations to us. We attempt to select financially strong reinsurers with an A.M. Best or S&P rating of “A-” or better or we require the reinsurer to fully collateralize its exposure. While we monitor from time to time their financial condition, we also rely on our reinsurance broker and rating agencies in evaluating our reinsurers’ ability to meet their obligations to us.

Our reinsurance coverage in any given year may be concentrated with one or a limited group of reinsurers. For the twelve months ending May 31, 2018, no single uncollateralized private reinsurer represented more than 10% of the overall limit purchased from our total reinsurance coverage. Any failure on the part of any one reinsurance company to meet its obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

All residential insurance companies that write business in Florida, including Heritage P&C, are required to obtain reinsurance through the FHCF, and this coverage comprises a substantial portion of the Heritage P&C reinsurance program for our Florida insured properties. The limit and retention of the FHCF coverage is subject to upward or downward adjustment based on, among other things, submitted exposures to FHCF by all participants. We have purchased private reinsurance alongside our FHCF layer to fill in gaps in

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coverage that may result from the adjustment of the limit or retention of our FHCF coverage; however, such reinsurance would not cover any losses we may incur as a result of FHCF’s inability to pay the full amount of our claims. If a catastrophic event occurs in Florida, the FHCF may not have sufficient funds to pay all of its claims from insurance companies in full or in a timely manner. This could result in significant financial, legal and operational challenges to our Company. In the event of a catastrophic loss, FHCF’s ability to pay may be dependent upon its ability to issue bonds in amounts that would be required to meet its reinsurance obligations. There can be no assurance that FHCF will be able to do this. While we believe FHCF currently has adequate capital and financing capacity to meet its reinsurance obligations, there can be no assurance that it will be able to meet its obligations in the future, and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

Reinsurance coverage may not be available to us in the future at commercially reasonable rates or at all.

The cost of reinsurance is subject to prevailing market conditions beyond our control such as the amount of capital in the reinsurance market, as well as the frequency and magnitude of natural and man-made catastrophes. We cannot be assured that reinsurance will remain continuously available to us in the amounts we consider sufficient and at prices acceptable to us. As a result, we may determine to increase the amount of risk we retain or look for other alternatives to reinsurance, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates, effectively integrate newly acquired businesses or achieve expected profitability from acquisitions.

Part of our growth strategy is to expand through the acquisition of complementary businesses. There can be no assurance that suitable candidates for acquisitions can be identified or, if suitable candidates are identified, that acquisitions can be completed on acceptable terms, if at all. Even if suitable candidates are identified, any future acquisitions may entail a number of risks that could adversely affect our business and the market price of our common stock, including the integration of the acquired operations, diversion of management's attention, risks of entering new market regions in which we have limited experience, adverse short-term effects on our reported operating results, the potential loss of key employees of acquired businesses and risks associated with unanticipated liabilities.

We may use our common stock to pay for acquisitions. If the owners of potential acquisition candidates are not willing to receive our common stock in exchange for their businesses, our acquisition prospects could be limited. Future acquisitions could also result in accounting charges, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities and increased debt and contingent liabilities, including liabilities related to unknown or undisclosed circumstances, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and the market price of our common stock.

Increased competition, competitive pressures, industry developments and market conditions could affect the growth of our business and adversely impact our financial results.

The property and casualty insurance industry in the states in which we do business is cyclical and, during times of increased capacity, highly competitive. We compete not only with other stock companies, but also with state governmental insurance entities, mutual companies, other underwriting organizations and alternative risk sharing mechanisms. Our principal lines of business are written by numerous other insurance companies. Competition for any one account may come from very large, well-established national companies, smaller regional companies, other specialty insurers in our field and other companies that write insurance. Some of these competitors have greater financial resources, larger agency networks and greater name recognition than we do. We compete for business not only on the basis of price, but also on the basis of financial strength, types of coverages offered, and availability of coverage desired by customers, commission structure and quality of service. We may have difficulty continuing to compete successfully on any of these bases in the future. Competitive pressures coupled with market conditions may affect our rate of premium growth and financial results.

In addition, industry developments could further increase competition in our industry. These developments could include:

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These developments and others could make the property and casualty insurance marketplace more competitive by increasing the supply of insurance available. If competition limits our ability to write new business at adequate rates, our future results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our success depends on our ability to accurately price the risks we underwrite.

Our results of operations and financial condition depend on our ability to underwrite and set premium rates accurately for a wide variety of risks. Rate adequacy is necessary to generate sufficient premiums to pay losses, loss adjustment expenses, reinsurance costs and underwriting expenses and to earn a profit. In order to price our products accurately, we must collect and properly analyze a substantial amount of data; develop, test and apply appropriate rating formulas; closely monitor and timely recognize changes in trends; and project both severity and frequency of losses with reasonable accuracy. Our ability to successfully perform these tasks, and as a result price our products accurately, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside our control, including:

In addition, we could underprice risks, which would negatively affect our profit margins. We could also overprice risks, which could reduce the number of policies we write and our competitiveness. In either event, our profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

The inherent uncertainty of models and our reliance on such models as a tool to evaluate risk may have an adverse effect on our financial results.

We license analytic and modeling software from third parties to facilitate our pricing, assess our risk exposure and determine our reinsurance needs. Given the inherent uncertainty of modeling techniques and the application of such techniques, these models and databases may not accurately address the emergence of a variety of matters which might impact our exposure to losses. Accordingly, these models may understate the exposures we are assuming and our financial results may be adversely impacted, perhaps significantly.

The failure of our claims department to effectively manage or remediate claims could adversely affect our insurance business, financial results and capital requirements.

We rely on our claims department and any outsourced claims resources to facilitate and oversee the claims adjustment process for our policyholders. Many factors could affect the ability of our claims department to effectively manage claims by our policyholders, including:

Any failure to effectively manage the claims adjustment process, including failure to pay claims accurately, could lead to material litigation, undermine our reputation in the marketplace, impair our corporate image and negatively affect our financial results.

Additionally, in the final stage of the claims process for Florida claims, we leverage CAN’s vendor network to provide repair and remediation services to the policyholder. If such services are not performed properly, we may face liability. Although we maintain professional liability insurance to cover losses arising from our repair and remediation services, there can be no assurances that such

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coverage is adequate. In addition, our failure to timely and properly remediate claims, or the perception of such failure, may damage our reputation and adversely affect our ability to renew existing policies or write new policies.

If actual renewals of our existing contracts do not meet expectations, our premiums written in future years and our future results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our insurance policies are written for a one-year term. We make assumptions about the renewal of our prior year’s contracts, including for purposes of determining the amount of reinsurance we purchase. If actual renewals do not meet expectations or if we choose not to write on a renewal basis because of pricing conditions, our premiums written in future years and our future operations would be materially adversely affected, and we may purchase reinsurance beyond what we believe is the most appropriate level.

We may not be able to effectively execute our growth and diversification strategy.

We have and intend to continue to invest significant time and resources to develop and market geographic expansion, new lines of business and/or products and services and we may not achieve the return on our investment that we expect. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of geographic expansion, new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting customer preferences may also impact the successful implementation of our business plan. Such external factors and requirements may increase our costs and potentially affect the speed with which we will be able to pursue new market opportunities. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in bringing new insurance products or geographic expansion to our marketplace. Additionally, any geographic expansion, new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our growth and diversification strategy involves expansion of our business to states outside of our existing markets. Geographic diversification may be hindered by the fact that we have a limited operating history, and we may be unable to satisfy requirements imposed by state regulators and other third parties.

If we are unable to expand our business because our capital must be used to pay greater than anticipated claims, our financial results may suffer. Further, we may require additional capital in the future which may not be available or may only be available on unfavorable terms.

Our future growth and future capital requirements will depend on our ability to expand the number of insurance policies we write, to expand the kinds of insurance products we offer and to expand the geographic markets in which we do business, all balanced by the business risks we choose to assume and cede. These growth initiatives require capital. Our existing sources of funds include possible sales of common or preferred stock, incurring debt and our earnings from operations and investments. Unexpected catastrophic events in our coverage areas, such as the hurricanes, may result in greater claims losses than anticipated, which could require us to limit or halt our growth while we redeploy our capital to pay these unanticipated claims unless we are able to raise additional capital.

To the extent that our present capital is insufficient to meet future operating requirements or to cover losses, we may need to raise additional funds through financing or curtail our growth. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our current capital together with our anticipated retained income will support our operations. However, we cannot provide any assurance in that regard, since many factors will affect the amount and timing of our capital needs, including our growth and profitability, the availability and cost of reinsurance, as well as possible acquisition opportunities, market disruptions and other unforeseeable developments. If we require additional capital, it is possible that equity or debt financing may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our stockholders could result, and in any case such securities may have rights, preferences and privileges that are senior to those of existing stockholders. If we cannot obtain adequate capital on favorable terms or at all, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Heritage Insurance depends on the ability of its subsidiaries to generate and transfer funds to meet its debt obligations.

Heritage Insurance Holdings, Inc. does not have significant revenue generating operations of its own. Our ability to make scheduled payments on our debt obligations depends on the financial condition and operating performance of our subsidiaries. If the funds we receive from our subsidiaries, some of which are subject to regulatory restrictions on the payment of distributions, are insufficient to meet our debt obligations, we may be required to raise funds through the issuance of additional debt or equity securities, reduce or suspend dividend payments, or sell assets.

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Our information technology systems, or those of our key service providers, may fail or suffer a loss of security which could adversely affect our business.

Our insurance business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our computer and data processing systems. We rely on these systems to perform actuarial and other modeling functions necessary for writing business, as well as to handle our policy administration process (i.e., handling and adjusting claims, the billing, printing and mailing of our policies, endorsements, renewal notices, etc.). The successful operation of our systems depends on a continuous supply of electricity. The failure of these systems or disruption in the supply of electricity could interrupt our operations and result in a material adverse effect on our business.

The development and expansion of our insurance business is dependent upon the successful development and implementation of advanced technology, including modeling, underwriting and information technology systems. Because we intend to expand our business by writing additional voluntary policies, expanding to new geographic areas and entering into new lines of business, we are enhancing our information technology systems to handle and process an increased volume of policies. Additionally, we have engaged service providers to provide us with policy and other administration services for certain policies and we intend to continue to utilize third party systems as our policy count grows. The failure of any of these systems to function as planned could slow our growth and adversely affect our future business volume and results of operations. In addition, we have licensed certain systems and data from third parties. We cannot be certain that we will have access to these, or comparable systems, or that our technology or applications will continue to operate as intended. Moreover, we cannot be certain that we would be able to replace these systems without slowing our underwriting response time. A major defect or failure in our internal controls or information technology systems could result in management distraction, harm to our reputation, a loss or delay of revenues or increased expense.

In addition, a security breach of our computer systems could damage our reputation or result in liability. We retain confidential business and policyholder information in our computer systems. We may be required to spend significant capital and other resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches. It is critical that our facilities and infrastructure remain secure. Despite the implementation of security measures, our infrastructure may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, computer viruses, programming errors, attacks by third parties or similar disruptive problems. In addition, we could be subject to liability if hackers were able to penetrate our network security or otherwise misappropriate confidential information.

The development and implementation of new technologies will require an additional investment of our capital resources in the future.

Frequent technological changes, new products and services and evolving industry standards are all influencing the insurance business. We believe that the development and implementation of new technologies will require additional investment of our capital resources in the future. We have not determined, however, the amount of resources and the time that this development and implementation may require, which may result in short-term, unexpected interruptions to our business, or may result in a competitive disadvantage in price and/or efficiency, as we endeavor to develop or implement new technologies.

We do not have significant redundancy in our operations.

We conduct our business primarily from offices located in western and southern Florida, Hawaii, and Rhode Island where catastrophic weather events could damage our facilities or interrupt our power supply. The loss or significant impairment of functionality in these facilities for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business, as we do not have significant redundancies to replace our facilities if functionality is impaired. We contract with a third-party vendor to maintain complete daily backups of our systems; however, we have not fully tested our plan to recover data in the event of a disaster.

We may be unable to attract and retain qualified employees.

We depend on our ability to attract and retain experienced underwriting talent and other skilled employees who are knowledgeable about our business. If the quality of our underwriters and other personnel decreases, we may be unable to maintain our current competitive position in the specialized markets in which we operate and be unable to expand our operations, which could adversely affect our results.

The loss of, or failure to attract, key personnel could have a more significant impact on our business as compared to some of our competitors that are larger or have longer operating histories. We believe that our ability to grow and fully execute our business plan will depend in large part on our ability to attract and retain additional skilled and qualified personnel and to expand, train and manage our employees. We may not be successful in doing so, because the competition for experienced personnel in the insurance industry is intense.

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We are dependent on key executives, the loss of whom could adversely affect our business.

Our future success depends to a significant extent on the efforts of our senior management. We believe there are only a limited number of available and qualified executives with substantial experience in our industry. Accordingly, the loss of the services of one or more of the members of our senior management could delay or prevent us from fully implementing our business strategy and, consequently, significantly and negatively affect our business.

Currently, we only maintain key man life insurance with respect to Bruce Lucas, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. If any other member of senior management dies or becomes incapacitated, or leaves the company to pursue employment opportunities elsewhere, we would be solely responsible for locating an adequate replacement for such senior management and for bearing any related cost. To the extent that we are unable to locate an adequate replacement or are unable to do so within a reasonable period of time, our business may be significantly and negatively affected.

Our financial results may be negatively affected by the fact that a portion of our income is generated by the investment of our company’s capital, premiums and loss reserves.

A portion of our income is, and likely will continue to be, generated by the investment of our capital, premiums and loss reserves. The amount of income so generated is a function of our investment policy, available investment opportunities and the amount of available cash invested. We are also constrained by investment limitations required by our state insurance regulators. At December 31, 2017, approximately 79% of our total investments, cash and cash equivalents was invested in fixed-maturity and equity securities. We may, under certain circumstances, be required to liquidate our investments in securities at prices below book value, which may adversely affect our financial results. We currently hold all of our cash in accounts with four financial institutions and, as a result of this concentration, a portion of the balances in such accounts exceeds the FDIC insurance limits. While we monitor and adjust the balances in our accounts as appropriate, these balances could be impacted if any of these financial institutions fail and could be subject to other adverse conditions in the financial markets.

We may alter our investment policy to accept higher levels of risk with the expectation of higher returns. Fluctuating interest rates and other economic factors make it impossible to estimate accurately the amount of investment income that will be realized. In fact, we may realize losses on our investments.

Our inability to maintain our financial stability rating may have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, the marketability of our product offerings, and our liquidity, operating results and financial condition.

Financial stability ratings are important factors in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies and can have a significant effect on an insurance company’s business. Many insurance buyers, agents, brokers and secured lenders use the ratings assigned by rating agencies to assist them in assessing the financial stability and overall quality of the companies from which they are considering purchasing insurance or in determining the financial stability of the company that provides insurance. Each of our insurance company affiliates currently maintain a Demotech rating of “A” (“Exceptional”) or higher. These financial stability ratings provide an objective baseline for assessing solvency and should not be interpreted as (and are not intended to serve as) an assessment of, a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold, any securities of an insurance company or its parent holding company, including shares of our common stock.

On an ongoing basis, rating agencies review the financial performance and condition of insurers and can downgrade or change the outlook on an insurer’s ratings due to, for example, a change in an insurer’s statutory capital, a reduced confidence in management or a host of other considerations that may or may not be under the insurer’s control. All ratings are subject to continuous review; therefore, the retention of these ratings cannot be assured. A downgrade in any of these ratings could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, the marketability of our product offerings and our ability to grow in the marketplace.

The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain.

Loss frequency and severity in the property and casualty insurance industry in general and for our multi-peril personal lines business has continued to increase in recent years, principally driven by litigation and assignment of benefits in the State of Florida. In addition, many legal actions and proceedings have been brought on behalf of classes of complainants, which can increase the size of judgments. The propensity of policyholders and third party claimants to litigate and the willingness of courts to expand causes of loss and the size of awards may render the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries inadequate for current and future losses. In addition, as industry practices and social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until sometime after we have issued insurance policies that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance policies may not

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be known at the time such policies are issued or renewed, and our financial position and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The failure of the risk mitigation strategies we utilize could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

We utilize a number of strategies to mitigate our risk exposure including:

However, there are inherent limitations in these tactics. No assurance can be given that an event or series of unanticipated events will not result in loss levels which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Lack of effectiveness of exclusions and other loss limitation methods in the insurance policies we assume or write could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or our results of operations.

Various provisions of our policies, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage which are designed to limit our risks, may not be enforceable in the manner we intend. In addition, the policies we issue contain conditions requiring the prompt reporting of claims to us and our right to decline coverage in the event of a violation of that condition. While our insurance product exclusions and limitations reduce the loss exposure to us and help eliminate known exposures to certain risks, it is possible that a court or regulatory authority could nullify or void an exclusion or limitation, or legislation could be enacted modifying or barring the use of such endorsements and limitations in a way that would adversely affect our loss experience, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

We rely on independent agents to write voluntary insurance policies for us, and if we are not able to attract and retain independent agents, our revenues would be negatively affected.

We write voluntary personal and commercial insurance policies through a network of independent agents. Of our network of approximately 1,800 Florida independent agents, approximately 40% are affiliated with nine large agency networks with which we have entered into master agency agreements. Of our network of approximately 73 Hawaii independent agents, approximately 50% are affiliated with three large multi-producer agencies. Of our network of approximately 170 retail independent agents for business in the northeastern United States, our three largest relationships represent approximately $150 million in annualized premiums.

As of December 31, 2017, voluntary policies written through independent agents, constituted approximately 65.6% of our total policies in force and represented approximately $617 million in annualized premiums. Our strategic focus is to grow the number of voluntary policies throughout the states in which we are licensed, which will further increase our reliance on our network of independent agents. If any of our independent agents cease writing policies for us, or if any of our master agency agreements are terminated, we may suffer a reduction in the amount of products we are able to sell, which would negatively impact our results.

Many of our competitors also rely on independent agents. As a result, we must compete with other insurers for independent agents’ business. Our competitors may offer a greater variety of insurance products, lower premiums for insurance coverage, or higher commissions to their agents. If our products, pricing and commissions do not remain competitive, we may find it more difficult to attract business from independent agents to sell our products.

Changing climate conditions may adversely affect our financial condition, profitability or cash flows.

Climate change, to the extent it produces extreme changes in temperatures and changes in weather patterns, could affect the frequency or severity of weather events. Further, it could reduce the affordability and availability of personal residential insurance, which could have an effect on pricing. Changes in weather patterns could also affect the frequency and severity of other natural catastrophe events to which we may be exposed.

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If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock may be negatively affected.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal controls over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and, provide a management report on the internal controls over financial reporting.

We have designed and implemented the internal controls over financial reporting in compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requirements. In the future, we may discover areas of our internal controls that need improvement. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm discover a material weakness, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remediated, could reduce the market’s confidence in our financial statements and harm our stock price. We may not be able to effectively and timely implement necessary control changes and employee training to ensure continued compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other regulatory and reporting requirements. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny and sanctions and investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports.

We are an “emerging growth company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure and other requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we currently and may in the future take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act with respect to our internal control over financial reporting, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years from our initial public offering or such earlier time that we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We would cease to be an “emerging growth company” upon the earliest to occur of: (i) the last day of the year in which we have more than $1.07 billion in annual revenues; (ii) the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer,” with at least $700 million of equity securities; (iii) the issuance, in any three-year period, by our company of more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities held by non-affiliates; and (iv) the last day of the year ending after the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering, which is December 31, 2019. We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these reduced reporting and other burdens. To the extent we take advantage of any of the reduced reporting burdens in this annual report or in future filings, the information that we provide our security holders may be different than you might get from other public companies in which you hold equity interests. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have chosen to “opt-out” of such extended transition period, however, and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt-out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.

Risks Related to Regulation of our Insurance Operations

We are subject to extensive regulation which may reduce our profitability or limit our growth. Moreover, if we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to penalties, including fines and suspensions, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to extensive state regulation. Our insurance company affiliates are subject to supervision and regulation that is primarily designed to protect our policyholders rather than our stockholders, and such regulation is imposed by the states in which we are domiciled and the states in which our insurance subsidiaries do business. These regulations relate to, among other things, the approval of policy forms and premium rates, our conduct in the marketplace, our compliance with solvency and financial reporting requirements, transactions with our affiliates, and limitations on the amount of business we can write, the amount of dividends we can pay to stockholders, and the types of investments we can make. Insurance holding company regulations generally provide that transactions between an insurance company and its affiliates must be fair and reasonable, and must be clearly and accurately disclosed

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in the records of the respective parties, with expenses and payments allocated between the parties in accordance with customary accounting practices. Many types of transactions between an insurance company and its affiliates, such as transfers of assets, loans, reinsurance agreements, service agreements, certain dividend payments by the insurance company and certain other material transactions, may be subject to prior approval by, or prior notice to, state regulatory authorities. If we are unable to obtain the requisite prior approval for a specific transaction, we would be precluded from taking the action, which could adversely affect our operations. These regulatory requirements may adversely affect or inhibit our ability to achieve some or all of our business objectives. In addition, regulatory authorities also may conduct periodic examinations into insurers’ business practices. These reviews may reveal deficiencies in our insurance operations or differences between our interpretations of regulatory requirements and those of the regulators.

State insurance regulations also frequently impose notice or approval requirements for the acquisition of specified levels of ownership in the insurance company or insurance holding company. For example, Florida law requires that a person may not, individually or in conjunction with any affiliated person of such person, acquire directly or indirectly, conclude a tender offer or exchange offer for, enter into any agreement to exchange securities for, or otherwise finally acquire 5% or more of the outstanding voting securities of a Florida domiciled stock insurer or of a controlling company, unless it is in compliance with certain notice and approval requirements. Such restriction may inhibit our ability to grow our business or achieve our business objectives.

Further, regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to deny or revoke licenses for various reasons, including the violation of regulations. In some instances, we follow practices based on our interpretations of regulations or practices that we believe may be generally followed by the industry. These practices may turn out to be different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities. If we do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, insurance regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us. This could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

Heritage P&C is subject to additional regulation imposed by consent orders entered into with FLOIR in connection with our formation.

In addition to compliance with statutes and regulations, Florida routinely places additional restrictions on new insurers as a condition of receiving their certificate of authority. These restrictions are typically memorialized in a consent order entered into between FLOIR and the insurer applying for a certificate of authority. We are subject to such a consent order. We have, in certain cases, agreed to higher or more stringent restrictions than are otherwise required under Florida law. The material restrictions we have agreed to include:

In addition, we are subject to several consent orders setting conditions upon FLOIR’s approval of the various Citizens assumption transactions in which we have participated. For example, beginning with our June 2013 assumption transaction, we are required to offer to renew each assumed policy for a minimum of three years and limit rate increases for wind only policies where renewals are capped at 100% to 110% of the previous expiring Heritage premium.

In the event we are unable to comply with the additional regulation imposed by these consent orders, it may adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

Changes in regulation may reduce our profitability and limit our growth.

We are subject to extensive regulation in the states in which we conduct business. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) and state insurance regulators are constantly reexamining existing laws and regulations, generally focusing on modifications to holding company regulations, interpretations of existing laws and the development of new laws.

From time to time, states consider and/or enact laws that may alter or increase state authority to regulate insurance companies and insurance holding companies. States also consider and/or enact laws that impact the competitive environment and marketplace for property and casualty insurance. Our insurance company subsidiaries currently transact insurance multiple states. The political environment in some states has sometimes led to aggressive regulation of property and casualty insurance companies. For example, in 2007, Florida enacted legislation that led to rate levels in the private insurance market that we believe, in many instances in the past, were inadequate to cover the related underwriting risk. This same legislation required Citizens to reduce its premium rates and begin competing against private insurers in the Florida residential property insurance market. Florida lawmakers may continue to enact or retain legislation that suppresses the rates of Citizens, further adversely impacting the private insurance market and increasing the likelihood that it must levy assessments on private insurance companies and ultimately on Florida consumers. These and other aspects

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of the political environment in jurisdictions where we operate may reduce our profitability, limit our growth, or otherwise adversely affect our operations.

During the past several years, various regulatory and legislative bodies have adopted or proposed new laws or regulations to address the cyclical nature of the insurance industry, catastrophic events and insurance capacity and pricing. These regulations include (i) the creation of “market assistance plans” under which insurers are induced to provide certain coverages, (ii) restrictions on the ability of insurers to rescind or otherwise cancel certain policies in mid-term or to nonrenew policies at their scheduled expirations, (iii) advance notice requirements or limitations imposed for certain policy non-renewals, (iv) limitations upon or decreases in rates permitted to be charged, (v) expansion of governmental involvement in the insurance market and (vi) increased regulation of insurers’ policy administration and claims handling practices.

Currently, the federal government does not directly regulate the insurance business. However, in recent years the state insurance regulatory framework has come under increased federal scrutiny. Congress and some federal agencies from time to time investigate the current condition of insurance regulation in the United States to determine whether to impose federal regulation or to allow an optional federal charter, similar to banks. In addition, changes in federal legislation and administrative policies in several areas, including changes in the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, financial services regulation and federal taxation, can significantly impact the insurance industry and us.

We cannot predict with certainty the effect any enacted, proposed or future state or federal legislation or NAIC initiatives may have on the conduct of our business. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the regulatory requirements applicable to our business will not become more stringent in the future or result in materially higher costs than current requirements, or that creation of a federal insurance regulatory system will not adversely affect our business or disproportionately benefit our competitors. Changes in the regulation of our business may reduce our profitability, limit our growth or otherwise adversely affect our operations.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to minimum capital and surplus requirements, and our failure to meet these requirements could subject us to regulatory action.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to risk-based capital standards and other minimum capital and surplus requirements imposed under applicable state laws. The risk-based capital standards, based upon the Risk-Based Capital Model Act adopted by the NAIC, require our insurance subsidiaries to report the results of risk-based capital calculations to state regulators and the NAIC. These risk-based capital standards provide for different levels of regulatory attention depending upon the ratio of an insurance company’s total adjusted capital, as calculated in accordance with NAIC guidelines, to its authorized control level risk-based capital. Authorized control level risk-based capital is determined using the NAIC’s risk-based capital formula, which measures the minimum amount of capital that an insurance company needs to support its overall business operations.

An insurance company with total adjusted capital that is less than 200% of its authorized control level risk-based capital is at a company action level, which would require the insurance company to file a risk-based capital plan that, among other things, contains proposals of corrective actions the company intends to take that are reasonably expected to result in the elimination of the company action level event. Additional action level events occur when the insurer’s total adjusted capital falls below 150%, 100%, and 70% of its authorized control level risk-based capital. The lower the percentage, the more severe the regulatory response, including, in the event of a mandatory control level event (total adjusted capital falls below 70% of the insurer’s authorized control level risk-based capital), placing the insurance company into receivership. As of December 31, 2017, our insurance subsidiaries each maintained a risk-based capital ratio of over 300%.

In addition, our insurance subsidiaries are required to maintain certain minimum capital and surplus and to limit its written premiums to specified multiples of its capital and surplus. Our insurance subsidiaries could exceed these ratios if their volume increases faster than anticipated or if their surplus declines due to catastrophe or non-catastrophe losses or excessive underwriting and operational expenses.

Any failure by our insurance subsidiaries to meet the applicable risk-based capital or minimum statutory capital requirements or the writings ratio limitations imposed by state law could subject our insurance subsidiaries to further examination or corrective action imposed by state regulators, including limitations on our writing of additional business, state supervision or liquidation.

Any changes in existing risk-based capital requirements, minimum statutory capital requirements, or applicable writings ratios may require us to increase our statutory capital levels, which we may be unable to do.

Regulation limiting rate increases and requiring us to participate in loss sharing may decrease our profitability.

From time to time, political dispositions affect the insurance market, including efforts to effectively suppress rates at a level that may not allow us to reach targeted levels of profitability. Despite efforts to remove politics from insurance regulation, facts and history demonstrate that public policymakers, when faced with untoward events and adverse public sentiment, can act in ways that impede a satisfactory correlation between rates and risk. Such acts may affect our ability to obtain approval for rate changes that may

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be required to attain rate adequacy along with targeted levels of profitability and returns on equity. Our ability to afford reinsurance required to reduce our catastrophe risk may be dependent upon the ability to adjust rates for our cost.

Additionally, we are required to participate in guaranty funds for insolvent insurance companies. The funds periodically assess losses against all insurance companies doing business in the state. Our operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected by any of these factors.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent you from being able to sell your shares at or above the price you paid for them. The market price for our common stock could fluctuate significantly for various reasons, including:

In addition, in recent years, the stock market has regularly experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies, including companies in our industry. The changes frequently appear to occur without regard to the operating performance of the affected companies. Hence, the price of our common stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with us and these fluctuations could materially reduce our share price. Therefore, investors who purchase our common stock may only realize a return on their investment if the value of our common stock appreciates.

We may not continue to pay dividends on our common stock.

In the fourth quarter of 2015 and for each quarter thereafter, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock; however, we can provide no assurance or guarantee that we will continue to pay dividends in the future. Therefore, investors who purchase our common stock may only realize a return on their investment if the value of our common stock appreciates. The declaration and payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our profits, financial requirements and other factors including regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends from our subsidiaries, general business conditions and such other factors as our Board of Directors considers relevant.

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We may not continue our stock repurchase program

On September 14, 2015, the Company announced that our Board of Directors authorized a $20 million share repurchase program under which purchases may be made from time to time in the open market, or through privately negotiated transactions, block transactions or other techniques, as determined by the Company’s management. In May 2016, the Board of Directors authorized an additional stock repurchase of up to $50 million of the Company’s common stock through December 31, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company purchased through open market or private transactions an aggregate of 1,787,870 shares at a total cost of $21.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company purchased through open market or private transactions an aggregate of 1,759,330 shares at a total cost of $25.6 million.

Additionally, in connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes as described in Note 11, Long Term Debt, of our financial statements Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Board of Directors had authorized the Company to repurchase $40.0 million of the Company’s common stock with the net proceeds of the Convertible Notes, which was completed in August 2017.

Although our Board of Directors has authorized the stock repurchase program, the stock repurchase program does not obligate us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares and may be suspended or terminated at any time. The timing and amount of repurchases, if any, will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, the trading price of our common stock and the nature of other investment opportunities. In addition, repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our stock repurchase program could affect the market price of our common stock or increase its volatility. Additionally, our stock repurchase program could diminish our cash reserves, which may impact our ability to finance future growth and to pursue possible future strategic opportunities and acquisitions. There can be no assurance that any stock repurchases will enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we determine to repurchase our stock. Although our stock repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may make it difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our board of directors and may discourage hostile takeover attempts that some of our stockholders may consider to be beneficial.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control if our board of directors determines that such changes in control are not in the best interests of us and our stockholders. The provisions in such certificate of incorporation and bylaws include, among other things, the following:

We have elected in our certificate of incorporation not to be subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, an anti-takeover law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination, such as a merger, with a person or group owning 15% or more of the corporation’s voting stock for a period of three years following the date the person became an interested stockholder, unless (with certain exceptions) the business combination or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder is approved in a prescribed manner. Accordingly, we will not be subject to any anti-takeover effects of Section 203.

While these provisions have the effect of encouraging persons seeking to acquire control of our company to negotiate with our board of directors, they could enable the board of directors to hinder or frustrate a transaction that some, or a majority, of the stockholders might believe to be in their best interests, including an acquisition that would result in a price per share at a premium over the market price, and, in that case, may prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.

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Applicable insurance laws may make it difficult to effect a change of control of our company.

State insurance holding company laws require prior approval by the state insurance department of any change of control of an insurer that is domiciled in that respective state. “Control” is generally defined as the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a company, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise. Control is generally presumed to exist through the direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting securities of a domestic insurance company or any entity that controls a domestic insurance company. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of us, including through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable.

Any issuance of preferred stock could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.

Our board of directors has the authority to issue preferred stock and to determine the preferences, limitations and relative rights of shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series and the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, discouraging bids for our common stock at a premium over the market price, and adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock.

Our business and stock price may suffer as a result of our limited public company operating experience. In addition, if securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

We completed our initial public offering in May 2014. Our limited public company operating experience may make it difficult to forecast and evaluate our future prospects. If we are unable to execute our business strategy, either as a result of our inability to effectively manage our business in a public company environment or for any other reason, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed. In addition, if no or very few securities or industry analysts cover of our company, the trading price for our stock would be negatively impacted. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

None

We, through Skye Lane, our wholly-owned subsidiary, own a two-building 14-acre campus located in Clearwater, Florida. We also purchased the BRC facility in Safety Harbor, Florida. Approximately 84% of the property in Clearwater is occupied by unaffiliated tenants. NBIC Holdings owns property in Pawtucket, Rhode Island which is approximately 25% occupied by unaffiliated tenants.

We are subject to routine legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. We believe that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Not applicable

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PART II

Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “HRTG”. The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices as reported on the NYSE, and the amount of our dividends declarations, for 2017 and 2016. These reported prices reflect inter-dealer prices without adjustments for retail markups, markdowns or commissions.

The closing sale price of our common stock as reported on the NYSE on March 1, 2018 was $16.77 per share. As of such date there were 37 holders of record of our common stock based on information provided by our transfer agent.

Dividends

The declaration and payment of dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on profits, financial requirements and other factors, such as legal and regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends, overall business condition and other elements the Board of Directors considers relevant.

The following table sets forth information concerning the cash dividends declared on our common stock for the two most recent fiscal years.

Share Repurchases

In September 2015, our Board of Directors approved a plan to repurchase up to $20 million of common shares under which we may purchase shares of common stock in open market purchases, block transactions and privately negotiated transactions in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. In May 2016, the Board of Directors authorized an additional stock repurchase of up to $50 million of the Company’s common stock through December 31, 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company repurchased 1,787,870 and 1,759,330 shares of its common stock, respectively.

There were no repurchases under this share repurchase authorization during the three months ended December 31, 2017.  In August 2017, the Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to $40.0 million of common stock using the proceeds from the convertible note offering. In connection with this offering the Company repurchased and additional 3,552,397 shares of its common stock totaling $40 million in a series of open market transactions. This $40 million repurchase authorization approved in connection

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with the convertible note offering was in addition to the Company’s existing $70 million repurchase program, which expired in December 2017. See Note 19 — “Equity” to our consolidated financial statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plan

For information regarding the securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, refer to “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholders Matters” included in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

In connection with the acquisition of NBIC, the Company issued 2,222,215 shares of common stock (the “Stock Consideration”) as partial consideration for the acquisition. The value of each share of the Company’s common stock was based on the volume-weighted average price of the Company’s common stock during the five business-day period ending on November 29, 2017. The Stock Consideration was issued at closing in an exempt private placement pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. On December 1, 2017, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC providing for the registered resale of the Stock Consideration, which was declared effective on February 12, 2018. In accordance with the Merger Agreement, 687,802 shares from the Stock Consideration were placed into an escrow account to secure any amounts payable pursuant to the post-closing book value adjustment provisions.

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The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition Results of Operations and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing in Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report. The consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future period.

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The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. The actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including, but not limited to, those which are not within our control.

Overview: We are a property and casualty insurance holding company headquartered in Florida with offices in Hawaii and Rhode Island. We provide personal residential property insurance in the states of Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island and South Carolina through our insurance subsidiaries. We provide commercial residential insurance in Florida and are also licensed in the states of Mississippi and Pennsylvania. We are vertically integrated and control or manage substantially all aspects of insurance underwriting, customer service, actuarial analysis, distribution and claims processing and adjusting. We are led by an experienced senior management team with an average of 25 years of insurance industry experience. Heritage P&C, NBIC, and Zephyr are currently rated “A” (“Exceptional”) or better by Demotech, Inc. (“Demotech”), a rating agency specializing in evaluating the financial stability of insurers.

Our operating subsidiaries include: Heritage Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Heritage P&C”), which provides personal and commercial residential property insurance; Narragansett Bay Insurance Company (NBIC), which provides personal residential property insurance; Zephyr Insurance Company, Inc. (“Zephyr”), which provides residential wind-only property insurance within the State of Hawaii; Pawtucket Insurance Company (PIC), which is a property insurance company no longer writing insurance policies; Osprey Re Ltd. (“Osprey”), our reinsurance subsidiary that may provide a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by our insurance subsidiaries; Heritage MGA, LLC, our managing general agent; NBIC Service Company, which provides services to NBIC; Contractors’ Alliance Network, LLC (“CAN”), our vendor network manager for Florida claims which includes BRC Restoration Specialists, Inc. (“BRC”), our provider of restoration, emergency and recovery services; Skye Lane Properties, LLC, our property management subsidiary; First Access Insurance Group, LLC, our retail agency; Westwind Underwriters, Inc., an inactive subsidiary, and Heritage Insurance Claims, LLC, an inactive subsidiary reserved for future development.

The discussion of our financial condition and results of operations that follows provides information that will assist the reader in understanding our consolidated financial statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements from year to year, and the primary factors that accounted for those changes, as well as how certain accounting principles, policies and estimates affect our consolidated financial statements. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this document.

Discussion of our business and overall financial results, and other highlights related to our results of operations for the periods presented below.

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Financial Results Highlights for the Year Ended December 31, 2017

Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Key Components of our Results of Operations

Revenue

Gross premiums written. Gross premiums written represent, with respect to a period, the sum of direct premiums written (premiums from voluntary policies written during the period, net of any midterm cancellations and renewals of voluntary policies and policies assumed from Citizens’) and assumed premiums written (premiums from state fair plan polices and policies that we assumed from Citizens, net of opt-outs), in each case prior to ceding premiums to reinsurers.

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Gross premiums earned. Gross premiums earned represent the total premiums earned during a period from policies written. Premiums associated with voluntary and renewed policies are earned ratably over the twelve-month term of the policy and premiums associated with assumed policies are earned ratably over the remaining term of the policy.

Ceded premiums. Ceded premiums represent the cost of our reinsurance during a period. We recognize the cost, excluding premiums ceded to Osprey, of our reinsurance program ratably over the twelve-month term of the arrangement. With the exception of our net quota share treaty associated with the NBIC acquisition, our reinsurance contracts are generally effective June 1 and run through May 31 of the following year.

Net premiums earned. Net premiums earned reflect gross premiums earned less ceded premiums during the period.

Net investment income. Net investment income represents interest earned from fixed maturity securities, short term securities and other investments, dividends on equity securities, and the gains or losses from the sale of investments.

Other revenue. Other revenue includes rental income due under non-cancelable leases for space at the Company’s commercial property in Clearwater, Florida that we acquired in April 2013, and all policy and pay-plan fees. Our regulators have approved a policy fee on each policy written for certain states; these fees are not subject to refund, and the Company recognizes the income immediately when collected. The Company also charges pay-plan fees to policyholders that pay its premiums in more than one installment and record the fees as income when collected. In addition, the Company records revenue earned from its restoration subsidiary for non-insurance construction as services performed using the percentage of completion method. The revenue generated from non-insurance contracts is not material in nature, non-insurance construction revenue declined in 2017 and is expected to be minimal in 2018.

Expenses

Losses and loss adjustment expenses. Losses and loss adjustment expenses reflect losses paid, expenses paid to resolve claims, such as fees paid to adjusters, attorneys and investigators, and changes in our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses during the period, in each case net of losses ceded to reinsurers. Our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represent the estimated ultimate cost of resolving all reported claims plus all losses we incurred related to insured events that we assume have occurred as of the reporting date, but that policyholders have not yet reported to us (which are commonly referred to as incurred but not reported, or “IBNR”). We estimate our reserves for unpaid losses using individual case-based estimates for reported claims and actuarial estimates for IBNR losses. We continually review and adjust our estimated losses as necessary based on industry development trends, our evolving claims experience and new information obtained. If our unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are considered deficient or redundant, we increase or decrease the liability in the period in which we identify the difference and reflect the change in our current period results of operations.

Policy acquisition costs. Policy acquisition costs consist of the following items: (i) commissions paid to outside agents at the time of policy issuance, (ii) policy administration fees paid to a third-party administrator at the time of policy issuance, (iii) premium taxes and (iv) inspection fees. We recognize policy acquisition costs ratably over the term of the underlying policy. Until renewed, policies assumed from Citizens have no associated policy acquisition costs. We recognize these costs ratably over the term of the unearned premium acquired in the transaction. We also earn ceding commission on our quota share reinsurance contracts, which is presented as a reduction of policy acquisition costs. Ceding commission income is deferred and earned over the contract period. The amount and rate of ceding commission earned on the net quota share contract can slide within a prescribed minimum and maximum, depending on loss performance and how future losses develop.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses include compensation and related benefits, professional fees, office lease and related expenses, information system expenses, corporate insurance, and other general and administrative costs.

Provision for income taxes. Provision for income taxes consists of federal and state corporate level income taxes, which have historically resulted in a statutory blended tax rate of approximately 38.575%. Due to the enactment of the Tax Act, we expect our future expected statutory blended tax rate to be approximately 25.4%.

Ratios

Ceded premium ratio. Our ceded premium ratio represents ceded premiums as a percentage of gross premiums earned.

Gross loss ratio. Our gross loss ratio represents losses and loss adjustment expenses as a percentage of gross premiums earned.

Net loss ratio. Our net loss ratio represents losses and loss adjustment expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned.

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Gross expense ratio. Our gross expense ratio represents policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of gross premiums earned.

Net expense ratio. Our net expense ratio represents policy acquisition costs plus general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned.

Combined ratios. Our combined ratio on a gross basis represents the sum of ceded premiums, losses and loss adjustment expenses, policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of gross premiums earned. Our combined ratio on a net basis represents the sum of losses and loss adjustment expenses, policy acquisition costs and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned.

The combined ratio is the key measure of underwriting performance traditionally used in the property and casualty industry. A combined ratio under 100% generally reflects profitable underwriting results.

Results of Operations – Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

Revenue

Gross premiums written

Gross premiums written decreased to $625.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $626.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The slight decrease in gross premiums written was caused by a reduction in Heritage P&C written premium, largely offset by additional written premium from the Zephyr and NBIC acquisitions. Gross premium written by Heritage P&C declined due to a reduction of in-force premium year over year, which was partially offset by an increase of $24.0 million related to the addition of Sawgrass business, additionally there was an increase in Zephyr premium written due to the inclusion of a full year of Zephyr written premium for 2017, compared to approximately nine months of Zephyr premium in 2016. Gross premium written for the year ended December 31, 2017 also includes one month of NBIC written premium of approximately $26 million. Heritage P&C’s premium in force decreased from December 31, 2016 as we continue to manage exposure in geographic locations which have produced a disproportionate share of attritional losses as well as for geographic risks for which the price to manage catastrophe risk is not cost efficient. There was no business assumed from Citizens during 2017 compared to approximately $8 million of business assumed from Citizens during the year ended December 31, 2016. Personal residential business accounted for $533.2 million and commercial residential accounted for $92.4 million of the total gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Gross premiums earned

Gross premiums earned increased slightly to $643.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $640.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. A reduction of gross earned premium by Heritage P&C was offset by increases for a full year of Zephyr premium earned, additional earned premium on the Sawgrass polices and the additional earned premium for one month associated with the NBIC acquisition.

Ceded premiums

Ceded premiums increased to $263.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $228.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Approximately $24 million of the increase related to ceded premium associated with NBIC and approximately $11 million of the increase related to catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance for Heritage P&C and Zephyr. As described in Note 9, Reinsurance, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, NBIC’s reinsurance program includes extensive quota share reinsurance designed to mitigate the adverse impact of winter storms, in addition to its catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program. The quota share reinsurance program for NBIC includes one month of ceding commission income of $8.6 million, which is presented as a reduction of policy acquisition costs in our audited financial statements.

Our catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance programs renews each year on June 1. The cost for catastrophe reinsurance for the 2017 hurricane season for Heritage P&C and Zephyr is approximately $223.0 million compared to $247.0 million for the 2016 season. The reduction in premium in force described previously resulted in a reduction in the amount of catastrophe reinsurance purchased from approximately $3.1 billion in the 2016 season to approximately $2.6 billion for the 2017 season. As described in Note 9 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K, the Company’s retention for the 2017 hurricane season is $20.0 million compared to $40.0 million for the 2016 season for a first event.

Reinsurance costs are amortized over a twelve-month period, reflecting the term of the coverage. The excess of loss reinsurance coverage and gross quota share treaty for NBIC begin June 1. The NBIC net quota share treaty incepts January 1. As such, for a

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significant amount of our program we incur the cost of the previous year’s catastrophe program from January through May of each year. The cost of the 2015 catastrophe reinsurance program was significantly lower than the 2016 reinsurance program due to a smaller amount of premium in force coupled with the mix of business. In 2016, the increased reinsurance cost was reflected in the months June 2016 through May 2017. The cost of the 2017 catastrophe reinsurance program is approximately $20 million less than the 2016 program. As such, the 2017 catastrophe reinsurance cost is higher for the first five months of the year than 2016 before we recognize the benefit of the lower cost of the 2017 program starting in June 2017. We also have reinsurance costs associated with our larger risks, which could vary monthly depending upon the business written.

Net premiums earned

Net premiums earned decreased to $379.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $411.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in net premiums earned is primarily attributable to the decrease in the amount of premium in force at December 31, 2017 as compared to 2016, coupled with the increased ceded premiums earned and partially offset by the additional net premium earned associated with the NBIC acquisition.

Net investment income

Net investment income, inclusive of realized investment gains, increased to $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $10.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in net investment income is primarily due to the increase in cash and invested assets during 2017 over the prior year. The increase resulted primarily from invested proceeds associated with the Secured Notes and Convertible Notes, coupled with the additional investment income from Zephyr in 2017 due to the timing of the acquisition in 2016. A portion of the proceeds from the Secured Notes and Convertible Notes were expended during the fourth quarter of 2017 for the acquisition of NBIC Holdings.

Other revenue

Other revenue decreased to $15.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in other revenue is primarily due to a miscellaneous income recorded in 2016 related to the true up of a policy assumption contract upon conclusion, which was not recurring in 2017.

Total revenue

Total revenue decreased to $406.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $439.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in total revenue was due primarily to the reduction in premium in force by Heritage P&C throughout the year ended December 31, 2017, partially offset by additional revenue as previously described associated with the Zephyr and NBIC acquisitions and Sawgrass business assumed.

Expenses

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Losses and LAE decreased to $201.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $238.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is due largely to a reduction in the number of policies in force in Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties (“tri-county”) and an 18% reduction in the number of tri-county claims reported year over year.

Gross catastrophe losses related to Hurricanes Hermine and Matthew were $21.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and increased to $28.3 million as of December 31, 2017. Catastrophe losses related to Hurricanes Hermine and Matthew were fully retained by the Company. Gross catastrophe losses related to Hurricane Irma for the year ended December 31, 2017 are estimated at approximately $560.0 million. Retained losses were $20 million pursuant to Heritage P&C’s reinsurance agreements with third parties. The Company’s vertical integration of the claims handling process mitigated a significant portion of the $20 million retention.

The Company’s losses incurred for the years ended December 31, 2017 reflects a prior year development of $12.6 million, associated with management’s best estimate of the actuarial loss and LAE reserves with consideration given to Company specific historical loss experience. The Company recorded approximately $6.5 million of adverse development in 2017 for Hurricane Hermine and Matthew. The remaining $6.1 million of prior year development was primarily due to management strengthening of personal lines losses associated with Florida litigated claims, one-way attorney fees and Assignment of Benefits abuse in the Florida market.

The Company’s losses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2016 reflects a prior year deficiency of $18.8 million, associated with management’s best estimate of the actuarial loss and LAE reserves with consideration given to Company specific historical loss experience. Substantially all of the unfavorable development in 2016 was from personal lines. Also, a majority of the

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unfavorable development in 2016 has been isolated to the tri-county region of Florida (the counties of Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach).

Policy acquisition costs

Policy acquisition costs decreased slightly to $83.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $84.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company recorded ceding commission income of $8.6 million related to NBIC as a reduction in policy acquisition expense offset by an increase attributable to having a full twelve months of policy acquisition costs related to Zephyr in 2017 compared to nine months in 2016 due to timing of that acquisition, as well as the favorable impact of assumed premiums from Citizens for the year ended December 31, 2016 which did not recur in 2017.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses increased to $71.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $58.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. A significant portion of the increase relates to general and administrative costs associated with mergers and acquisitions. The year ended December 31, 2017 includes expenses incurred by NBIC and Zephyr for one and twelve months, respectively, whereas the year ended December 31, 2016 included no general and administrative expenses incurred by NBIC and only nine months of general and administrative expenses incurred by Zephyr. Additionally, we incurred legal, transactional, and accounting costs associated with the NBIC acquisition as well as amortization of intangible assets associated with the NBIC and Zephyr acquisitions. A smaller portion of the increase relates to costs, including systems associated with infrastructure and expansion.

Interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs

As described in Note 11 – Long-Term Debt to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K, Heritage issued $79.5 million in Secured Notes due 2023 on December 15, 2016 and issued $136.8 million in Convertible Notes in the third quarter of 2017, resulting in interest expense of $10.9 million and amortization of debt issuance costs of $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Interest expense includes approximately $0.9 million of amortization of the original issue discount related to the Convertible Notes.

Other non-operating expense, net

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the fair value of the conversion option liability coupled with the net loss on debt extinguishment amounted to approximately $42.2 million and is presented on the statement of operations as a charge to non-operating expense. For tax purposes, any financial gain or loss associated with the change in the value of the conversion option liability is neither includible or deductible when computing taxable income.

Provision for income taxes

For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had an income tax benefit of $4.8 million and a provision for income taxes of $22.5 million, respectively. Our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was 81.0% and 40.0%, respectively. The valuation change for the conversion option liability associated with the Convertible Notes for the year ended December 31, 2017 is permanently non-deductible for income tax purposes, creating a significant adverse impact on the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2017. This item was offset by a favorable impact on the effective tax rate associated with the enactment of H.R. 1, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”) which decreased the enacted federal statutory tax rate from 35% to 21%, resulting in a reduction of the Company’s net deferred tax liability. The effective tax rate can fluctuate throughout the year as estimates used in the tax provision for each quarter are updated as more information becomes available throughout the year.

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Net (loss) income

Our results for the year ended December 31, 2017 reflect a net loss of $1.1 million compared to net income of $33.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Operating related items discussed above caused a portion of the decrease. Non-operating items, particularly non-cash change in valuation of the convertible option feature and interest expense caused $54.2 million of the decrease. These decreases were offset by a favorable effective tax rate related to the impact of re-measuring deferred tax assets and liabilities and recognition of other current benefits due to the Tax Act which decreased the enacted tax rate on corporations from 35% to 21%.

Ratios

Ceded premium ratio

Our ceded premium ratio increased to 41.0% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 35.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Approximately 3.3 percentage points of the variance relates to higher reinsurance costs for the first six months of 2017 compared to 2016 due to timing of the reinsurance placement as previously discussed. The 2016 ratio also benefitted from approximately $32.1 million of Citizens assumption activity that occurred in the fourth quarter of 2015 and approximately $9.1 million in the first quarter of 2016 compared to no assumptions in the last quarter of 2016 or the throughout 2017. Citizens assumptions provided a benefit for the year ended December 31, 2016 due to the favorable timing of reinsurance costs associated with assumed premium. Additionally, the reinsurance ratio in the first half of 2017 was adversely impacted by reinstatements for the per risk treaty which were triggered by large losses.

Approximately 2 percentage points of the variance relates to the impact of the NBIC reinsurance program, which includes both gross and net quota share treaties. The quota share programs yield a larger ceded premium ratio; however, ceding commission earned on those programs serves to offset a portion of that cost.

Gross loss ratio

Our gross loss ratio decreased to 31.3% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 37.3% for the year ended December 31, 2016 due to the previously discussed decrease in losses and LAE incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016 while maintaining a relatively flat amount of gross earned premium.

Net loss ratio

Our net loss ratio decreased to 53.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 58.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016, due to the previously discussed decrease in losses and LAE incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016.

Gross expense ratio

Our gross expense ratio increased to 24.2% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 22.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase relates to a combination of the favorable effect of Citizens take-out activity on the 2016 ratio, transaction costs associated with the NBIC acquisition in 2017 and fixed personnel and other costs which were diluted in 2016 due to higher gross earned premium. Assumptions from Citizens had a favorable impact on the 2016 expense ratio because assumed policies have no acquisition costs until the policies renew onto Heritage policy forms.

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Net expense ratio

Our net expense ratio increased to 41.0% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 34.8% for the year ended December 31, 2016, due to an increase in expenses associated as described above combined with a decrease in net earned premium.

Combined ratio

Our combined ratio on a gross basis increased to 96.5% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 95.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016. Our combined ratio on a net basis increased to 94.1% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 92.8% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The gross combined ratio increased due to the increases in the ceded premiums ratio and gross expense ratio, partially offset by a lower gross loss ratio. The increase in the net combined ratio is attributable to a higher net expense ratio as described above.

Results of Operations – Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015

Revenue

Gross premiums written

Gross premiums written increased to $626.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $586.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in gross premiums written relates primarily to the additional premium generated by the acquisition of Zephyr on March 21, 2016. A full year of revenue associated with the Zephyr transaction will be realized in 2017.

Gross premiums earned

Gross premiums earned increased to $640.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $524.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. 60% of the increase relates to Heritage P&C and 40% relates to the acquisition of Zephyr. Heritage P&C’s increase is primarily due to the impact of policies assumed from Citizens during 2015, particularly the assumptions that occurred in the second half of the year. Heritage P&C’s premium in force increased throughout 2015; a greater portion of the 2015 written premium was earned in 2016 as the policies were in force throughout 2016 and only part of 2015.

Ceded premiums

Ceded premiums increased to $228.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $148.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in ceded premiums correlates to the increase in policies in force, including an increase in Florida commercial residential business and the addition of Florida and Hawaii wind only policies, which have a higher cost of reinsurance, partially offset by reinsurance synergies on the combined multistate program. On June 1, 2016, we placed a new catastrophe reinsurance program for the 2016 hurricane season, as described in our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Due to our significant growth, including commercial residential and wind only business in Florida and the acquisition of ZAC in Hawaii, we purchased approximately $3 billion of total coverage compared to approximately $2.2 billion of total coverage in 2015. The cost of the catastrophe coverage for the 2016 program was approximately $247 million compared to approximately $180 million for the 2015 program. The costs of the annual reinsurance are amortized over the twelve months beginning June 1. Accordingly, the reinsurance costs for the year ended December 31, 2016 are significantly higher than for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Net premiums earned

Net premiums earned increased to $411.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $376.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in net premiums earned in the comparable periods is primarily attributable to the increase in the number of policies in force during the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, including the growth in policy count experienced in the second half of 2015 partially offset by increased ceded earned premiums.

Net investment income

Net investment income, inclusive of net realized investment gains and losses, increased to $10.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $8.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in net investment income is due to the increase in invested assets from $400.1 million at December 31, 2015 to $603 million at December 31, 2016. The increase resulted primarily from policy growth and the acquisition of Zephyr.

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Other revenue

Other revenue increased to $16 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in other revenue between the comparable periods is primarily attributable to the policy fees and pay plan fees generated by our growing portfolio of policies, including the renewal of policies previously assumed from Citizens, coupled with policy fee and pay plan income associated with Zephyr. Revenue earned from non-insurance claims generated by our restoration subsidiary also contributed to the increase.

Total revenue

Total revenue increased to $439 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $394.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in total revenue was due primarily to the growth in gross premiums earned by Heritage P&C due to timing of the increase in premium written during 2015 as well as the increase in the number of policies in force associated with the Zephyr acquisition, partially offset by the increased ceded premiums earned.

Expenses

Losses and loss adjustment expenses

Losses and loss adjustment expenses increased to $238.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $141.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in losses and loss adjustment expenses resulted primarily from non-catastrophe unfavorable development on prior year loss reserves, an increase in our non-catastrophe loss ratio, the impact of Hurricanes Hermine and Matthew and growth of our business. Losses and loss adjustment expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 includes losses paid of $157.6 million and a $56.4 million increase in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, which includes the addition of $36.8 million of IBNR reserves. As of December 31, 2016, we reported $140.1 million in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, which included $83.6 million attributable to IBNR, or 59.7% of total reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses.

The Company’s losses incurred during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 reflect a prior year deficiency of $18.8 million and a redundancy of $5.3 million, respectively, associated with management’s best estimate of the actuarial loss and LAE reserves with consideration given to Company specific historical loss experiences. Substantially all of the unfavorable development in 2016 was from personal lines. Also, a majority of the unfavorable development in 2016 has been isolated to the tri-county region of Florida (the counties of Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach). Most of the unfavorable development in 2016 came from the second, third and fourth quarters of 2015, primarily related to claims involving litigation and claims that were represented by attorneys, public adjusters or others (sometimes referred to as Assignment of Benefits). At December 31, 2015, we estimated that the personal lines ultimate loss and LAE ratio, which includes the associated IBNR would be 34.5% for the loss (accident) year 2015. As of December 31, 2016, we have revised the estimated personal lines ultimate loss ratio to be 39% for the loss year 2015, based on the re-estimation of IBNR, a 4.5 percentage point increase.

Additionally, the increase in losses and loss adjustment expenses resulted from the impact of 2016 weather events, including two named hurricanes and to the continued challenges, especially in South Florida, related to the assignment of benefit and litigated claims activity. Approximately $22 million of the increase relates to Hurricanes Hermine and Matthew. Approximately $40 million of the increase relates to elevated non-hurricane weather losses that occurred during the first quarter of 2016 and the assignment of benefit and litigation issues. Approximately $16 million of the increase in losses and loss adjustment expenses is attributable to the growth of our business.

Policy acquisition costs

Policy acquisition costs increased to $84.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $57.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Approximately $9 million of the increase is attributable to the inclusion of policy acquisition costs, including amortization of certain intangibles associated with the acquisition of Zephyr. The remainder of the increase relates to the renewal of policies assumed from Citizens as well as new voluntary policies written during 2016, which have associated commissions and administration fees paid to outside agents and administrators at the time of policy issuance, premium taxes and inspection fees, none of which are associated with policies assumed from Citizens prior to their renewal. The impact of amortization of certain intangible costs associated with the Zephyr transaction increased the policy acquisition ratio by approximately 1% from 2015.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses increased to $58.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 from $46.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in 2016 was due to general and administrative expenses associated with Zephyr of approximately $4 million coupled with the growth in our infrastructure to manage the growing number of policies which results in

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greater costs associated with our personnel, enhancement of IT systems facilities and overall business activity. General and administrative expenses in 2016 includes amortization of certain intangible costs associated with the Zephyr acquisition.

Provision for income taxes

Provision for income taxes was $22.5 million and $57.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were 40% and 38.5%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate is primarily a result of permanent items as more fully described in Note 12 – Income Taxes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The tax rate is further impacted overall due to the magnitude of pre-tax income which amplifies the impact of effective tax rate items due to lower income levels compared to the prior year.

Net Income

For the year ended December 31, 2016, we generated net income of $33.9 million, or $1.14 earnings per diluted common share, compared to net income of $92.5 million, or $3.05 earnings per diluted common share, for the year ended December 31, 2015. The weighted average shares outstanding on a diluted basis decreased from 30.3 million shares to 29.6 million shares as of December 31, 2016, primarily due to shares purchased under our Repurchase Program. The decrease in net income is primarily due to the increase in the ceded premium ratio and the increase in our 2016 loss ratio. The primary driver for the increase in the ceded premium ratio is described below. The primary drivers for the increase in the loss ratio derived from unfavorable development on prior year loss reserves coupled with the impact of Hurricanes Hermine and Matthew and current market conditions in Florida, especially South Florida, by which assignment of benefits claims and attorney represented claims have escalated and driven up loss costs. Additionally, unfavorable loss development from the prior loss year was recorded in 2016 while favorable development for 2014 was recorded in 2015. The acquisition of ZAC was completed on March 21, 2016.

Ratios – Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015

Ceded premium ratio

Our ceded premium ratio increased to 35.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 28.3% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The ceded premium ratio for the year ended December 30, 2015 benefited significantly from large Citizens depopulation activity in the fourth quarter of 2014 and first quarter of 2015, for which we incurred no additional reinsurance costs until June 1, 2015. Additionally, the 2016 reinsurance program, which was effective June 1, 2016, included coverage for an increase in commercial residential policies and the addition of Zephyr and Heritage wind only polices, all of which have a higher ceded premium ratio.

Gross loss ratio

Our gross loss ratio increased to 37.3% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 26.9% for the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of severe weather activity, primarily in the first quarter, Hurricanes Hermine and Matthew, unfavorable development on prior year loss reserves and current market conditions for Florida personal lines multi-peril business with respect to litigated and attorney represented claims, particularly in the tri-county area in South Florida. Additionally, favorable development on 2014 losses was recorded in 2015, while unfavorable development in 2015 losses was recorded in 2016.

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Net loss ratio

Our net loss ratio increased to 58.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 37.5% for the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily as a result of the items discussed above combined with the increase in the ceded premium ratio.

Gross expense ratio

Our gross expense ratio increased to 22.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 19.7% for the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily due to the larger Citizens take-out activity favorably impacting the prior year acquisition costs, coupled with an increase in the general and administration expense ratio. Amortization of intangibles associated with the Zephyr transaction added 1.1% to the gross expense ratio.

Net expense ratio

Our net expense ratio increased to 34.8% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 27.5% for the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily due to the increase in the gross expense ratio discussed above, coupled with the higher ceded premium ratio.

Combined ratio

Our combined ratio on a gross basis increased to 95.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 74.9% for the year ended December 31, 2015. Our combined ratio on a net basis increased to 92.8% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 65% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in the combined ratio is the result of the significant benefit to our ceded premium ratio and acquisition expense ratio for the year ended December 30, 2015 from the much larger Citizens take-outs in the fourth quarter of 2014 and first quarter of 2015, reducing the 2015 reinsurance and acquisition expense ratio, and the much higher gross loss ratio in the year ended December 30, 2016 due to the severe weather activity, unfavorable prior year development, and a higher loss ratio due to the current market conditions in Florida previously discussed.

Statement of Cash Flows

The net increases (decreases) in cash and cash equivalents are summarized in the following table:

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for December 31, 2017 was $7.6 million as compared to net cash provided of $67.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease resulted primarily from cash used to pay catastrophe claims related to Hurricanes Matthew and Irma and payment of reinsurance premiums.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $7.2 million as compared to net cash used in of $249.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The variance primarily relates to investments sold to pay for the acquisition of NBIC as well as liquidation of certain investments to pay catastrophe claims.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $47.6 million, as compared to $43.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. In August 2017, the Company entered into a debt arrangement providing net proceeds in the amount of $106 million. This was partially offset by payment of dividends to shareholders for $8.2 million and purchase of treasury stock for $61.6 million.

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Taxation

Deferred Tax Liability and Current Tax Receivable

Prior to 2016, we reported a net deferred tax asset predominately arising from the portion (20%) of unearned premiums that are otherwise recognized as taxable income in advance of being earned for financial reporting purposes. In 2016 and 2017, the Company recorded a net deferred tax liability. The deferred tax liability is largely attributable to the purchase accounting impacts of the Zephyr and NBIC acquisitions which created purchased intangibles for which the Company did not obtain a tax basis. Our current year income taxes receivable is driven primarily by tax losses generated during 2017 which will be carried back to the 2015 tax year to recoup taxes paid within that year.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our material contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2017: